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Original Article
Validity of magnetic resonance arthrography as a diagnostic tool in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome
Validez de la artrorresonancia magnética como herramienta diagnóstica en el síndrome de atrapamiento femoroacetabular
A.B. González Gila,
Corresponding author
aggil@unav.es

Corresponding author.
, R. Llombart Blancoa, P. Díaz de Radab
a Departamento de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
b Hospital Reina Sofía, Tudela, Navarra, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome &#40;FAI&#41; is one of the main causes of hip pain&#46; Due to advances in diagnostic techniques and research&#44; and improved knowledge of the specific pathology of the hip&#44; we have seen an increase in the diagnosis&#44; and therefore&#44; in the incidence of hip disorders&#46; This&#44; added to the increased physical demands of a young&#44; active and essentially athletic population&#44; has led to an incidence of up to 15&#37; of FAI being detected&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> We also know that it is a dynamic disease which causes early osteoarthritis of the hip&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three different types of impingement have been described according to the predominant morphology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#58; CAM&#44; where the abnormality is in the femur &#40;defect in the femoral cervico-cephalic transition&#41;&#59; pincer&#44; where the predominant deformity is in the acetabulum &#40;overcoverage&#41;&#44; and mixed&#44; a combination of both&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diagnosis of FAI starts with clinical suspicion when a young or middle-aged patient presents reporting unilateral or bilateral hip pain&#44; related to posture or on effort&#44; such as&#44; for example&#44; when playing sport&#44; and to movements requiring maintained flexion of the hip&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> On physical examination we were able to observe reduced mobility of the hip &#40;the greater the degree of osteoarthritis the greater the loss of mobility&#41;&#44; a positive anterior impingement test &#40;flexion at 90&#176; and internal rotation&#41; and a positive FABER&#39;s test &#40;external flexion&#8211;abduction&#8211;rotation&#44; position 4 of the affected leg&#41; as clinical signs suggestive of a diagnosis of FAI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Labral and chondral lesions are difficult to determine with examination manoeuvres&#46; Tijssen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> conducted a revision of 21 studies&#44; and concluded that there is insufficient evidence to recommend specific diagnostic clinical tests in order to confirm or rule out FAI with or without labral lesions or other associated alterations&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to imaging tests&#59; we identified bone alterations through simple radiology&#44; anteroposterior projection of the hip and Dunn&#39;s axial projection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Subsequently&#44; with a view to suggesting possible surgical treatment&#44; we were able to obtain information on labral alterations using magnetic resonance arthrography&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Magnetic resonance arthrography has the advantage of being a simple test but the disadvantage is that it is minimally invasive and has associated risks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Therefore&#44; it is important to be aware of its real clinical usefulness&#46; Numerous studies have tried to define the usefulness of magnetic resonance arthrography in detecting these lesions&#44; and have obtained very varied results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;14</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of our study is to determine the diagnostic correlation between direct magnetic resonance arthrography and arthroscopic findings in patients with a probable diagnosis of FAI&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We undertook a retrospective revision of patients who were operated using arthroscopy of the hip in our centre between 2009 and 2012&#46; Patients with a diagnosis of FAI and who had received magnetic resonance arthrography in our centre were included in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients whose magnetic resonance imaging had not taken place in our centre&#44; patients who had not been operated by ourselves or operated using open surgery&#44; and patients who had undergone arthroscopy of the hip for reasons other than FAI syndrome were excluded from the study&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">36 patients were included in the study&#44; 27 were male and 9 female&#44; with a mean age of 39 &#40;27&#8211;53&#41;&#46; A total of 22 right and 14 left hips were operated&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main reason for consultation was groin and&#47;or buttock pain occasionally defined as &#8220;C&#8221; shaped&#59; pain which increased with hip flexion or after playing a sport&#46; On occasion&#44; pain with more mechanical characteristics was defined&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All of the patients were informed of the risks&#44; limitations&#44; complications and benefits of direct magnetic resonance arthrography&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the direct magnetic resonance arthrography&#44; the hip was punctured in the superolateral portion in the femoral cervico-cephalic joint&#46; Between 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cc and 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cc of a 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml solution of gadolinium paramagnetic contrast &#40;Gadovist<span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#174;</span></span>&#41; dissolved in 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml physiological saline was injected&#46; Three-Tesla magnetic resonance &#40;Trio&#44; Siemens<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41; was used for the study in T1 sequences with fat saturation&#44; T2 with fat saturation and 3D gradient echo on 4 spatial planes&#59; coronal&#44; sagittal&#44; axial and oblique&#46; The images obtained were interpreted by a team of 2 radiologists who were specialists in musculo-skeletal pathology&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We compared the findings observed during the intervention with those found in the previous direct magnetic resonance arthrography&#46; In both we assessed the existence of labral lesions&#44; CAM deformity in the femur&#44; chondral lesions in the acetabulum and chondral lesions in the femoral head&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hip arthroscopy was always performed by the same surgeon&#46; The procedure was undertaken with the patient lying on their back on a traction table which enabled intraoperative decoaptation of the hip&#46; The interventions were performed following the outside&#8211;inside technique described by Margalet&#46; After locating the lesion&#44; the acetabular labral edge was decorticated in order to repair the labral tear&#46; Suturing was through anchors based on suture systems&#44; generally 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm thick&#46; All the intra-operative findings and procedures undertaken during the intervention were noted in the operation notes&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to the general details of the surgical procedure&#59; the intervention was performed with the patient under general anaesthetic and orally intubated&#46; General antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines were followed for all patients with 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of intravenous cephazoline during induction of anaesthesia&#44; completing the guidelines with 3 doses of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g cephazoline every 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in the post-operative period&#46; All the patients had a urinary catheter which was removed the following day and they received antithrombotic prophylaxis with Hibor 3&#46;500 UI&#46; The day after surgery the patient got up&#44; in order to initiate a gradual process of mobility using crutches&#44; with total load bearing on the limb&#46; They were hospitalised for around 2 days and discharged with a specific rehabilitation programme of 16 weeks to be followed in a specialist centre in their region&#46; Follow-up of these patients consisted of a first review at 1&#46;5 months after the operation and at 4 months &#40;at the end of their rehabilitation programme&#41;&#46; Thereafter the patients were seen annually&#44; if progress had been satisfactory&#44; otherwise they were assessed according to their individual needs&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a sensitivity&#44; specificity and PPV calculation to detect each lesion on the magnetic resonance arthrography taking the findings observed during the arthroscopic intervention as diagnostic certainty&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In total&#44; 36 patients met the inclusion criteria for our study&#44; 27 men and 9 women with a mean age of 39 &#40;27&#8211;53&#41;&#46; Twenty-nine patients presented a CAM-type FAI&#44; 3 pincer-type and 4 mixed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series we found 87&#37; sensitivity&#44; 77&#37; specificity with a PPV of 87&#37; for the diagnosis of labral lesions using magnetic resonance arthrography&#46; With regard to the diagnosis of CAM-type femoral deformity&#44; the specificity of magnetic resonance arthrography was 100&#37; with a sensitivity of 79&#37; and a PPV of 100&#37;&#46; For the chondral lesions we found lower values in both locations&#44; acetabular and femoral&#46; For chondral lesions of the acetabulum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44;&#41; sensitivity was 78&#46;5&#37;&#44; whereas specificity was 82&#37; and PPV was 73&#37;&#46; Sensitivity for lesions in femoral cartilage was 71&#46;5&#37;&#44; specificity 73&#37; and PPV 62&#46;5&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; the patients evolved satisfactorily&#44; resuming their usual physical activities with no discomfort&#46; We should mention that 2 patients presented gluteal tendinitis and 1 patient psoas tendinitis&#46; All these cases were resolved after a specific rehabilitation programme&#46; With regard to complications in the immediate post-operative period&#59; 2 patients had transitory hypoesthesia of the perineum which resolved spontaneously&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results support performing prior direct magnetic resonance arthrography&#44; due to its high sensitivity and specificity in detecting labral lesions&#44; of articular cartilage and the presence of femoral hump-type deformity&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to the detection of alterations in the acetabular labrum&#44; the literature shows sensitivity between 100&#37; and 81&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;13</span></a> We obtained a sensitivity of 87&#37;&#46; And we also recorded a specificity of 77&#37;&#44; this value is somewhat higher compared to the high limit of the range covered in the literature&#44; between 75&#37; and 51&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;13</span></a> To all of this we associated a PPV of 87&#37;&#44; which indicated to us the capacity of this test to detect alterations of the labrum with certainty when these alterations really exist&#46; However&#44; this result is to be expected as we had a sample with a high prevalence of the disease&#46; PPVs of 99&#37; and NPVs from 39&#37; to 19&#37; are observed in the literature&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;12</span></a> compared to the 77&#37; obtained in our study&#46; This tells us that it is likely that that patient did not have labral alterations when magnetic resonance arthrography gave a negative result for this&#46; The clinical implication of these results would be&#44; should hip arthroscopy be decided&#44; that we are highly likely to find the lesion shown by magnetic resonance arthrography&#46; This enables accurate and early treatment of FAI&#44; preventing progression of the lesion and an increased therapeutic failure&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the fact that the sensitivity and specificity values of magnetic resonance arthrography obtained are high&#44; labral lesions exist which are not detected by resonance&#44; in particular&#44; the incipient lesions classified by Czerny et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> as stages 1A &#40;alteration of signal but with no signs of detachment or break&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; there is also the possibility that a lesion is observed on magnetic resonance arthrography but the location described does not coincide with that found on arthroscopy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The literature with regard to chondral lesions jointly analyses the presence of cartilage damage in the acetabular or femoral area&#46; We have differentiated according to the location of the lesions&#46; However&#44; the literature shows sensitivity values between 47&#37; and 17&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;13</span></a> specificities between 100&#37; and 89&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;13</span></a> PPV of 84&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and NPV of 59&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> for magnetic resonance arthrography in the detection of articular cartilage alterations&#46; In our series&#44; for lesions in acetabular cartilage we obtained a sensitivity of 78&#46;5&#37;&#44; specificity of 82&#37;&#44; PPV of 73&#37; and NPV of 80&#37;&#46; With regard to lesions in the femur&#44; we found somewhat lower values&#59; sensitivity of 71&#46;5&#37;&#44; specificity of 73&#37;&#44; PPV of 62&#46;5&#37; and NPV of 80&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In their recent study&#44; McCarthy and Glassner&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> also assessed the existence of free intra-articular bodies&#59; they conclude that magnetic resonance arthrography is useful in confirming their presence&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study presents some limitations&#46; Given that the sample size is small and this is a retrospective study&#44; the results need to be confirmed in a larger population with long-term follow-up&#46; Secondly&#44; we did not compare the results with a control group in whom there was no labral&#44; chondral damage or CAM deformity&#46; Furthermore&#44; the resonance was interpreted by 2 radiologists who were musculo-skeletal specialists&#44; which may lead to intero-observer variability when analysing the results&#46; Moreover&#44; we only assessed the existence or otherwise of a lesion&#44; we did not classify or describe the lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> This further supports the possibility of discrepancies between the radiologists themselves and between the radiologists and the surgeon&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results show high sensitivity in the detection of labral lesions&#44; high specificity in determining the presence of femoral CAM deformity and moderate usefulness in diagnosing chondral lesions&#46; Therefore&#44; we consider that magnetic resonance arthrography is a valid diagnostic test and useful in diagnosing FAI syndrome&#46; It enables associated lesions to be detected&#44; as well as their degree and location&#44; which is essential for correct therapeutic planning&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Level of evidence</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Level of evidence <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Ethical responsibilities</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Protection of human beings and animals</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Data confidentiality</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-04-26"
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            0 => "Arthroscopy"
            1 => "Hip"
            2 => "MR arthrography"
            3 => "Labral year"
            4 => "Femoroacetabular impingement"
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            0 => "Artroscopia"
            1 => "Cadera"
            2 => "Artrorresonancia"
            3 => "Labrum"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Femoroacetabular impingement &#40;FAI&#41; is one of the main causes of hip pain in young adult and a contributory factor for development of early primary osteoarthritis&#46; An accurate clinical diagnosis&#44; supported by imaging studies&#44; is important to determine the best treatment for the patient&#46; The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic correlation between direct magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; arthrography and the arthroscopic findings&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A review was performed on a series of 36 patients diagnosed with FAI&#44; and who underwent hip arthroscopy surgery between 2009 and 2012&#46; All of them had a direct MRI arthrography performed in our hospital&#46; The presence of labral lesions&#44; CAM deformity&#44; and acetabular and femoral cartilage damage&#44; were evaluated in both imaging techniques&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Result</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After analysing the results and taking the hip arthroscopy as &#8216;gold standard&#8217;&#44; a sensitivity of 87&#37; and a specificity of 77&#37; were obtained&#44; with a PPV of 87&#37; for the diagnosis of labral lesions by direct MR arthrography&#46; The specificity for CAM deformity was 100&#37;&#44; with a sensitivity of 79&#37; and PPV of 100&#37;&#46; For chondral disorders lower values were found for both acetabulum and femoral head&#46; For acetabular lesions the sensitivity was 78&#46;5&#37;&#44; and specificity was 82&#37; with a PPV of 73&#37; and NPV of 80&#37;&#46; For femoral lesions&#44; there was a sensitivity of 71&#46;5&#37;&#44; a specificity of 73&#37;&#44; with a PPV of 62&#46;5&#37; and NPV of 80&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Due to the high sensitivity for the detection of labral lesions and the high specificity to detect CAM deformity&#44; hip MR arthrography is a useful diagnostic tool for femoroacetabular impingement&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "titulo" => "Materials and method"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El s&#237;ndrome de atrapamiento femoroacetabular es una de las causas de coxalgia en el adulto joven&#59; as&#237; mismo&#44; es una entidad cl&#237;nica que contribuye en la etiopatogenia de la coxartrosis en estos pacientes&#46; Un diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico certero apoyado por las t&#233;cnicas de imagen diagn&#243;sticas disponibles es fundamental para poder determinar el mejor tratamiento&#46; El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es determinar la correlaci&#243;n diagn&#243;stica entre la artrorresonancia magn&#233;tica directa y los hallazgos artrosc&#243;picos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Revisamos una serie de 36 pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de atrapamiento femoroacetabular intervenidos mediante artroscopia de cadera realizada entre 2009 y 2012 con estudio de artrorresonancia previo realizado en nuestro centro&#46; Valoramos en ambos el hallazgo de lesiones labrales&#44; deformidad tipo CAM femoral y lesiones condrales&#44; tanto femorales como acetabulares&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultado</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tomando los hallazgos de la artroscopia de cadera como el diagn&#243;stico de certeza&#44; calculamos una sensibilidad del 87&#37; y una especificidad del 77&#37; con un VPP del 87&#37; para el diagn&#243;stico de las lesiones labrales mediante artrorresonancia magn&#233;tica directa&#44; respectivamente&#46; La especificidad para el diagn&#243;stico de la deformidad tipo CAM femoral es del 100&#37;&#44; con una sensibilidad del 79&#37; y un VPP del 100&#37;&#46; Para las lesiones condrales en acet&#225;bulo y cabeza femoral obtenemos valores m&#225;s bajos&#44; sensibilidad del 78&#46;5&#37;&#44; especificidad del 82&#37;&#44; VPP del 73&#37; y VPN del 80&#37; para las acetabulares&#44; sensibilidad del 71&#46;5&#37;&#44; especificidad del 73&#37;&#44; VPP del 62&#46;5&#37; y VPN del 80&#37; en las femorales&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dadas la alta sensibilidad para la detecci&#243;n de lesiones labrales y la alta especificidad para determinar la presencia de deformidad en giba&#44; la artrorresonancia magn&#233;tica directa de cadera supone una buena herramienta diagn&#243;stica en el atrapamiento femoroacetabular&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Gonz&#225;lez Gil AB&#44; Llombart Blanco R&#44; D&#237;az de Rada P&#46; Validez de la artrorresonancia magn&#233;tica como herramienta diagn&#243;stica en el s&#237;ndrome de atrapamiento femoroacetabular&#46; Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol&#46; 2015&#59;59&#58;281&#8211;286&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Graph of demographic data&#44; type of alteration and findings on magnetic resonance arthrography and arthroscopy&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
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            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">45 year old male&#46; In the image on the left&#44; in a coronal section&#44; delamination of the acetabular cartilage and a sublabral cyst can be observed&#46; The images on the right are intra-operative photos which show the chondral lesion seen on MR arthrography&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yes&#47;yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#47;no&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yes&#47;no&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#47;yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Femur hump</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MR arthrogr&#46;&#47;arthroscopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acetabular cartilage MR arthrogr&#46;&#47;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Femoral cartilage</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MR arthrogr&#46;&#47;arthroscopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic data&#44; type of alteration and findings on magnetic resonance arthrography &#40;MR arthrography&#41; and arthroscopy&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sensitivity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#47;13 &#40;76&#46;92&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#47;23 &#40;86&#46;95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CAM-type lesion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#47;33 &#40;78&#46;78&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#47;3 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#47;26 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chondral lesion acetabulum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#47;14 &#40;78&#46;57&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#47;22 &#40;81&#46;81&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#47;15 &#40;73&#46;33&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chondral lesion femur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#47;14 &#40;71&#46;43&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#47;22 &#40;72&#46;72&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#47;16 &#40;62&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:16 [
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                            0 => "M&#46; Leunig"
                            1 => "D&#46; Podeszwa"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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            1 => array:3 [
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Femoroacetabular impingement&#58; a cause for osteoarthritis of the hip"
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                            1 => "J&#46; Parvizi"
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            2 => array:3 [
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            3 => array:3 [
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                            1 => "R&#46; Villar"
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                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00167-007-0319-7"
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                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00167-007-0348-2"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"
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                        "volumen" => "15"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                            0 => "M&#46; Tijssen"
                            1 => "R&#46; van Cingel"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Banks"
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                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "387"
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            9 => array:3 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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ISSN: 19888856
Original language: English
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