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Inicio Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología Enfermedad de Alzheimer: deterioro cognitivo y funcional asociado a polimorfismo...
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Vol. 37. Issue 2.
Pages 111-119 (January 2002)
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Vol. 37. Issue 2.
Pages 111-119 (January 2002)
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer: deterioro cognitivo y funcional asociado a polimorfismos de APOE y A2M
Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive and functional deterioration associated to polymorphisms and APOE and A2M
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7045
F. Fariñas, P. Gil Gregorio*
Servicio Geriatría. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid
I. Sastre*, M.J. Bullido*
* Centro de Biología Molecular «Severo Ochoa» Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid
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Resumen
Objetivos

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron los siguientes: 1. Estudiarel riesgo de enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) asociado a polimorfismos en los genes APOE y A2M, en un estudio de comparación caso-control. y 2. Estudiar la posible relación genotipo/fenotipo de los genes APOE y A2M con la EA, analizando el efecto de los polimorfismos sobre la edad de comienzo y la evolución de los síntomas de la EA en la muestra de pacientes.

Material Y Métodos

Se incluyeron en el estudio 145 personas mayores de 65 años, estudiadas en el Servicio de Geriatría del Hospital Clínico de San Carlos. Se estableció un grupo control (individuos sin deterioro cognitivo) constituido por 73 individuos, y un grupo con diagnóstico de EA probable (según criterios NINCDS-ADRA) sin asociación familiar, de 72 pacientes. Todos ellos fueron valorados cognitivamente mediante la aplicación del Mini Examen Cognitivo (MEC) y el apartado cognitivo del CAMDEX (CAMCOG). El estadio evolutivo de la enfermedad se asignó mediante la escala FAST. Como índices de progresión de la enfermedad se utilizaron las razones FAST/tiempo de evolución y [decremento CAMCOG]/tiempo. Se realizó una extracción de DNA genómico de muestras de sangre para determinar el genotipo ApoE, realizar el análisis mutacional del promotor y primer intrón del mismo gen, y estudiar la presencia de la deleción en A2M.

Resultados

En cuanto al estudio de riesgo, encontramos que un 21% de los pacientes presentaban el alelo ε4, frente a un 6,2% en el grupo control, y un riesgo significativo de EA asociado a este alelo. No encontramos diferencias significativas entre casos y controles en la distribución de alelos de los polimorfismos del promotor APOE ni del polimorfismo de deleción de cinco pares de bases en el exon 8 de A2M, aunque sí se observaron ligeras tendencias a la asociación en los polimorfismos –491 A/T y –219 T/G del promotor APOE.

El estudio de la correlación genotipo fenotipo mostró que: a) Deacuerdo con lo descrito en otros estudios, el alelo ε4 se asociaba a una edad de comienzo de síntomas (ECS) más precoz que ε3 y ε2, aunque las diferencias no alcanzaron la significacion estadística y b) El polimorfismo –219 T/G del promotor APOE parece estar asociado con la agresividad de la EA; concretamente, el genotipo -219 GG se asoció a un edad de comienzo de la enfermedad muy tardía (> 75 anos) en el 88,2% de los casos (p< 0,001), y a una progresion lenta de la enfermedad (70,6%, p< 0,001)

Conclusiones

Dada la frecuencia de la variante APOE -219GG en la población general (aproximadamente un 32% de homozigotos) y su asociación con formas de comienzo muy tardío y de evolucion lenta de EA, su utilización como marcador genético en la EA esporádica podría ser de utilidad clinica.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad de Alzheimer
Demencia
APOE
A2M
Polimorfismo
Promotor
Summary
Objectives

The objectives of this study are the following: 1. Study the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) associated to polymorphisms in the APOE and A2M genes in a case-control comparison study and 2. Study the possible genotype/phenotype relationship of the APOE and A2M genes with AD, analyzing the effect of the polymorphisms on the age of onset and evolution of the AD symptoms in the patient sample.

Material And Methods

145 persons over 65 years, studied in the Geriatrics Service of the «Hospital Clinico of San Carlos» were included in the study. A control group (individuals without cognitive deterioration, made up of 73 subjects, and a group with the diagnosis of probable AD (according to the NINCDS-ADRA criteria) without family association made up of 72 patients were established. All of them were assessed cognitively with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the cognitive section of the CAMDEX (CAMCOG). The evolutive stage of the disease was assigned with the FAST scale. As disease progression indexes, the FAST/evolution and [CAMCOG decrease]/ time ratios were used. An extraction of genomic DNA from blood samples was performed to determine the genotype ApoE, perform the mutational analysis of the promoter and first intron of the same gene and study the presence of the deletion in A2M.

Results

In regards to the study of risk, we found that 21% of the patients presented allele ε4 compared to 6.2% in the control group and a significant risk of AD associated to this allele. We found no significant differences between cases and controls in the distribution of alleles of the polymorphisms of the APOE promoter or of the polymorphism of deletion of 5 base pairs in exon 8 of A2M, although slight tendencies to the association in the polymorphisms -491 A/T and - 219 T/G of the APOE promotor were observed.

The study of the genotype-phenotype correlation showed that: a) according to that described in other studies, allele ε4 was associated to an earlier age of onset of the symptoms (AOS) than ε3 and ε2, although the differences did not reach statistical significance and b) the polymorphism -219 T/G of the APOE promotor seems to be associated with the aggressivity of the AD; specifically the genotype -219 GG was associated to the onset age of the very late disease (>75 years) in 88.2% of the cases (0< 0.001) and a slow progression of the disease (70.6%, p< 0.001).

Conclusions

Given the frequency of the APOE -219GG variant in the general population (approximately 32% of homozygotes) and its association with very late onset forms and slow evolution of AD, its use as a genetic marker in the sporadic AD could be clinically useful. Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, APOE, A2M, Polymorphism, Promotor

Key words:
Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia
APOE
A2M
Polymorphism
Promotor
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