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Inicio Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología Factores de riesgo psicosocial y personalidad premórbida en enfermos con demenc...
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Vol. 38. Issue 1.
Pages 10-24 (January 2003)
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Vol. 38. Issue 1.
Pages 10-24 (January 2003)
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Factores de riesgo psicosocial y personalidad premórbida en enfermos con demencia: un estudio de casos y controles
Psychosocial risk factors and premorbid personality in patients with dementia: a case-control study
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J.L. Conde
Corresponding author
lconde@psi.ub.es

Correspondencia: Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Barcelona. P.° Vall d'Hebron, 171. 08035 Barcelona. España.
Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Barcelona. Barcelona. España
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Objetivos

Explorar los factores de riesgo no biológicos para las demencias, plantear probables perfiles de riesgo para la enfermedad de Alzheimer y sugerir elementos para un posible desarrollo de intervenciones preventivas.

Metodología

Se administró un cuestionario sobre acontecimientos vitales y factores de personalidad, elaborado específicamente, a un grupo de enfermos (108 personas con demencia) y un grupo control (49 personas mayores sin demencia), identificando las diferencias significativas con un nivel alfa de 0,05 para todas las pruebas estadísticas.

Resultados

Como probables factores de riesgo para la enfermedad de Alzheimer cabe señalar los siguientes: a) aspectos psíquicos (mayor número de trastornos psíquicos familiares graves y mayor respuesta psicosomática personal); b) aspectos familiares (mayor número de muertes precoces del padre); c) educación y trabajo (menor nivel educativo y menor cualificación en el trabajo); d) acontecimientos vitales (mayor problemática familiar), y e) factores de personalidad según el criterio de los cinco factores: energía (imitación, evitación, dependencia general y de relación), afabilidad (introversión), tesón, estabilidad emocional (afectación y pesimismo), apertura mental (indiferencia y rigidez).

Conclusiones

Destacar la relevancia del porcentaje de muertes precoces del padre y el déficit de personalidad en el factor I (energía): imitación, evitación y dependencia. Como posibles medidas de prevención se sugieren intervenciones que potencien la autonomía personal, la capacidad de afrontamiento y la relación social.

Palabras clave:
Alzheimer
Demencia
Factores de riesgo
Personalidad premórbida
Psicosocial
Objectives

To explore non-biological risk factors for dementias, suggest probable risk profiles for Alzheimer's disease and to propose elements for the possible development of preventive interventions.

Methodology

A dementia group (108 patients) and a control group (49 elderly individuals without dementia) were empirically compared. A specifically-designed questionnaire on life events and personality factors was administered. Significant differences were identified. An alpha value of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests.

Results

The following elements were identified as probable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a) psychiatric aspects: serious psychiatric disorders in family members and strong psychosomatic response; b) family aspects: early death of father; c) education and work: low level of schooling and low-skilled work; d) life events: family problems; e) personality factors according to the Big Five Questionnaire: energy (imitation, avoidance, general dependence and relation dependence), agreeableness (introversion), tenacity, emotional stability (affect and pessimism), and openness (nonchalance and inflexibility).

Conclusions

The most relevant finding was the high incidence of early paternal death and personality deficits in factor I (energy): imitation, avoidance, dependence. As possible preventive measures, we suggest interventions to promote personal autonomy, the ability to cope, and relations with others.

Key words:
Alzheimer's disease
Dementia
Risk factors
Premorbid personality
Psychosocial
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Copyright © 2003. Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología
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