Preliminary data on growth and enzymatic abilities of soil fungus Humicolopsis cephalosporioides at different incubation temperatures

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(■) 0.03μg/mL, (▴) 0.12μg/ml, (□) 0.5μg/ml, (●) 1μg/ml, (Δ) 2μg/ml, (▿)8μg/ml, (♦) 32μg/ml, (●) control. Dashed lines represent a CFU decrease of 3log10 units in growth compared with the initial inoculum (fungicidal activity), dotted lines indicate the quantification limit of the test." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Katihuska Paredes, Francisco Javier Pastor, Javier Capilla, Deanna A. Sutton, Emilio Mayayo, Annette W. Fothergill, Josep Guarro" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Katihuska" "apellidos" => "Paredes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco Javier" "apellidos" => "Pastor" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Capilla" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Deanna A." "apellidos" => "Sutton" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Emilio" "apellidos" => "Mayayo" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Annette W." 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"apellidos" => "Saparrat" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Datos preliminares sobre el crecimiento y la capacidad enzimática del hongo de suelo Humicolopsis cephalosporioides a diferentes temperaturas de incubación" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3040 "Ancho" => 2993 "Tamanyo" => 339773 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colony growth of fungal cultures grown on specific substrates, at three temperatures: 25°C (black bars), 15°C (gray bars) and 5°C (white bars). The data are means of three replicates±SD; same letter refers to data not significantly different (multiple-range-test at P≤0.05)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Soil is a fundamental resource of the forests. The productivity of forest soil is mainly related to its capacity to support plant growth, being most often measured in volume of trees produced.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a> Management practices can affect the soil productivity and the level of timber harvesting that the forest can sustain, as well as its habitat and biodiversity associated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> Although the forest soil microbiota as a whole is involved in mineralization of organic matter, it has been reported that fungi play a greater role than bacteria in the decaying processes that occur on the forest floor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">30</a> Furthermore, forest soil-fungi also perform many other complex tasks relating to soil formation, nutrient availability and recycling, as well as tree metabolism and growth.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a>Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp & Endl.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae), known as “lenga”, is the most important timber wood species in the southernmost Patagonia. It lives on volcanic soils present on the mountain slopes and on shallow soils in South of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), growing until 56° S. Therefore, this tree tolerates several abiotic stresses such as low temperatures (−20°C), frost and fire and also biotic stresses as those caused by defoliating insects and pathogenic agents. All these factors alter the forest and each of its components, which also modify productivity of soil and its resources, including the diversity and activity of associated microorganisms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5,19,20,33</a>Humicolopsis cephalosporioides Cabral & Marchand (anamorph Ascomycota, Insertae Sedis) was identified as one of the soil fungi with high cellulolytic activity in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">10,17,18</a> However there is no information about the ability of H. cephalosporioides to use other organic substrates, its enzyme systems and its role in nutrient cycling. Recently, we isolated four strains of H. cephalosporioides from soils of N. pumilio harvested by shelter wood-cut management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to get a better insight into the role of H. cephalosporioides in degradation processes in forests from Tierra del Fuego by evaluating its ability to grow and produce different lytic enzyme systems as well as its response at incubation temperature.Materials and methodsSampling sites, soils and isolation of the fungiSoil composite samples (two replicates with five sampling points), representative from the first 5cm depth, were collected in stand of N. pumilio forest that was harvested by shelter-wood cut practice 50 years ago<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,20</a> in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (54°49′48″ S–68°21′35″ W). The soil type sampled has been classified as Litosols or litic Criortents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">7,34</a> Sites and their soil properties are indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. For fungal isolation, the soil samples were processed according to Elíades and colleagues and soil particles were placed in Petri dishes on corn meal-agar medium incubated at 25°C until the development of fungal colonies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> The strains were identified as H. cephalosporioides according to Marchand and colleagues (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>), and deposited in the culture collection of Spegazzini Institute (LPSC).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> Stock cultures were kept at 4°C on 2% (wv−1) agar-malt extract slants.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Growth and enzyme abilityInoculation was carried out by using 6-mm diameter agar plugs of each isolate, which were cut from cultures grown on malt agar extract medium, on Petri dishes with agar media supplemented with different specific substrates: carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 0.5%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> apple pectin 0.5%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> Xylan 1%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> Casein 0.5%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> Tween® 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Merck®) 1%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> Starch 20%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> Guaiacol 0.18%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">29</a> and Chitin-Azure® (Sigma®, C 3020) 0.08%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> Three replicates of each isolate on each culture medium was incubated in the dark for 10 days at three temperatures: 5±1°C, 15±1°C and 25±1°C.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">32</a> Fungal growth was estimated considering development (cm) under each treatment. The hydrolytic enzyme activity was estimated qualitatively according to the presence of a halo of clearance through hydrolase action and was expressed semiquantitatively as the ratio between the hydrolytic-halo and colony diameters.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,30</a>Statistical analysisThe experimental design was completely at random, considering a fixed effects model. All results are shown as mean±standard deviation (SD). The differences in fungal growth between treatments were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were contrasted by the Fisher's least-significant-difference multiple-range-test (at P≤0.05), using the InfoStat software. In order to establish differences in enzyme activity between the two main factors (isolate type and incubation temperature) as well as their interactions, ANOVA was also performed as described.ResultsFour strains, which were identified as H. cephalosporioides according to Marchand and colleagues, were isolated from soil particles from sites with different forest management practices (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a>We analyzed the growth and the activity of different enzyme complexes of four isolates of H. cephalosporioides grown on different solid media at three incubation temperatures. While all isolates grew on all culture media at the three incubation temperatures (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>), a differential behavior of each strain was found according to the medium type and/or incubation temperature. Isolate LPSC 1159 showed the highest growth when it was cultured on the medium with xylan at 25°C, which was also significantly different compared to that from other isolates grown at the same temperature. In most of the isolates, a higher diameter was also observed at 25°C when compared with that at 5 and 15°C on tested media. However, a similar growth at 15 and 25°C was found on media with CMC, pectin and Tween 20 as well on one with pectin, Tween 20 and xylan for isolate 1159 and 1157, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates also did not show differences in growth on CMC at 5 and 15°C according to their putative role in litter-cellulose degradation. A similar behavior in growth was also found for the isolate 1155 and 1158 on xylan at 5 and 15°C. Surprisingly, a similar growth was found on the isolate 1158 when cultured on Tween 20 at 5 and 25°C, though it was different compared to that at 15°C. However, equivalent diameters on the same medium at 5°C were also found for the isolate 1159.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>At the three tested temperatures, all the isolates showed a broad spectrum of enzyme ability when they were inoculated on several media (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). However, significant differences in some enzyme activities were found between the different isolates and incubation temperatures. The proteolytic, oxidative and chitinolytic activities were different among the isolates tested (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). In terms of incubation temperature variation, the cellulolytic, proteolytic, lipolytic, oxidative and chitinolytic activities showed significant differences in their levels. A different response in level of enzyme activity to temperature was found compared to that for growth. An intense activity was observed on media with casein, CMC and pectin for all isolates tested. This high level of activity was only found at temperatures below 25°C, the pectinase activity being higher at 5°C compared to that at 15°C. Isolates 1157 and 1158 also showed higher cellulolytic activity at 5°C than at 15°C. However, the proteolytic activity was higher at 15°C, although in the isolate 1158 it was not significantly different compared to that at 5°C. An interaction between the isolate type and incubation temperature also occurred for this latter activity as well as for lipolytic, oxidative and chitinolytic activities, which indicates that the enzyme level also depended on the specific combination of both of these variables. Furthermore, amylolytic activity was higher at 5°C for the isolates LPSC 1158 and 1159.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionN. pumilio forests in the province of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, are an ecological region where stressful conditions prevail, such as a sub-Antarctic climate (with temperatures ranging between 0°C and 9°C) with frequent snow that covers the soil, frequent freeze-thaw cycles, strong winds and high solar incidence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">21,26,28</a> Fungi growing in forests from cold climates are exposed to several stresses, as low temperatures and frost, the main determinants of fungal abundance and activity. However, several fungal species considered as psychrophilic or psychrotolerant forms can grow, reproduce and tolerate low temperatures and frost due to a high level of adaptation that allows them to withstand extreme conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">8,27</a> Temperature is a key climatic parameter in the forests and their soils, being biological processes regulated by it.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> It modulates productivity of forests through the physiology of their trees as well as the microorganisms associated, since these latter are involved in the soil formation, litter transformation and organic matter mineralization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">22,31</a> In a survey made in these forests with different management practices, survey aimed at identifying fungal assemblages associated to cold soils and studying their seasonal variation pattern, H. cephalosporioides was the dominant fungus (data not shown). It is a soil microorganism specific from Nothofagus forests that degrades organic matter with an outstanding cellulolytic ability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">10,18</a> However, there is no information about the ability of this fungus to use other organic substrates, its enzyme systems and its role in nutrient cycling at several incubation temperatures, which may contribute to an understanding of how this fungus thrives at similar conditions from where it grows and degrades in nature. Since Pietikainen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a> suggested that fungi were more adapted to low-temperature conditions than bacteria, H. cephalosporioides might have a key role in the organic matter degradation in the soil of N. pumilio in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). All isolates tested showed ability to grow in vitro on other organic substrates in addition to a cellulose-like compound at 5, 15 and 25°C. Although there are no data about growing optimum temperature for this species, these results suggest than H. cephalosporioides isolates are psychrotolerant forms of mycobiota in soils of N. pumilio forests as reported by Ruisi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a> for mycobiota of Antarctica, including ones from Western Antarctic Peninsula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075">15,16</a> These localities share similar biogeographic and climatic features to those from Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), being part of a same environmental unit, the subantarctic one.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a> Some fungal species may show physiological variability among isolates of the same species. In our work, H. cephalosporioides showed this differential type of behavior depending on the medium used and the temperature of incubation. A higher growth was found when increasing the incubation temperature for most of the isolates, which might be related to the growth promotion by temperature through the activation of metabolic reactions. However no differences were found in isolates tested when they were cultured on cellulose or xylan at 5 and 15°C. Additionally, the isolates LPSC 1157 and 1159 did not show differences in growth when they were also cultured on pectin/Tween 20 at 15 and 25°C, though their growth responded differentially if they were grown on xylan or cellulose to those temperatures. Furthermore, a different growth pattern on Tween 20 was found for the isolate LPSC 1158 in response to temperature compared to that obtained with the other isolates tested. The isolate LPSC 1158 was obtained from a soil particle belonging to a forest area with high disturbance by wood exploitation, which possibly might be a source of physiologically different microorganisms compared to those isolated from non-disturbed natural forest areas. Similarly, Fenice et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> suggested that fungi’ growth and production of lytic enzymes by them is related to the chemical composition of the habitat, therefore it has adaptive and ecological significance. Colpaert et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> suggested that the origins of fungal isolates can affect the functional diversity or ecological plasticity of the fungi and thus may affect their range of tolerance to stressful effectors and their activity in ecological systems. Therefore our results suggest that there is intraspecific variation in growth among the isolates in H. cephalosporioides. It is consistent with the findings from Fenice et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> who found intraspecific variations in Arthrobotrys ferox, Cladosporium herbarum, Geomyces pannorum, Phoma sp. and Verticillium lecanii, when they were grown at different temperatures. Because physiological traits can vary not only among species but also within species,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> it is highly probable that levels of enzyme activity and its response to temperature differs among fungal isolates, even when they are originated in a limited habitat area, as in this study. Similarly, versatile enzyme ability was found in all isolates of H. cephalosporioides at tested temperatures. Levels of several enzyme systems were different according to each isolate and temperature assayed as well as dependent upon the specific combination of both of these variables. Furthermore, a different response in level of enzyme activity to temperature was found compared to those about growth, since a high level of activity was only found at temperatures below 25°C, which might be related to the cold environments where these fungi grow in nature. These results suggest a possible link between the saprotrophic role of H. cephalosporioides in N. pumilio forest and degradation of organic matter under stressful conditions such as frost environments.In conclusion, we show data on the ability of H. cephalosporioides to grow and produce several enzyme activities related to the decay of organic matter present in forest soil. Apart from the cellulolytic activity, this work shows a higher enzyme spectrum in this species: amylases, chitinases, proteases, pectinases and xylanases. Moreover, it has also been found that growth and enzyme activity, as well as response to temperature, varied in different isolates of this fungal species that lives specifically in Nothofagus spp. forests soil in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). However, further work is required to get an isolate that produces high enzyme activity at 5°C, such as LPSC 1158, and that can degrade significantly the litter of N. pumilio, as well as if it depends on isolation origin." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres848072" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843104" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres848071" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843105" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Sampling sites, soils and isolation of the fungi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Growth and enzyme ability" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack284487" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-02-21" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-09-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843104" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Extracellular enzyme" 1 => "Humicolopsis cephalosporioides" 2 => "Low temperature" 3 => "Soil fungi" 4 => "Nothofagus forest" 5 => "Tierra del Fuego (Argentina)" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843105" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Enzima extracelular" 1 => "Humicolopsis cephalosporioides" 2 => "Baja temperatura" 3 => "Hongos de suelo" 4 => "Bosque de Nothofagus" 5 => "Tierra del Fuego (Argentina)" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundNothofagus pumilio (Poepp & Endl.) Krasser, known as “lenga” is the most important timber wood species in southernmost Patagonia (Argentina). Humicolopsis cephalosporioides Cabral & Marchand is a soil fungus associated with Nothofagus pumilio forests, which has outstanding cellulolytic activity. However, there is no information about the ability of this fungus to use organic substrates other than cellulose, and its ability to produce different enzyme systems, as well as its response to temperature. AimsThe aim of this study was to examine the role of H. cephalosporioides in degradation processes in N. pumilio forests in detail by evaluating the in vitro ability of four isolates of this fungus to grow and produce different lytic enzyme systems, and their response to incubation temperature. MethodsThe ability of the fungi to grow and produce enzyme systems was estimated by inoculating them on agar media with specific substrates, and the cultures were incubated at three temperatures. ResultsA differential behavior of each strain in levels of growth and enzyme activity was found according to the medium type and/or incubation temperature. ConclusionsA intra-specific variability was found in H. cephalosporioides. Likewise a possible link between the saprotrophic role of this fungus in N. pumilio forests and the degradation of organic matter under stress conditions, such as those from frosty environments, was also discussed." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesNothofagus pumilio (Poepp & Endl) Krasser (N. pumilio), conocido como «lenga», es la especie maderable más importante en el extremo sur de Patagonia (Argentina). Humicolopsis cephalosporioides Cabral & Marchand es un hongo del suelo asociado a bosques de N. pumilio, que tiene una actividad celulolítica excepcional. Sin embargo, no hay información acerca de la capacidad de este hongo para utilizar otros sustratos orgánicos distintos de la celulosa, o para producir diferentes sistemas enzimáticos, así como su respuesta a la temperatura. ObjetivosEl objetivo de este estudio fue profundizar en el rol que Humicolopsis cephalosporioides tiene en los procesos de degradación en los bosques de N. pumilio a través de la evaluación de la capacidad in vitro de 4 aislamientos de este hongo para crecer y producir diferentes sistemas enzimáticos líticos y su respuesta a la temperatura de incubación. MétodosLa capacidad de los hongos para crecer y producir sistemas enzimáticos se estimó a través de su inoculación sobre medios de agar con sustratos específicos, siendo incubados a 3 temperaturas. ResultadosSe observó un comportamiento diferencial de cada cepa en el crecimiento y la actividad enzimática de acuerdo con el tipo de medio o la temperatura de incubación. ConclusionesSe observó variabilidad intraespecífica en Humicolopsis cephalosporioides. Asimismo, se discutió la posible relación entre el rol saprotrófico de este hongo en los bosques de N. pumilio y la degradación de la materia orgánica en condiciones estresantes, como las existentes en ambientes fríos." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3040 "Ancho" => 2993 "Tamanyo" => 339773 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colony growth of fungal cultures grown on specific substrates, at three temperatures: 25°C (black bars), 15°C (gray bars) and 5°C (white bars). The data are means of three replicates±SD; same letter refers to data not significantly different (multiple-range-test at P≤0.05)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "N/D: not determined." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Shelter-wood cut N. pumilio forest \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N. pumilio forest without intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stockpiled area, no coverage directly \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">pH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">C (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">24.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">N (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">N/D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">C/N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.7822 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">220.751 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">P (mg/k) (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">173.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">299.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">N/D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Gravimetric humidity (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Humus type \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Morder \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Morder \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Morder \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Fungal strains \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">LPSC# 1159 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">LPSC# 1155, 1157 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">LPSC# 1158 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1431441.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Characteristics of the sampling soils. Data are mean values (n=3)." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Substrate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="12" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Enzyme ability (halo/growth)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LPSC# 1155</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LPSC# 1157</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LPSC# 1158</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LPSC# 1159</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Casein \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.71a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.01d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.83ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.89b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.39c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.75a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.77a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.06b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.79a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.33c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.69a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Chitin azure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.78b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CMC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.07a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.8cd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.08cde \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.83f \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.06a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.5bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.57ef \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.06a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.32def \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.67ef \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Guaiacol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.61b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pectin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.91b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.17d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.12bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.61c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Starch \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.21ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.36ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.31ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.16ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.34ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.29ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.39ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.47d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.3ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.65bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2cd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Tween 20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.29e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.12bcde \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.05bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.26de \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.24de \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.82a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.56f \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.06bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.09bcd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.22cde \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.25de \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Xylan \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1431442.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Extracellular enzyme production (clear zone in cm/colony diameter in cm); values are means of three replicates." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Letters indicate significant differences between fungal cultures grown on each culture medium at three temperatures (multiple-range-test at P≤0.05)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "In vitro extracellular ability of H. cephalosporioides cultures grown on agar media supplemented with different specific substrates at three incubation temperatures." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "ns=not significant; T=temperature." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Casein</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Chitin Azure</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CMC</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Guaiacol</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pectin</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Starch</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tween 20</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Xylan</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">LPSC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">121 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">136.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">121 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">280.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">LPSC×T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">121 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ns \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " 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Elíades L.A., Pancotto V., Moretto A. and Saparrat M.C.N. are members of Carrera del Investigador CONICET. Cabello M. is a researcher from CICPBA. Rago M. is an ad-honorem laboratory student from Facultad Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/11301406/0000003200000001/v2_201706020154/S113014061400014X/v2_201706020154/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "7997" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Originales" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11301406/0000003200000001/v2_201706020154/S113014061400014X/v2_201706020154/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S113014061400014X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Original article

Preliminary data on growth and enzymatic abilities of soil fungus Humicolopsis cephalosporioides at different incubation temperatures

Datos preliminares sobre el crecimiento y la capacidad enzimática del hongo de suelo Humicolopsis cephalosporioides a diferentes temperaturas de incubación

Lorena Alejandra Elíadesa,

Corresponding author

lorenaeliades@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.

, Marta N. Cabelloa, Verónica Pancottob, Alicia Morettob, María Melisa Ragoa, Mario C.N. Saparrata,c,d

a Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

b Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Argentina

c Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Argentina

d Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Colony growth of fungal cultures grown on specific substrates&#44; at three temperatures&#58; 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;black bars&#41;&#44; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;gray bars&#41; and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;white bars&#41;&#46; The data are means of three replicates<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#59; same letter refers to data not significantly different &#40;multiple-range-test at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Soil is a fundamental resource of the forests&#46; The productivity of forest soil is mainly related to its capacity to support plant growth&#44; being most often measured in volume of trees produced&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Management practices can affect the soil productivity and the level of timber harvesting that the forest can sustain&#44; as well as its habitat and biodiversity associated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Although the forest soil microbiota as a whole is involved in mineralization of organic matter&#44; it has been reported that fungi play a greater role than bacteria in the decaying processes that occur on the forest floor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Furthermore&#44; forest soil-fungi also perform many other complex tasks relating to soil formation&#44; nutrient availability and recycling&#44; as well as tree metabolism and growth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus pumilio</span> &#40;Poepp &#38; Endl&#46;&#41; Krasser &#40;Nothofagaceae&#41;&#44; known as &#8220;lenga&#8221;&#44; is the most important timber wood species in the southernmost Patagonia&#46; It lives on volcanic soils present on the mountain slopes and on shallow soils in South of Tierra del Fuego &#40;Argentina&#41;&#44; growing until 56&#176; S&#46; Therefore&#44; this tree tolerates several abiotic stresses such as low temperatures &#40;&#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#44; frost and fire and also biotic stresses as those caused by defoliating insects and pathogenic agents&#46; All these factors alter the forest and each of its components&#44; which also modify productivity of soil and its resources&#44; including the diversity and activity of associated microorganisms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;19&#44;20&#44;33</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Humicolopsis cephalosporioides</span> Cabral &#38; Marchand &#40;anamorph Ascomycota&#44; Insertae Sedis&#41; was identified as one of the soil fungi with high cellulolytic activity in Tierra del Fuego &#40;Argentina&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;17&#44;18</span></a> However there is no information about the ability of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> to use other organic substrates&#44; its enzyme systems and its role in nutrient cycling&#46; Recently&#44; we isolated four strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> from soils of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> harvested by shelter wood-cut management&#46; Therefore&#44; the aim of this study was to get a better insight into the role of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> in degradation processes in forests from Tierra del Fuego by evaluating its ability to grow and produce different lytic enzyme systems as well as its response at incubation temperature&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Sampling sites&#44; soils and isolation of the fungi</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Soil composite samples &#40;two replicates with five sampling points&#41;&#44; representative from the first 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm depth&#44; were collected in stand of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> forest that was harvested by shelter-wood cut practice 50 years ago<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;20</span></a> in Tierra del Fuego&#44; Argentina &#40;54&#176;49&#8242;48&#8243; S&#8211;68&#176;21&#8242;35&#8243; W&#41;&#46; The soil type sampled has been classified as Litosols or litic Criortents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;34</span></a> Sites and their soil properties are indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; For fungal isolation&#44; the soil samples were processed according to El&#237;ades and colleagues and soil particles were placed in Petri dishes on corn meal-agar medium incubated at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until the development of fungal colonies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The strains were identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> according to Marchand and colleagues &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; and deposited in the culture collection of Spegazzini Institute &#40;LPSC&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Stock cultures were kept at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C on 2&#37; &#40;w<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>v<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; agar-malt extract slants&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Growth and enzyme ability</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inoculation was carried out by using 6-mm diameter agar plugs of each isolate&#44; which were cut from cultures grown on malt agar extract medium&#44; on Petri dishes with agar media supplemented with different specific substrates&#58; carboxymethylcellulose &#40;CMC&#41; 0&#46;5&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> apple pectin 0&#46;5&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Xylan 1&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Casein 0&#46;5&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Tween<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> 20 &#40;polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Merck<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41; 1&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Starch 20&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Guaiacol 0&#46;18&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> and Chitin-Azure<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;Sigma<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; C 3020&#41; 0&#46;08&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Three replicates of each isolate on each culture medium was incubated in the dark for 10 days at three temperatures&#58; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Fungal growth was estimated considering development &#40;cm&#41; under each treatment&#46; The hydrolytic enzyme activity was estimated qualitatively according to the presence of a halo of clearance through hydrolase action and was expressed semiquantitatively as the ratio between the hydrolytic-halo and colony diameters&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;30</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experimental design was completely at random&#44; considering a fixed effects model&#46; All results are shown as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#46; The differences in fungal growth between treatments were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; and means were contrasted by the Fisher&#39;s least-significant-difference multiple-range-test &#40;at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#44; using the InfoStat software&#46; In order to establish differences in enzyme activity between the two main factors &#40;isolate type and incubation temperature&#41; as well as their interactions&#44; ANOVA was also performed as described&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four strains&#44; which were identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> according to Marchand and colleagues&#44; were isolated from soil particles from sites with different forest management practices &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We analyzed the growth and the activity of different enzyme complexes of four isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> grown on different solid media at three incubation temperatures&#46; While all isolates grew on all culture media at the three incubation temperatures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; a differential behavior of each strain was found according to the medium type and&#47;or incubation temperature&#46; Isolate LPSC 1159 showed the highest growth when it was cultured on the medium with xylan at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; which was also significantly different compared to that from other isolates grown at the same temperature&#46; In most of the isolates&#44; a higher diameter was also observed at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C when compared with that at 5 and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C on tested media&#46; However&#44; a similar growth at 15 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C was found on media with CMC&#44; pectin and Tween 20 as well on one with pectin&#44; Tween 20 and xylan for isolate 1159 and 1157&#44; respectively&#46; Furthermore&#44; both isolates also did not show differences in growth on CMC at 5 and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C according to their putative role in litter-cellulose degradation&#46; A similar behavior in growth was also found for the isolate 1155 and 1158 on xylan at 5 and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Surprisingly&#44; a similar growth was found on the isolate 1158 when cultured on Tween 20 at 5 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; though it was different compared to that at 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; However&#44; equivalent diameters on the same medium at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C were also found for the isolate 1159&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the three tested temperatures&#44; all the isolates showed a broad spectrum of enzyme ability when they were inoculated on several media &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; significant differences in some enzyme activities were found between the different isolates and incubation temperatures&#46; The proteolytic&#44; oxidative and chitinolytic activities were different among the isolates tested &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; In terms of incubation temperature variation&#44; the cellulolytic&#44; proteolytic&#44; lipolytic&#44; oxidative and chitinolytic activities showed significant differences in their levels&#46; A different response in level of enzyme activity to temperature was found compared to that for growth&#46; An intense activity was observed on media with casein&#44; CMC and pectin for all isolates tested&#46; This high level of activity was only found at temperatures below 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; the pectinase activity being higher at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C compared to that at 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Isolates 1157 and 1158 also showed higher cellulolytic activity at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C than at 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; However&#44; the proteolytic activity was higher at 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; although in the isolate 1158 it was not significantly different compared to that at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; An interaction between the isolate type and incubation temperature also occurred for this latter activity as well as for lipolytic&#44; oxidative and chitinolytic activities&#44; which indicates that the enzyme level also depended on the specific combination of both of these variables&#46; Furthermore&#44; amylolytic activity was higher at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for the isolates LPSC 1158 and 1159&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> forests in the province of Tierra del Fuego&#44; Argentina&#44; are an ecological region where stressful conditions prevail&#44; such as a sub-Antarctic climate &#40;with temperatures ranging between 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; with frequent snow that covers the soil&#44; frequent freeze-thaw cycles&#44; strong winds and high solar incidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;26&#44;28</span></a> Fungi growing in forests from cold climates are exposed to several stresses&#44; as low temperatures and frost&#44; the main determinants of fungal abundance and activity&#46; However&#44; several fungal species considered as psychrophilic or psychrotolerant forms can grow&#44; reproduce and tolerate low temperatures and frost due to a high level of adaptation that allows them to withstand extreme conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;27</span></a> Temperature is a key climatic parameter in the forests and their soils&#44; being biological processes regulated by it&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> It modulates productivity of forests through the physiology of their trees as well as the microorganisms associated&#44; since these latter are involved in the soil formation&#44; litter transformation and organic matter mineralization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;31</span></a> In a survey made in these forests with different management practices&#44; survey aimed at identifying fungal assemblages associated to cold soils and studying their seasonal variation pattern&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> was the dominant fungus &#40;data not shown&#41;&#46; It is a soil microorganism specific from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus</span> forests that degrades organic matter with an outstanding cellulolytic ability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;18</span></a> However&#44; there is no information about the ability of this fungus to use other organic substrates&#44; its enzyme systems and its role in nutrient cycling at several incubation temperatures&#44; which may contribute to an understanding of how this fungus thrives at similar conditions from where it grows and degrades in nature&#46; Since Pietikainen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> suggested that fungi were more adapted to low-temperature conditions than bacteria&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> might have a key role in the organic matter degradation in the soil of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> in Tierra del Fuego &#40;Argentina&#41;&#46; All isolates tested showed ability to grow <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> on other organic substrates in addition to a cellulose-like compound at 5&#44; 15 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Although there are no data about growing optimum temperature for this species&#44; these results suggest than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> isolates are psychrotolerant forms of mycobiota in soils of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> forests as reported by Ruisi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> for mycobiota of Antarctica&#44; including ones from Western Antarctic Peninsula&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> These localities share similar biogeographic and climatic features to those from Tierra del Fuego &#40;Argentina&#41;&#44; being part of a same environmental unit&#44; the subantarctic one&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Some fungal species may show physiological variability among isolates of the same species&#46; In our work&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> showed this differential type of behavior depending on the medium used and the temperature of incubation&#46; A higher growth was found when increasing the incubation temperature for most of the isolates&#44; which might be related to the growth promotion by temperature through the activation of metabolic reactions&#46; However no differences were found in isolates tested when they were cultured on cellulose or xylan at 5 and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Additionally&#44; the isolates LPSC 1157 and 1159 did not show differences in growth when they were also cultured on pectin&#47;Tween 20 at 15 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; though their growth responded differentially if they were grown on xylan or cellulose to those temperatures&#46; Furthermore&#44; a different growth pattern on Tween 20 was found for the isolate LPSC 1158 in response to temperature compared to that obtained with the other isolates tested&#46; The isolate LPSC 1158 was obtained from a soil particle belonging to a forest area with high disturbance by wood exploitation&#44; which possibly might be a source of physiologically different microorganisms compared to those isolated from non-disturbed natural forest areas&#46; Similarly&#44; Fenice et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> suggested that fungi&#8217; growth and production of lytic enzymes by them is related to the chemical composition of the habitat&#44; therefore it has adaptive and ecological significance&#46; Colpaert et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> suggested that the origins of fungal isolates can affect the functional diversity or ecological plasticity of the fungi and thus may affect their range of tolerance to stressful effectors and their activity in ecological systems&#46; Therefore our results suggest that there is intraspecific variation in growth among the isolates in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span>&#46; It is consistent with the findings from Fenice et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> who found intraspecific variations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthrobotrys ferox</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cladosporium herbarum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Geomyces pannorum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phoma</span> sp&#46; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Verticillium lecanii</span>&#44; when they were grown at different temperatures&#46; Because physiological traits can vary not only among species but also within species&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> it is highly probable that levels of enzyme activity and its response to temperature differs among fungal isolates&#44; even when they are originated in a limited habitat area&#44; as in this study&#46; Similarly&#44; versatile enzyme ability was found in all isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> at tested temperatures&#46; Levels of several enzyme systems were different according to each isolate and temperature assayed as well as dependent upon the specific combination of both of these variables&#46; Furthermore&#44; a different response in level of enzyme activity to temperature was found compared to those about growth&#44; since a high level of activity was only found at temperatures below 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; which might be related to the cold environments where these fungi grow in nature&#46; These results suggest a possible link between the saprotrophic role of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> forest and degradation of organic matter under stressful conditions such as frost environments&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we show data on the ability of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> to grow and produce several enzyme activities related to the decay of organic matter present in forest soil&#46; Apart from the cellulolytic activity&#44; this work shows a higher enzyme spectrum in this species&#58; amylases&#44; chitinases&#44; proteases&#44; pectinases and xylanases&#46; Moreover&#44; it has also been found that growth and enzyme activity&#44; as well as response to temperature&#44; varied in different isolates of this fungal species that lives specifically in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus</span> spp&#46; forests soil in Tierra del Fuego &#40;Argentina&#41;&#46; However&#44; further work is required to get an isolate that produces high enzyme activity at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; such as LPSC 1158&#44; and that can degrade significantly the litter of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span>&#44; as well as if it depends on isolation origin&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Sampling sites&#44; soils and isolation of the fungi"
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              "titulo" => "Growth and enzyme ability"
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            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Humicolopsis cephalosporioides</span>"
            2 => "Low temperature"
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            0 => "Enzima extracelular"
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            2 => "Baja temperatura"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus pumilio</span> &#40;Poepp &#38; Endl&#46;&#41; Krasser&#44; known as &#8220;lenga&#8221; is the most important timber wood species in southernmost Patagonia &#40;Argentina&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Humicolopsis cephalosporioides</span> Cabral &#38; Marchand is a soil fungus associated with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus pumilio</span> forests&#44; which has outstanding cellulolytic activity&#46; However&#44; there is no information about the ability of this fungus to use organic substrates other than cellulose&#44; and its ability to produce different enzyme systems&#44; as well as its response to temperature&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aims</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to examine the role of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span> in degradation processes in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> forests in detail by evaluating the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> ability of four isolates of this fungus to grow and produce different lytic enzyme systems&#44; and their response to incubation temperature&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The ability of the fungi to grow and produce enzyme systems was estimated by inoculating them on agar media with specific substrates&#44; and the cultures were incubated at three temperatures&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A differential behavior of each strain in levels of growth and enzyme activity was found according to the medium type and&#47;or incubation temperature&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A intra-specific variability was found in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; cephalosporioides</span>&#46; Likewise a possible link between the saprotrophic role of this fungus in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> forests and the degradation of organic matter under stress conditions&#44; such as those from frosty environments&#44; was also discussed&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus pumilio</span> &#40;Poepp &#38; Endl&#41; Krasser &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span>&#41;&#44; conocido como &#171;lenga&#187;&#44; es la especie maderable m&#225;s importante en el extremo sur de Patagonia &#40;Argentina&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Humicolopsis cephalosporioides</span> Cabral &#38; Marchand es un hongo del suelo asociado a bosques de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span>&#44; que tiene una actividad celulol&#237;tica excepcional&#46; Sin embargo&#44; no hay informaci&#243;n acerca de la capacidad de este hongo para utilizar otros sustratos org&#225;nicos distintos de la celulosa&#44; o para producir diferentes sistemas enzim&#225;ticos&#44; as&#237; como su respuesta a la temperatura&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio fue profundizar en el rol que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Humicolopsis cephalosporioides</span> tiene en los procesos de degradaci&#243;n en los bosques de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> a trav&#233;s de la evaluaci&#243;n de la capacidad <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> de 4 aislamientos de este hongo para crecer y producir diferentes sistemas enzim&#225;ticos l&#237;ticos y su respuesta a la temperatura de incubaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La capacidad de los hongos para crecer y producir sistemas enzim&#225;ticos se estim&#243; a trav&#233;s de su inoculaci&#243;n sobre medios de agar con sustratos espec&#237;ficos&#44; siendo incubados a 3 temperaturas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se observ&#243; un comportamiento diferencial de cada cepa en el crecimiento y la actividad enzim&#225;tica de acuerdo con el tipo de medio o la temperatura de incubaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se observ&#243; variabilidad intraespec&#237;fica en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Humicolopsis cephalosporioides</span>&#46; Asimismo&#44; se discuti&#243; la posible relaci&#243;n entre el rol saprotr&#243;fico de este hongo en los bosques de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> y la degradaci&#243;n de la materia org&#225;nica en condiciones estresantes&#44; como las existentes en ambientes fr&#237;os&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Colony growth of fungal cultures grown on specific substrates&#44; at three temperatures&#58; 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;black bars&#41;&#44; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;gray bars&#41; and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;white bars&#41;&#46; The data are means of three replicates<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#59; same letter refers to data not significantly different &#40;multiple-range-test at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#47;D&#58; not determined&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Shelter-wood cut <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> forest&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; pumilio</span> forest without intervention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stockpiled area&#44; no coverage directly&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#47;D&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C&#47;N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;7822&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">220&#46;751&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">P &#40;mg&#47;k&#41; &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">299&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&#47;D&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gravimetric humidity &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Humus type&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Morder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Morder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Morder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fungal strains&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LPSC&#35; 1159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LPSC&#35; 1155&#44; 1157&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LPSC&#35; 1158&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1431441.png"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the sampling soils&#46; Data are mean values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Substrate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="12" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Enzyme ability &#40;halo&#47;growth&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LPSC&#35; 1155</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LPSC&#35; 1157</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LPSC&#35; 1158</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LPSC&#35; 1159</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Casein&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;71a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;01d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;83ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;89b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;39c&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;75a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;77a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;06b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;79a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;33c&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;69a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chitin azure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;78b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;07a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;8cd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;08cde&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;83f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;06a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;5bc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;57ef&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;06a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;32def&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;67ef&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Guaiacol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;61b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pectin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;91b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;17d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;12bc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;61c&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Starch&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;21ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;36ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;31ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;16ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;34ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;29ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;39ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;47d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;3ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;65bc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2cd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tween 20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;29e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;12bcde&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;05bc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;26de&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;24de&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;82a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;56f&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;06bc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;09bcd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;22cde&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;25de&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Xylan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab1431442.png"
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          "notaPie" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Extracellular enzyme production &#40;clear zone in cm&#47;colony diameter in cm&#41;&#59; values are means of three replicates&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Letters indicate significant differences between fungal cultures grown on each culture medium at three temperatures &#40;multiple-range-test at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "tituloSerie" => "J Agric Technol"
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Article information

ISSN: 11301406
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.019

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	8	4	12
2024 September	18	2	20
2024 August	17	5	22
2024 July	8	1	9
2024 June	10	4	14
2024 May	14	5	19
2024 April	18	14	32
2024 March	30	19	49
2024 February	17	4	21
2024 January	24	8	32
2023 December	18	4	22
2023 November	22	6	28
2023 October	18	5	23
2023 September	15	0	15
2023 August	10	2	12
2023 July	39	24	63
2023 June	10	5	15
2023 May	13	4	17
2023 April	13	7	20
2023 March	9	11	20
2023 February	13	5	18
2023 January	12	11	23
2022 December	19	7	26
2022 November	21	12	33
2022 October	10	18	28
2022 September	13	15	28
2022 August	13	15	28
2022 July	13	10	23
2022 June	13	12	25
2022 May	16	11	27
2022 April	30	13	43
2022 March	38	19	57
2022 February	17	8	25
2022 January	16	16	32
2021 December	18	10	28
2021 November	17	15	32
2021 October	17	10	27
2021 September	12	15	27
2021 August	28	10	38
2021 July	16	5	21
2021 June	17	7	24
2021 May	22	11	33
2021 April	62	15	77
2021 March	11	8	19
2021 February	9	9	18
2021 January	11	8	19
2020 December	16	12	28
2020 November	14	11	25
2020 October	21	6	27
2020 September	14	13	27
2020 August	15	6	21
2020 July	17	6	23
2020 June	11	10	21
2020 May	12	10	22
2020 April	7	4	11
2020 March	5	9	14
2020 February	13	5	18
2020 January	8	14	22
2019 December	12	10	22
2019 November	18	10	28
2019 October	6	4	10
2019 September	10	4	14
2019 August	6	5	11
2019 July	11	25	36
2019 June	31	42	73
2019 May	44	74	118
2019 April	24	29	53
2019 March	3	4	7
2019 February	3	4	7
2019 January	3	4	7
2018 December	4	6	10
2018 November	10	7	17
2018 October	8	22	30
2018 September	3	2	5
2018 August	6	8	14
2018 July	8	1	9
2018 June	7	3	10
2018 May	5	5	10
2018 April	3	5	8
2018 March	60	1	61
2018 February	64	2	66
2018 January	6	7	13
2017 December	127	2	129
2017 November	5	0	5
2017 October	10	3	13
2017 September	14	6	20
2017 August	15	2	17
2017 July	8	6	14
2017 June	10	6	16
2017 May	16	11	27
2017 April	10	11	21
2017 March	9	27	36
2017 February	11	4	15
2017 January	13	2	15
2016 December	13	3	16
2016 November	15	5	20
2016 October	15	13	28
2016 September	12	10	22
2016 August	13	2	15
2016 July	8	1	9
2016 June	13	2	15
2016 May	9	4	13
2016 April	6	2	8
2016 March	11	6	17
2016 February	15	8	23
2016 January	17	8	25
2015 April	0	6	6
2015 March	0	2	2
2015 February	1	0	1

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