Tinea capitis in adults in southern Spain. A 17-year epidemiological study

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Gil-Tomás, Javier Colomina-Rodríguez" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesús J." 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A 17-year epidemiological study" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "110" "paginaFinal" => "113" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Miguel Lova-Navarro, Elisabeth Gómez-Moyano, Leandro Martínez Pilar, María Dolores Fernandez-Ballesteros, Daniel Jesus Godoy-Díaz, Angel Vera-Casaño, Vicente Crespo-Erchiga" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Miguel" "apellidos" => "Lova-Navarro" ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Elisabeth" "apellidos" => "Gómez-Moyano" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "elisabeth.gomez.moyano@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Leandro" "apellidos" => "Martínez Pilar" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Dolores" "apellidos" => "Fernandez-Ballesteros" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Daniel Jesus" "apellidos" => "Godoy-Díaz" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Angel" "apellidos" => "Vera-Casaño" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vicente" "apellidos" => "Crespo-Erchiga" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Department of Dermatology, Hospital Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Tinea capitis en pacientes adultos del sur de España. Un estudio epidemiológico de 17 años" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 795 "Ancho" => 995 "Tamanyo" => 148287 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Tinea capitis in a postmenopausal woman with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Scarring alopecia and secondary infection due to T. tonsurans were diagnosed." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Tinea capitis is a hair infection due to keratinophilic fungi known as dermatophytes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">3</a> Although taxonomically these fungi belong to the phylum Ascomycota, given that most of them are mitosporic, with not known sexual state, the name of their anamorphs in the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton is commonly used in medical literature. Only the first two have species able to invade the terminal hair and, therefore, cause scalp ringworm. The most common dermatophytes isolated in adult tinea capitis include Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton verrucosum, Microsporum canis, and Microsporum gypseum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">10</a>Although tinea capitis is common in children,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">8,20</a> several studies have shown that it is far from being rare in adults,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">3–7,9–11,19,21</a> particularly in postmenopausal women and immunocompromised persons; e.g., AIDS patients, transplant recipients, or people receiving high-dose steroid therapy. Adult tinea capitis may have polymorphic and atypical clinical presentations, leading to difficulty in diagnosis and a delay in treatment.Materials and methodsWe undertook a retrospective study over a period of 17 years, from 1995 to 2011, of all cases of tinea capitis diagnosed in our dermatology department. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed in all the patients by direct examination using KOH and culture in Sabouraud-chloramphenicol, with and without cycloheximide. The sample was incubated at 27°C for 2 weeks. Cultures without evident fungal growth were kept for another 3 weeks before being considered negative. The mycological diagnosis was made after studying the macro- and micromorphological characteristics of the colonies, with the aid, if necessary, of specific tests. Data concerning age, gender, location of lesion, results of direct examination and culture, immune status, cause of immunosuppression, and any treatment given were collected in all patients.ResultsTinea capitis represented 22% of all the skin infections due to dermatophytes. Thirty-three cases (11.4%) out of the 289 cases of tinea capitis were from adults (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Most of these adults (72.7%) were immunocompetent (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>), while the others were immunocompromised for different reasons (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Only three of these adult patients were men, as compared to 30 women, most of them postmenopausal (21 patients, 70%).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>In the group of postmenopausal women, 15 (71%) were immunocompetent, while 6 (29%) were under pharmacological immunosuppression (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>): one of them was having methotrexate, two others were under high-dose oral corticosteroids treatment, another one was having cyclosporine after kidney transplantation, one woman with scalp psoriasis regularly used a shampoo containing clobetasol propionate, and the last one suffered systemic lupus erythematosus and was receiving an immunosuppressive treatment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Only 2 out of the 9 non-postmenopausal women were immunocompromised: one woman was receiving treatment for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with methotrexate and mercaptopurine, and the other was HIV positive (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). All three adult males were young, with one being HIV positive.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Amongst the adult patients, species of Trichophyton (T. violaceum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans and Trichophyton soudanense) were isolated in 76% of the cases, and species of Microsporum (M. canis and M. gypseum) were present in the remaining 24%. All those patients in whom Trichophyton species were isolated were successfully treated with oral terbinafine, while those in whom Microsporum species were isolated were also successfully treated with oral griseofulvin. None of the patients had any treatment-related adverse effects.DiscussionThe incidence of tinea capitis in our country is higher in children (88.6%) than in adults (11.4%). In adult patients, species of Trichophyton were isolated in 76% of the cases, and species of Microsporum (M. canis and M. gypseum) in the rest. This fact contrasts with the data found in children in our geographical region, as M. canis is by far the main causative agent of tinea capitis in childhood (63.5%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">8</a>Although tinea capitis is considered rare in adults, as shown in this and other studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">13,22,25</a> it is nevertheless far from being exceptional. Many papers offer percentages that are similar to ours; a study carried out in the Afro-American population in USA showed an incidence of 11.4% of tinea capitis in adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">29</a> In France, a study by Cremer et al. reported a rate of up to 11% of tinea capitis in adults in a period of one year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">7</a> However, in Greece, a study covering a period of 15 years found a case rate of only 5.8%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">9</a> In China, the incidence of tinea capitis in adults ranged from 6% to 13.6% in two different studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">30,32</a> However, in Taiwan, according to a paper dated in 1991, the incidence in adults appears to be much higher, reaching 63%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">19</a> Our percentage is closer to the figures published in Europe, being very similar to that for France but higher than that in Greece, which covered a similar period of years. Our result is also similar to the percentage found in the Afro-American population in the USA.The causative agent of this clinical form can vary depending on the geographical area. For example, in USA, Canada, United Kingdom and Brazil the main pathogen is T. tonsurans,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">4,6,24</a> followed by M. canis and T. violaceum. In Italy, however, M. canis predominates, although T. mentagrophytes and T. violaceum are also isolated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">3,15</a>T. violaceum is the most common agent in Greece,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">12</a> Egypt,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">10</a> Tunisia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265">21,28</a> and Taiwan,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">31</a> as well as in our study, where it was found to be the causative agent in 27% of the cases, closely followed by T. tonsurans (24%). In China, T. violaceum causes over 50% of the cases of scalp ringworm in adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">31</a> In poorer countries, scalp infections caused by T. soudanense or Microsporum audouinii are more prevalent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">17</a> In our study, T. soudanense was only isolated in one case, a HIV-positive immigrant woman (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). This dermatophyte is an anthropophilic fungus endemic in different African countries, though it is an emerging species in areas where zoophilic dermatophytes predominate as agents of tinea capitis, like Spain,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">26</a> USA,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">20</a> New Zealand<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">18</a> or Italy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">27</a> due to factors such as adoption and immigration.Previous studies have already documented a higher incidence of adult tinea capitis among menopausal women,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">10</a> explained by the involution of sebaceous glands following decreased blood estrogen levels during menopause.The choice of the oral antifungal drug depends on the characteristics of the patient; griseofulvin has been used widely and, more recently, also terbinafine. Ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole are used in a lesser extent. In AIDS patients, for example, some authors have used terbinafine,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">14,23</a> though it has not always proven effectiveness in cases of tinea capitis due to M. canis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">5</a> Frequent and important adverse reactions have been reported with griseofulvin, mainly in transplant patients due to its interaction with cyclosporine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">11</a> Moreover, several studies have shown a higher efficacy of terbinafine compared to griseofulvin in half the time (4 weeks vs. 8 weeks) in tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton, with a better profile of tolerability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">1,16</a> Although in tinea capitis caused by M. canis griseofulvin continues to be the treatment of choice, recent studies have also shown good results with terbinafine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">2</a>Our study shows that tinea capitis is not an uncommon problem among the immunocompetent adult population. It primarily affects postmenopausal women and often presents an atypical clinical pattern, which can easily lead to confusion with other dermatoses, resembling bacterial folliculitis, folliculitis decalvans, dissecting cellulitis, or the scarring related to lupus erythematosus. Consequently, the correct diagnosis and treatment is delayed in many cases, increasing the risk of new infection. In our geographical area, most of the cases affecting the adult population are caused by species of the genus Trichophyton. In these cases, the treatment of choice was oral terbinafine, which considerably shortens the treatment and shows fewer side effects than the classical griseofulvin. This fact should be emphasized considering the relatively high number of immunocompromised patients among all the cases included in this study.Financial supportNone.Conflict of interestNone." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres679568" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec685489" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres679569" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec685490" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-07-17" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-02-25" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec685489" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Tinea capitis" 1 => "Dermatophytes" 2 => "Adults" 3 => "Post-menopausal women" 4 => "Immunocompromised" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec685490" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Tinea capitis" 1 => "Dermatofitos" 2 => "Adultos" 3 => "Mujeres posmenopáusicas" 4 => "Inmunodeprimidos" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundTinea capitis is an infection of the hair due to keratinophilic fungi, known as dermatophytes. Although the disease is common in children, several studies have also shown that it is far from unusual in adults, especially in post-menopausal women and immunocompromised persons. AimsTo determine the incidence of tinea capitis in adults in our area, as well as the predisposing factors (gender, immunity), and causative species. Materials and methodsA retrospective study was conducted over a period of 17 years, from 1995 to 2011, collecting data on cases of tinea capitis diagnosed in our dermatology department. Information collected for all patients included age, gender, location of the lesions, results of direct examination and culture, immune status, cause of immunosuppression, and the prescribed treatment. ResultsThirty-three cases (11.4%) out of 289 cases of tinea capitis occurred in adults. Most of these adults (72%) were immunocompetent, and the rest were immunocompromised for different reasons. Three of the patients were men and 30 women, with 70% of the latter being post-menopausal. Trichophyton species were isolated in 76% of these adult patients, with Trichophyton violaceum being the most common. Treatment with oral terbinafine was successful in all these cases. Microsporum species were responsible for the other cases, all treated successfully with oral griseofulvin. ConclusionsThis series of tinea capitis in adults is one of the largest to date. It shows that tinea capitis is not uncommon among the immunocompetent adult population. In our geographical area, except for prepubescent patients, most cases affecting the adult population were caused by species of the genus Trichophyton. In these cases the treatment of choice was oral terbinafine, which considerably shortened the treatment time, and was associated with fewer side effects than the classical griseofulvin." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesTinea capitis es una infección del pelo producida por hongos queratinofílicos llamados dermatofitos. Aunque la enfermedad es más común en niños, varios estudios han demostrado que no es infrecuente en adultos, especialmente en mujeres posmenopáusicas y personas inmunodeprimidas. ObjetivoDeterminar la incidencia de tinea capitis en adultos de nuestra área, así como los factores predisponentes (inmunidad, género) y agentes causales. MétodosLlevamos a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de un periodo de 17 años, desde 1995 a 2012, seleccionando casos de tinea capitis diagnosticados en nuestro departamento de Dermatología. Se recogió información clínico-demográfica de los pacientes que incluyó edad, sexo, localización de las lesiones, resultados de examen directo y cultivos, inmunidad, causa de la inmunosupresión y tratamiento. ResultadosDe los 289 casos de tinea capitis, 33 (11,4%) eran de pacientes adultos. La mayoría (72%) fueron inmunocompetentes; la inmunodepresión en el resto de los casos era por diferentes causas. Tres de los pacientes eran hombres y 30 mujeres, la mayoría de las cuales eran posmenopáusicas (70%). Las especies de Trichophyton fueron aisladas en el 76% de los casos, con Trichophyton violaceum como el dermatofito más común; el tratamiento con terbinafina oral fue exitoso en todos los casos. Las especies microspóricas fueron responsables de los casos restantes y tuvieron una buena evolución con griseofulvina. ConclusionesEsta serie de tinea capitis del adulto es una de las más largas hasta la fecha. Se demuestra que tinea capitis no es infrecuente entre la población adulta inmunocompetente. En nuestra área geográfica, salvo en prepúberes, la mayoría de los casos de tinea capitis de adultos son debidos a especies del género Trichophyton. En estos casos el tratamiento de elección fue la terbinafina oral, que acorta considerablemente la duración de tratamiento y se asocia a menos efectos secundarios que la clásica griseofulvina." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 819 "Ancho" => 1099 "Tamanyo" => 35813 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Distribution of tinea capitis in children and adults." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 795 "Ancho" => 995 "Tamanyo" => 148287 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Tinea capitis in a postmenopausal woman with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Scarring alopecia and secondary infection due to T. tonsurans were diagnosed." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 703 "Ancho" => 995 "Tamanyo" => 141409 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Tinea capitis in a HIV-positive premenopausal woman from Senegal." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient (year of diagnosis) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Direct examination \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Culture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (1995) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. violaceum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (1996) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. violaceum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (1997) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. tonsurans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (1998) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. mentagrophytes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (1999) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. mentagrophytes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (1999) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. mentagrophytes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 (2000) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. violaceum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 (2001) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. tonsurans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (2001) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. violaceum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 (2001) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. mentagrophytes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (2002) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M. canis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 (2002) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M. canis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 (2002) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. tonsurans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 (2003) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. violaceum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 (2003) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. violaceum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 (2003) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M. canis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17 (2004) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M. gypseum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 (2004) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. violaceum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19 (2008) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Man \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. tonsurans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 (2009) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M. canis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 (2009) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Man \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. mentagrophytes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 (2010) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. tonsurans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23 (2010) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. violaceum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 (2011) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M. canis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1115586.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical and microbiological characteristics of the immunocompetent patients." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient (year of diagnosis) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cause of immunosuppression \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Direct examination \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Culture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (2004) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp and face \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">High-dose oral corticosteroids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M. canis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (2005) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">High-dose oral corticosteroids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. violaceum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (2005) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Methotrexate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M. canis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (2007) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp and nape \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">HIV+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. soudanense \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (2008) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Treatment for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with methotrexate and mercaptopurine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. mentagrophytes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (2009) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Cyclosporine due to renal transplantation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. tonsurans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 (2010) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp psoriasis treated with shampoo containing clobetasol propionate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">− \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. tonsurans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 (2010) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Man \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp, trunk and groin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">HIV+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. mentagrophytes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (2011) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Woman \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppressive drugs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">T. tonsurans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1115585.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical and 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Tinea capitis in adults in southern Spain. A 17-year epidemiological study

Tinea capitis en pacientes adultos del sur de España. Un estudio epidemiológico de 17 años

Miguel Lova-Navarro, Elisabeth Gómez-Moyano

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elisabeth.gomez.moyano@gmail.com

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, Leandro Martínez Pilar, María Dolores Fernandez-Ballesteros, Daniel Jesus Godoy-Díaz, Angel Vera-Casaño, Vicente Crespo-Erchiga

Department of Dermatology, Hospital Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain

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    "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tinea capitis</span> in adults in southern Spain&#46; A 17-year epidemiological study"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tinea capitis</span> in a postmenopausal woman with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppressive drugs&#46; Scarring alopecia and secondary infection due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span> were diagnosed&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tinea capitis</span> is a hair infection due to keratinophilic fungi known as dermatophytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Although taxonomically these fungi belong to the phylum Ascomycota&#44; given that most of them are mitosporic&#44; with not known sexual state&#44; the name of their anamorphs in the genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidermophyton</span> is commonly used in medical literature&#46; Only the first two have species able to invade the terminal hair and&#44; therefore&#44; cause scalp ringworm&#46; The most common dermatophytes isolated in adult <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> include <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton tonsurans</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton violaceum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton verrucosum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum canis</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum gypseum</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> is common in children&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;20</span></a> several studies have shown that it is far from being rare in adults&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;7&#44;9&#8211;11&#44;19&#44;21</span></a> particularly in postmenopausal women and immunocompromised persons&#59; e&#46;g&#46;&#44; AIDS patients&#44; transplant recipients&#44; or people receiving high-dose steroid therapy&#46; Adult <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> may have polymorphic and atypical clinical presentations&#44; leading to difficulty in diagnosis and a delay in treatment&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We undertook a retrospective study over a period of 17 years&#44; from 1995 to 2011&#44; of all cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> diagnosed in our dermatology department&#46; The clinical diagnosis was confirmed in all the patients by direct examination using KOH and culture in Sabouraud-chloramphenicol&#44; with and without cycloheximide&#46; The sample was incubated at 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 2 weeks&#46; Cultures without evident fungal growth were kept for another 3 weeks before being considered negative&#46; The mycological diagnosis was made after studying the macro- and micromorphological characteristics of the colonies&#44; with the aid&#44; if necessary&#44; of specific tests&#46; Data concerning age&#44; gender&#44; location of lesion&#44; results of direct examination and culture&#44; immune status&#44; cause of immunosuppression&#44; and any treatment given were collected in all patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tinea capitis</span> represented 22&#37; of all the skin infections due to dermatophytes&#46; Thirty-three cases &#40;11&#46;4&#37;&#41; out of the 289 cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> were from adults &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Most of these adults &#40;72&#46;7&#37;&#41; were immunocompetent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; while the others were immunocompromised for different reasons &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Only three of these adult patients were men&#44; as compared to 30 women&#44; most of them postmenopausal &#40;21 patients&#44; 70&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the group of postmenopausal women&#44; 15 &#40;71&#37;&#41; were immunocompetent&#44; while 6 &#40;29&#37;&#41; were under pharmacological immunosuppression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#58; one of them was having methotrexate&#44; two others were under high-dose oral corticosteroids treatment&#44; another one was having cyclosporine after kidney transplantation&#44; one woman with scalp psoriasis regularly used a shampoo containing clobetasol propionate&#44; and the last one suffered systemic lupus erythematosus and was receiving an immunosuppressive treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 2 out of the 9 non-postmenopausal women were immunocompromised&#58; one woman was receiving treatment for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with methotrexate and mercaptopurine&#44; and the other was HIV positive &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; All three adult males were young&#44; with one being HIV positive&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amongst the adult patients&#44; species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton mentagrophytes</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton soudanense</span>&#41; were isolated in 76&#37; of the cases&#44; and species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; gypseum</span>&#41; were present in the remaining 24&#37;&#46; All those patients in whom <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span> species were isolated were successfully treated with oral terbinafine&#44; while those in whom <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum</span> species were isolated were also successfully treated with oral griseofulvin&#46; None of the patients had any treatment-related adverse effects&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> in our country is higher in children &#40;88&#46;6&#37;&#41; than in adults &#40;11&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; In adult patients&#44; species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span> were isolated in 76&#37; of the cases&#44; and species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; gypseum</span>&#41; in the rest&#46; This fact contrasts with the data found in children in our geographical region&#44; as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span> is by far the main causative agent of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> in childhood &#40;63&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> is considered rare in adults&#44; as shown in this and other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;22&#44;25</span></a> it is nevertheless far from being exceptional&#46; Many papers offer percentages that are similar to ours&#59; a study carried out in the Afro-American population in USA showed an incidence of 11&#46;4&#37; of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> in adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In France&#44; a study by Cremer et al&#46; reported a rate of up to 11&#37; of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> in adults in a period of one year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> However&#44; in Greece&#44; a study covering a period of 15 years found a case rate of only 5&#46;8&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In China&#44; the incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> in adults ranged from 6&#37; to 13&#46;6&#37; in two different studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;32</span></a> However&#44; in Taiwan&#44; according to a paper dated in 1991&#44; the incidence in adults appears to be much higher&#44; reaching 63&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Our percentage is closer to the figures published in Europe&#44; being very similar to that for France but higher than that in Greece&#44; which covered a similar period of years&#46; Our result is also similar to the percentage found in the Afro-American population in the USA&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The causative agent of this clinical form can vary depending on the geographical area&#46; For example&#44; in USA&#44; Canada&#44; United Kingdom and Brazil the main pathogen is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#44;24</span></a> followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&#46; In Italy&#44; however&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span> predominates&#44; although <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mentagrophytes</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span> are also isolated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span> is the most common agent in Greece&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Egypt&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Tunisia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;28</span></a> and Taiwan&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> as well as in our study&#44; where it was found to be the causative agent in 27&#37; of the cases&#44; closely followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span> &#40;24&#37;&#41;&#46; In China&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span> causes over 50&#37; of the cases of scalp ringworm in adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> In poorer countries&#44; scalp infections caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; soudanense</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum audouinii</span> are more prevalent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> In our study&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; soudanense</span> was only isolated in one case&#44; a HIV-positive immigrant woman &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; This dermatophyte is an anthropophilic fungus endemic in different African countries&#44; though it is an emerging species in areas where zoophilic dermatophytes predominate as agents of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span>&#44; like Spain&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> USA&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> New Zealand<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> or Italy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> due to factors such as adoption and immigration&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies have already documented a higher incidence of adult <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> among menopausal women&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> explained by the involution of sebaceous glands following decreased blood estrogen levels during menopause&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The choice of the oral antifungal drug depends on the characteristics of the patient&#59; griseofulvin has been used widely and&#44; more recently&#44; also terbinafine&#46; Ketoconazole&#44; itraconazole and fluconazole are used in a lesser extent&#46; In AIDS patients&#44; for example&#44; some authors have used terbinafine&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;23</span></a> though it has not always proven effectiveness in cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Frequent and important adverse reactions have been reported with griseofulvin&#44; mainly in transplant patients due to its interaction with cyclosporine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Moreover&#44; several studies have shown a higher efficacy of terbinafine compared to griseofulvin in half the time &#40;4 weeks vs&#46; 8 weeks&#41; in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span>&#44; with a better profile of tolerability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;16</span></a> Although in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span> griseofulvin continues to be the treatment of choice&#44; recent studies have also shown good results with terbinafine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study shows that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> is not an uncommon problem among the immunocompetent adult population&#46; It primarily affects postmenopausal women and often presents an atypical clinical pattern&#44; which can easily lead to confusion with other dermatoses&#44; resembling bacterial folliculitis&#44; folliculitis decalvans&#44; dissecting cellulitis&#44; or the scarring related to lupus erythematosus&#46; Consequently&#44; the correct diagnosis and treatment is delayed in many cases&#44; increasing the risk of new infection&#46; In our geographical area&#44; most of the cases affecting the adult population are caused by species of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span>&#46; In these cases&#44; the treatment of choice was oral terbinafine&#44; which considerably shortens the treatment and shows fewer side effects than the classical griseofulvin&#46; This fact should be emphasized considering the relatively high number of immunocompromised patients among all the cases included in this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Financial support</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec685489"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0030"
              "titulo" => "Antecedentes"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0040"
              "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0045"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
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              "identificador" => "abst0050"
              "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Financial support"
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          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
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        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2013-07-17"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-02-25"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tinea capitis</span>"
            1 => "Dermatophytes"
            2 => "Adults"
            3 => "Post-menopausal women"
            4 => "Immunocompromised"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tinea capitis</span>"
            1 => "Dermatofitos"
            2 => "Adultos"
            3 => "Mujeres posmenop&#225;usicas"
            4 => "Inmunodeprimidos"
          ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tinea capitis</span> is an infection of the hair due to keratinophilic fungi&#44; known as dermatophytes&#46; Although the disease is common in children&#44; several studies have also shown that it is far from unusual in adults&#44; especially in post-menopausal women and immunocompromised persons&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aims</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> in adults in our area&#44; as well as the predisposing factors &#40;gender&#44; immunity&#41;&#44; and causative species&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study was conducted over a period of 17 years&#44; from 1995 to 2011&#44; collecting data on cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> diagnosed in our dermatology department&#46; Information collected for all patients included age&#44; gender&#44; location of the lesions&#44; results of direct examination and culture&#44; immune status&#44; cause of immunosuppression&#44; and the prescribed treatment&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-three cases &#40;11&#46;4&#37;&#41; out of 289 cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> occurred in adults&#46; Most of these adults &#40;72&#37;&#41; were immunocompetent&#44; and the rest were immunocompromised for different reasons&#46; Three of the patients were men and 30 women&#44; with 70&#37; of the latter being post-menopausal&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span> species were isolated in 76&#37; of these adult patients&#44; with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton violaceum</span> being the most common&#46; Treatment with oral terbinafine was successful in all these cases&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum</span> species were responsible for the other cases&#44; all treated successfully with oral griseofulvin&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This series of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> in adults is one of the largest to date&#46; It shows that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> is not uncommon among the immunocompetent adult population&#46; In our geographical area&#44; except for prepubescent patients&#44; most cases affecting the adult population were caused by species of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span>&#46; In these cases the treatment of choice was oral terbinafine&#44; which considerably shortened the treatment time&#44; and was associated with fewer side effects than the classical griseofulvin&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Aims"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tinea capitis</span> es una infecci&#243;n del pelo producida por hongos queratinof&#237;licos llamados dermatofitos&#46; Aunque la enfermedad es m&#225;s com&#250;n en ni&#241;os&#44; varios estudios han demostrado que no es infrecuente en adultos&#44; especialmente en mujeres posmenop&#225;usicas y personas inmunodeprimidas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la incidencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> en adultos de nuestra &#225;rea&#44; as&#237; como los factores predisponentes &#40;inmunidad&#44; g&#233;nero&#41; y agentes causales&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Llevamos a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de un periodo de 17 a&#241;os&#44; desde 1995 a 2012&#44; seleccionando casos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> diagnosticados en nuestro departamento de Dermatolog&#237;a&#46; Se recogi&#243; informaci&#243;n cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;fica de los pacientes que incluy&#243; edad&#44; sexo&#44; localizaci&#243;n de las lesiones&#44; resultados de examen directo y cultivos&#44; inmunidad&#44; causa de la inmunosupresi&#243;n y tratamiento&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De los 289 casos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span>&#44; 33 &#40;11&#44;4&#37;&#41; eran de pacientes adultos&#46; La mayor&#237;a &#40;72&#37;&#41; fueron inmunocompetentes&#59; la inmunodepresi&#243;n en el resto de los casos era por diferentes causas&#46; Tres de los pacientes eran hombres y 30 mujeres&#44; la mayor&#237;a de las cuales eran posmenop&#225;usicas &#40;70&#37;&#41;&#46; Las especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span> fueron aisladas en el 76&#37; de los casos&#44; con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton violaceum</span> como el dermatofito m&#225;s com&#250;n&#59; el tratamiento con terbinafina oral fue exitoso en todos los casos&#46; Las especies microsp&#243;ricas fueron responsables de los casos restantes y tuvieron una buena evoluci&#243;n con griseofulvina&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Esta serie <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de tinea capitis</span> del adulto es una de las m&#225;s largas hasta la fecha&#46; Se demuestra que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> no es infrecuente entre la poblaci&#243;n adulta inmunocompetente&#46; En nuestra &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica&#44; salvo en prep&#250;beres&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los casos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> de adultos son debidos a especies del g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span>&#46; En estos casos el tratamiento de elecci&#243;n fue la terbinafina oral&#44; que acorta considerablemente la duraci&#243;n de tratamiento y se asocia a menos efectos secundarios que la cl&#225;sica griseofulvina&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea capitis</span> in children and adults&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tinea capitis</span> in a postmenopausal woman with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppressive drugs&#46; Scarring alopecia and secondary infection due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span> were diagnosed&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient &#40;year of diagnosis&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Direct examination&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Culture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;1995&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1996&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;1997&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;1998&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mentagrophytes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;1999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mentagrophytes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;1999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mentagrophytes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;2000&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;2001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;2001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;2001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mentagrophytes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;2002&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;2002&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;2002&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;2003&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;2003&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;2003&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;2004&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; gypseum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;2004&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;2008&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;2009&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;2009&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Man&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mentagrophytes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;2010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;2010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;2011&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient &#40;year of diagnosis&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cause of immunosuppression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Direct examination&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Culture&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;2004&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp and face&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">High-dose oral corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;2005&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">High-dose oral corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; violaceum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;2005&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Methotrexate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; canis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;2007&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp and nape&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">HIV&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; soudanense</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;2008&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Treatment for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with methotrexate and mercaptopurine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mentagrophytes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;2009&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&#44; trunk and groin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;2011&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppressive drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; tonsurans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140615000741?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 11301406
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.riam.2015.02.007

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	41	5	46
2024 September	89	6	95
2024 August	98	3	101
2024 July	109	9	118
2024 June	91	8	99
2024 May	76	2	78
2024 April	108	5	113
2024 March	136	8	144
2024 February	183	2	185
2024 January	154	4	158
2023 December	166	7	173
2023 November	142	3	145
2023 October	197	6	203
2023 September	130	3	133
2023 August	120	11	131
2023 July	127	2	129
2023 June	135	4	139
2023 May	152	5	157
2023 April	142	5	147
2023 March	135	8	143
2023 February	109	12	121
2023 January	116	4	120
2022 December	104	14	118
2022 November	118	12	130
2022 October	137	10	147
2022 September	155	13	168
2022 August	126	14	140
2022 July	116	12	128
2022 June	171	6	177
2022 May	126	11	137
2022 April	131	22	153
2022 March	149	14	163
2022 February	166	7	173
2022 January	177	11	188
2021 December	110	15	125
2021 November	102	10	112
2021 October	154	9	163
2021 September	118	10	128
2021 August	141	11	152
2021 July	101	10	111
2021 June	115	12	127
2021 May	190	5	195
2021 April	358	13	371
2021 March	312	15	327
2021 February	118	7	125
2021 January	147	11	158
2020 December	139	12	151
2020 November	144	10	154
2020 October	116	10	126
2020 September	109	11	120
2020 August	153	14	167
2020 July	139	15	154
2020 June	118	18	136
2020 May	113	19	132
2020 April	89	7	96
2020 March	94	11	105
2020 February	108	10	118
2020 January	91	3	94
2019 December	94	17	111
2019 November	81	5	86
2019 October	80	3	83
2019 September	97	3	100
2019 August	68	1	69
2019 July	86	4	90
2019 June	166	8	174
2019 May	241	22	263
2019 April	135	21	156
2019 March	78	11	89
2019 February	92	8	100
2019 January	84	7	91
2018 December	68	3	71
2018 November	104	8	112
2018 October	115	12	127
2018 September	225	7	232
2018 August	123	7	130
2018 July	110	8	118
2018 June	86	10	96
2018 May	63	9	72
2018 April	70	3	73
2018 March	40	6	46
2018 February	21	3	24
2018 January	32	5	37
2017 December	24	1	25
2017 November	41	14	55
2017 October	27	2	29
2017 September	28	6	34
2017 August	28	7	35
2017 July	16	1	17
2017 June	29	9	38
2017 May	30	14	44
2017 April	17	12	29
2017 March	27	20	47
2017 February	92	3	95
2017 January	20	5	25
2016 December	35	5	40
2016 November	33	15	48
2016 October	39	14	53
2016 September	28	3	31
2016 August	26	7	33
2016 July	44	13	57
2016 June	1	0	1

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