Molecular identification of yeasts from the order Trichosporonales causing superficial infections

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(A) Aspergillosis: CT section revealing bilateral lesions with cavities containing material with soft-tissue density and surrounding air, forming the air crescent sign (arrows); (B) Cryptococcosis: CT section showing bilateral parenchymal opacities with a pseudo-tumor aspect (arrows)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Joycenea da Silva Matsuda, Bodo Wanke, Antonio Alcirley da Silva Balieiro, Carla Silvana da Silva Santos, Regia Cristina dos Santos Cavalcante, Mauro de Medeiros Muniz, Daiana Rodrigues Torres, Silviane Bezerra Pinheiro, Hagen Frickmann, João Vicente Braga Souza, Flor Ernestina Martinez-Espinosa" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joycenea da Silva" "apellidos" => "Matsuda" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Bodo" "apellidos" => "Wanke" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Antonio Alcirley da Silva" "apellidos" => "Balieiro" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carla Silvana da Silva" "apellidos" => "Santos" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Regia Cristina dos Santos" "apellidos" => "Cavalcante" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mauro de Medeiros" "apellidos" => "Muniz" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Daiana Rodrigues" "apellidos" => "Torres" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Silviane Bezerra" "apellidos" => "Pinheiro" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hagen" "apellidos" => "Frickmann" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "João Vicente Braga" "apellidos" => "Souza" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Flor Ernestina" "apellidos" => "Martinez-Espinosa" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140621000073?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003800000003/v2_202109250626/S1130140621000073/v2_202109250626/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Molecular identification of yeasts from the order Trichosporonales causing superficial infections" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "119" "paginaFinal" => "124" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Erick Martínez-Herrera, Esperanza Duarte-Escalante, María del Rocío Reyes-Montes, Roberto Arenas, Gustavo Acosta-Altamirano, Gabriela Moreno-Coutiño, Tania Mayela Vite-Garín, Alejandro Meza-Robles, María Guadalupe Frías-De-León" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Erick" "apellidos" => "Martínez-Herrera" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Esperanza" "apellidos" => "Duarte-Escalante" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "María del Rocío" "apellidos" => "Reyes-Montes" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Roberto" "apellidos" => "Arenas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gustavo" "apellidos" => "Acosta-Altamirano" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gabriela" "apellidos" => "Moreno-Coutiño" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Tania Mayela" "apellidos" => "Vite-Garín" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "Meza-Robles" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 8 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "María Guadalupe" "apellidos" => "Frías-De-León" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "magpefrias@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca, Edo. Méx., Mexico" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Micología, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Inmunología de Hongos, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Identificación molecular de levaduras del orden Trichosporonales causantes de infecciones superficiales" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 734 "Ancho" => 1255 "Tamanyo" => 100305 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colonial (a) and microscopic (b) morphology of Trichosporon isolate 267." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Trichosporonosis is an opportunistic infection caused by some yeasts of the genus Trichosporon.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">5</a> These yeasts, which are occasionally part of the microbiota of skin, mucous membranes and nails of mammals, can cause superficial trichosporonosis (white piedra, onychomycosis, and foot dermatomycosis), genitocrural piedra and invasive disease (peritonitis, endocarditis, among others), as well as allergic pneumonia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">5,17</a> Invasive trichosporonosis primarily affects immunosuppressed individuals, while superficial infections and allergic pneumonia are mainly diagnosed in immunocompetent hosts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">4,5</a> The species most commonly associated with hematogenous and disseminated infections is Trichosporon asahii, whereas Trichosporon asteroides and Trichosporon cutaneum are predominant in superficial infections, Trichosporon inkin in white piedra of the hair and Trichosporon ovoides in the genital area. However, any species can cause an invasive infection with a bad prognosis, which is particularly unfavorable for immunosuppressed patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">10,14,19</a>Until recently, Trichosporon domesticum, Trichosporon montevideense, T. cutaneum, Trichosporon dermatis, Trichosporon jirovecii, Trichosporon mucoides, T. asahii, T. asteroides, Trichosporon coremiiforme, Trichosporon faecale, T. inkin, Trichosporon japonicum, Trichosporon lactis, T. ovoides, Trichosporon loubieri, and Trichosporon dohaense were known as the medically relevant species of the genus Trichosporon (class Tremellomycetes, order Trichosporonales, and family Trichosporonaceae).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">5</a> However, tremellomycetes were recently reclassified based on phylogenetic analyses using sequences from different genes: the small subunit (SSU or 18S), the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU or 26S) rDNA, and the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2, including 5.8S) regions. Two subunits of the RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2), the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (CYTB) were also considered.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">15,23</a> This reclassification caused changes in the Trichosporon genus since the medically relevant species were relocated in three genera: Cutaneotrichosporon (Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum, Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii, Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis, Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides); Trichosporon (T. asahii, T. asteroides, T. coremiiforme, T. faecale, T. inkin, T. japonicum, T. lactis, T. ovoides, and T. dohaense), and Apiotrichum (Apiotrichum domesticum, Apiotrichum montevideense, and Apiotrichum loubieri).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">15</a> Therefore, the identification of any fungus in the order Trichosporonales is necessary from both clinical and epidemiological perspectives to determine the specific pathological agent and to implement a proper antifungal therapy since different susceptibility profiles have been reported depending on the species.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">10,21</a>In clinical laboratories, yeasts’ identification is often based on morphological (observation of arthroconidia, hyphae, blastospores, and trichoid bodies) and biochemical criteria using the API 20C AUX and Vitek 2 Compact YST (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) systems. Nonetheless, several authors have demonstrated that these methods are inadequate to identify the species within the order Trichosporonales since these methods only allow to identify three species (T.asahii, T.inkin, and C.mucoides).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">10,14</a> For this reason, the sequencing of the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) of the D1/D2 domain and the ITS regions is now being used for the molecular identification of Trichosporon species, being the IGS1 region the most relevant for this purpose.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">10,22</a> These molecular methods enhance the knowledge about the species distribution and their genotypes, providing a better understanding of the trichosporonosis epidemiology.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">10</a> In several countries, including Mexico, both the incidence and the specific etiology of this disease are poorly recorded, mainly because the pathogens are identified only phenotypically. For this reason, this study was designed to re-identify through sequence analysis of the IGS1 region, 12 isolates recovered from patients with superficial infections in Mexico City that were identified previously as Trichosporon spp. by their phenotypic characteristics.Material and methodsClinical isolatesThis study included 12 clinical yeasts obtained between January and December 2018 in a third-level hospital. The isolate source, diagnosis, and underlying conditions of the patients are included in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. In order to improve the isolation of any fungus from nails the technique described by Fernandes-Meireles et al. was carried out.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">8</a> Samples of scales and hair were collected according to Del Boz et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">6</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Morphological analysisThe isolates were cultured in Sabouraud agar (BD Bioxon™, MX) tubes at 28°C, and their macroscopic and microscopic morphologies were observed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">18</a>Molecular identificationGenomic DNA extraction: The yeasts were cultured in 15ml of YEPD broth (yeast extract 10%, peptone 10%, dextrose 20%), with shaking (150rpm), until the OD600 reached the value 10. The cells were recovered by centrifugation at 7500rpm for 10min. Afterwards, DNA was extracted according to Bolano et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">3</a> Then, the DNA was eluted with 50μl of sterile MiliQ water. The quality and concentration of the obtained DNA were determined using spectrophotometry at 260nm (Spectrophotometer DS-11, DeNovix, USA).PCR: The IGS1 region was amplified by PCR using the primers 26SF (5′-ATCCTTTGCAGACGACTTGA-3′), and 5SR (5′-AGCTTGACTTCGCAGATCGG-3′).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">21</a> The PCR was performed in a thermocycler (model T100; Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., USA) with a first denaturation at 94°C for 3min, followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 30s, 57°C for 30s, and at 72°C for 1min, and a final extension at 72°C for 10min. The amplification products were separated by electrophoresis in 1,5% agarose gels in TBE 0,5X buffer (45mM Tris-Base, 45mM boric acid, 1mM EDTA and pH 8.3) at 90V for 60min, and visualised by GelRed 30 X stain (Biotium, USA). The 100bp DNA ladder (Jena Bioscience™, Jena, GE) was used as a molecular size marker. The Molecular Imager® Gel Doc™ XR (Bio-Rad Laboratories) was used to capture the gel images. The expected size of the amplicons was in the range of 195–719bp, depending on the species.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">22</a>Sequencing: The amplicons were purified with the Agarose Gel Extraction Kit (Jena Bioscience™) and sequenced with the 26SF and 5SR primers at the Genomic Services Unit in LANGEBIO (CINVESTAV, MX). The obtained sequences were deposited in the GenBank database (accession no: MT531540–MT531551).Phylogenetic analysis: The amplicon sequences were edited with the program BioEdit ver. 7.2.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">12</a> and compared with registered sequences in GenBank through the BLAST program (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/">http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">2</a> The alignment of the sequences was performed with the program Muscle implemented in MEGA 6.0.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">24</a> With the maximum likelihood statistical method a phylogenetic tree was constructed, and the groups’ node significance was determined with 1000 repetitions (bootstrap). The analysis included 40 yeast sequences (available in the GenBank) that belong to yeasts within the order Trichonosporales. A Cryptococcus neoformans (KX721893) sequence was also incorporated as outgroup.ResultsThe studied isolates showed the typical morphology of the yeasts within the order Trichosporonales. The colonies were whitish, waxy, and cerebriform (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>a). The amplification of the IGS1 region showed fragments within the range 328–716bp.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The sequence analysis of the 26S-5S region of the rRNA intergenic spacer showed a high percentage identity with the Trichosporon, Cutaneotrichosporon and Apiotrichum genera. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). In the phylogenetic tree constructed with the IGS1 sequences the studied isolates and the reference sequences were grouped according to the genus: Trichosporon, Cutaneotrichosporon, and Apiotrichum. The genus Vanrija was placed with Apiotrichum.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Within the genus Trichosporon, sequences from isolates 11, 12 and 267 were grouped with reference sequences of T. inkin (AB066424 and JF302980); isolate 70 was grouped with the reference sequence of T. aquatile (AB066403); isolates 143 and 374 were grouped together, and with the reference sequence of T. asteroides (AB066405); and the isolate 178 was grouped with the reference sequences of T. asahii (MH879575, JF302991, and JF303024). All these groupings were supported by a 100% bootstrap value (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). In the Apiotrichum genus, isolate 220 was grouped with the reference sequence of A. montevideense (KY421053) with a 100% bootstrap. Finally, for the Cutaneotrichosporon genus, isolates 152 and 600 were grouped with the reference sequences of C. mucoides (MH879573) and T. mucoides (KP453832, EU934806, KM821100 and KT936594) with 100% bootstrap; isolate 97 was grouped with the reference sequence of C. cutaneum (MG708456) (bootstrap 95%), and isolate 380 was grouped with the reference sequence of C. jirovecii (KY421055) (bootstrap 100%).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionTrichosporonosis is commonly diagnosed based on the phenotypic characteristics of the isolate, something that, oftentimes, does not lead to a correct species identification.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">9,25</a> For this reason, and similarly to what has happened with other genera of fungi, molecular methods are recommended for the correct identification of the yeast species previously classified within the genus Trichosporon, currently separated into three genera: Trichosporon, Apiotrichum, and Cutaneotrichosporon. The preferred molecular method is the analysis of the IGS1 region.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">15,21,22</a> However, these methods are not used regularly in clinical laboratories, leading to a lack of data about genera and species distribution. This study characterized 12 yeast isolates from patients diagnosed with white piedra, onychomycosis, and hand or foot dermatomycosis. Based on the morphological analysis, all 12 isolates were identical, showing a morphology compatible with the genus Trichosporon. However, only seven isolates (11, 12, 70, 143, 178, 267, and 374) belonged to the genus Trichosporon according to the analysis of the IGS1 region sequences; one isolate (220) belonged to the genus Apiotrichum, and two (152 and 600) to Cutaneotrichosporon. Two isolates showed ambiguous results, as isolate 97 showed 100% similarity with species from two different genera: C. cutaneum and T. domesticum (A. domesticum). Isolate 380 showed a high percentage of similarity with three species of the genus Cutaneotrichosporon: C. jirovecii, C. mucoides, and C. cutaneum. This ambiguity was solved by observing the phylogenetic tree, where isolate 97 groups with C. cutaneum and isolate 380 with C. jirovecii. Based on all the obtained results, we identified three T. inkin (11, 12 and 267) isolates, two T. asteroides (143, 374), two C. mucoides (152 and 600) and one each of T. asahii (178), A. montevideense (220), C. cutaneum (97), T. aquatile (70) and C. jirovecii (380). The three isolates identified as T. inkin were recovered from patients with white piedra, which coincides with literature reports in which T. inkin and T. ovoides are found the most frequent etiological agents of this disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">10,14</a> On the other hand, the isolates identified as T. asteroids (143, 374), T. aquatile (70), C. cutaneum (97), T. asahii (178), T. montevideense (220) and C. mucoides (152) were obtained from patients with onychomycosis. It is worth mentioning that although these fungi may colonize nails already infected by dermatophytes, our isolates were the primary pathogens. This fact has also been described in other studies where T. asahii, C. mucoides,T. inkin, T. ovoides, T. asteroides, T. faecale, and C. cutaneum were isolated as etiological agents in nail infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">1,13,16,20</a> It is worth noting that, to our knowledge, no information in the literature was found regarding T. aquatile as an onychomycosis pathogen, so our case could be the first report. Finally, the isolates identified as T. asahii (178), C. mucoides (600), and C. jirovecii (380) were obtained from patients with dermatomycosis on feet or hands. Other authors also found the aforementioned yeasts as the causative agents of dermatomycosis in patients with suspected tinea pedis and tineamanuum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">7,11</a> It is important to highlight that isolates 178 and 600 (T. asahii and C. mucoides, respectively) were obtained from chronically ill patients (breast and lung cancer, and scleroderma) undergoing a treatment with immunosuppressive agents. Those agents are risk factors for developing superficial or invasive infections caused by trichosporonales.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">17</a>Despite the small sample size, the diversity of species belonging to the order Trichosporonales found as etiological agents in superficial infections gives us a glimpse about the importance of identifying any yeast at the species level, especially due to potential antifungal resistances. It has been reported in vitro resistance to amphotericin B in T. asahii and resistance to triazoles in non-T. asahiiTrichosporon species.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">21</a> It is also well known that superficial infections may spread to the subcutaneous tissue and even deeper, causing severe systemic disease in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">4</a>ConclusionsThe molecular characterization of the studied isolates revealed a wide variety of trichosporonales as etiological agents of superficial infections, particularly in onychomycosis. Therefore, identifying these yeasts at the species level is essential to broaden the knowledge of their epidemiology.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1577120" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1421253" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1577119" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1421254" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Clinical isolates" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Morphological analysis" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Molecular identification" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-06-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2021-01-18" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1421253" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Trichosporon" 1 => "Apiotrichum" 2 => "Cutaneotrichosporon" 3 => "IGS" 4 => "Dermatomycosis" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1421254" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Trichosporon" 1 => "Apiotrichum" 2 => "Cutaneotrichosporon" 3 => "IGS" 4 => "Dermatomicosis" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundThe molecular reclassification of the order Trichosporonales placed the medically relevant Trichosporon species into three genera of the family Trichosporonaceae: Cutaneotrichosporon, Trichosporon, and Apiotrichum. From the clinical and epidemiological standpoint, it is important to identify any species of the family Trichosporonaceae because they present different antifungal susceptibility profiles. In Mexico, little is known about trichosporonosis etiology because the fungi are identified through phenotypic methods. AimsTo identify at a molecular level 12 yeast isolates morfologically compatible with Trichosporon, obtained from patients with superficial infections. MethodsThe yeast isolates were obtained from patients with white piedra, onychomycosis, and hand and foot dermatomycosis, and were identified morphologically and genotypically (sequencing of the IGS1 region and phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood Method). The phylogenetic analysis included 40 yeast sequences from the order Trichosporonales and one from Cryptococcus neoformans as outgroup. ResultsBased on the molecular analysis, we identified three (25%) Trichosporon inkin isolates, two (16.7%) Trichosporon asteroides, two (16.7%) Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides, and one each (8.3%) of Trichosporon aquatile, Trichosporon asahii, Apiotrichum montevideense, Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum, and Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii. ConclusionsThe molecular characterization of the isolates showed a broad diversity of species within the order Trichosporonales, particularly among onychomycosis. It is essential to identify these yeasts at the species level to delve into their epidemiology." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesLa reclasificación molecular del orden Trichosporonales ubicó las especies de Trichosporon de importancia médica en tres géneros en la familia Trichosporonaceae: Cutaneotrichosporon, Trichosporon y Apiotrichum. Desde la perspectiva clínica y epidemiológica es importante la identificación de las especies dentro de la familia Trichosporonaceae debido a sus diferentes perfiles de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos. En México, la etiología de la trichosporonosis es poco conocida porque los hongos son identificados por métodos fenotípicos. ObjetivosIdentificar molecularmente 12 aislamientos de levaduras, morfológicamente compatibles con el género Trichosporon, recuperados de pacientes con infección superficial. MétodosLos 12 aislamientos, procedentes de pacientes con piedra blanca, onicomicosis y dermatomicosis de las manos y los pies, fueron identificados morfológica y genotípicamente (secuenciación de la región IGS1 y análisis filogenético con el método de máxima verosimilitud). En el análisis filogenético se incluyeron 40 secuencias de levaduras del orden Trichosporonales y una de Cryptococcus neoformans como grupo externo. ResultadosEn base al análisis molecular se identificaron tres (25%) aislamientos de Trichosporon inkin, dos (16,7%) de Trichosporon asteroides, dos (16,7%) de Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides y uno (8,3%) de cada una de las siguientes especies: Trichosporon aquatile, Trichosporon asahii, Apiotrichum montevideense, Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum y Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii. ConclusionesLa caracterización molecular de los aislamientos mostró una diversidad de especies dentro del orden Trichosporonales, especialmente en las onicomicosis. Es importante identificar estas levaduras a nivel de especie para profundizar en su epidemiología." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "Co-first authorship." "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 734 "Ancho" => 1255 "Tamanyo" => 100305 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Colonial (a) and microscopic (b) morphology of Trichosporon isolate 267." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 4333 "Ancho" => 2961 "Tamanyo" => 1144692 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Phylogenetic analysis with the maximum likelihood (ML) method based on the model GTR (General Time Reversible) implemented in the MEGA 6 program. The branch support was inferred through a non-parametric start program." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "NA: not available; TDO: total dystrophy onychomycosis; DSO: distal subungual onychomycosis; DLSO: distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Isolate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Underlying conditions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">White piedra \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Scalp \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">White piedra \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Toe nail \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TDO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Toe nail \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DSO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">143 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Toe nail \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DLSO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">152 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Toe nail \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DSO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Scleroderma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">178 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Toe nail and soles \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TDO/Feet dermatomycosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lung cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">220 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Toe nail \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TDO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">267 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hair \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">White piedra \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Asthma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">374 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Toe nail \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TDO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Venous insufficiency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">380 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hand \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hand dermatomycosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">600 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Feet interdigital scale \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Feet dermatomycosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Breast cancer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2703647.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Isolates according to the type of infection and underlying condition of every patient." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Isolate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Identity (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Query cover (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">e-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Accession no. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T. inkin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AB066424 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T. inkin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AB066424 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T. aquatile \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AB066403 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5e-170 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C. cutaneum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MG708456 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5e-170 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T. domesticum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FJ754252 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">143 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T. asteroides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EU934802 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">152 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C. mucoides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MH879573 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">178 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T. asahii \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MN255830 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">220 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T. montevideense \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AB066431 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">267 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T. inkin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">KM488289 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">374 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">T. asteroides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EU934802 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">380 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">99.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3e-167 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C. jirovecii \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MG708460 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">99.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3e-167 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C. mucoides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MG746595 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">99.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3e-167 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C. cutaneum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MG912611 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">600 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C. mucoides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MH879573 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2703648.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Identification of the studied 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Molecular identification of yeasts from the order Trichosporonales causing superficial infections

Identificación molecular de levaduras del orden Trichosporonales causantes de infecciones superficiales

Erick Martínez-Herreraa,1, Esperanza Duarte-Escalanteb,1, María del Rocío Reyes-Montesb, Roberto Arenasc, Gustavo Acosta-Altamiranoa, Gabriela Moreno-Coutiñoc, Tania Mayela Vite-Garínd, Alejandro Meza-Roblesc, María Guadalupe Frías-De-Leóna,

Corresponding author

magpefrias@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

a Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca, Edo. Méx., Mexico

b Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico

c Sección de Micología, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Mexico

d Laboratorio de Inmunología de Hongos, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico

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        "titulo" => "Identificaci&#243;n molecular de levaduras del orden Trichosporonales causantes de infecciones superficiales"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Colonial &#40;a&#41; and microscopic &#40;b&#41; morphology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> isolate 267&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trichosporonosis is an opportunistic infection caused by some yeasts of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> These yeasts&#44; which are occasionally part of the microbiota of skin&#44; mucous membranes and nails of mammals&#44; can cause superficial trichosporonosis &#40;white piedra&#44; onychomycosis&#44; and foot dermatomycosis&#41;&#44; genitocrural piedra and invasive disease &#40;peritonitis&#44; endocarditis&#44; among others&#41;&#44; as well as allergic pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;17</span></a> Invasive trichosporonosis primarily affects immunosuppressed individuals&#44; while superficial infections and allergic pneumonia are mainly diagnosed in immunocompetent hosts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> The species most commonly associated with hematogenous and disseminated infections is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon asahii</span>&#44; whereas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon asteroides</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon cutaneum</span> are predominant in superficial infections&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon inkin</span> in white piedra of the hair and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon ovoides</span> in the genital area&#46; However&#44; any species can cause an invasive infection with a bad prognosis&#44; which is particularly unfavorable for immunosuppressed patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;14&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Until recently&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon domesticum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon montevideense</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; cutaneum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon dermatis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon jirovecii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon mucoides</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asteroides</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon coremiiforme</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon faecale</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inkin</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon japonicum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon lactis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; ovoides</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon loubieri</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon dohaense</span> were known as the medically relevant species of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> &#40;class Tremellomycetes&#44; order Trichosporonales&#44; and family Trichosporonaceae&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; tremellomycetes were recently reclassified based on phylogenetic analyses using sequences from different genes&#58; the small subunit &#40;SSU or 18S&#41;&#44; the D1&#47;D2 domains of the large subunit &#40;LSU or 26S&#41; rDNA&#44; and the rDNA internal transcribed spacer &#40;ITS1 and ITS2&#44; including 5&#46;8S&#41; regions&#46; Two subunits of the RNA polymerase II &#40;RPB1 and RPB2&#41;&#44; the translation elongation factor 1-&#945; &#40;TEF1&#41; and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene &#40;CYTB&#41; were also considered&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;23</span></a> This reclassification caused changes in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> genus since the medically relevant species were relocated in three genera&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides</span>&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asteroides</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; coremiiforme</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; faecale</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inkin</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; japonicum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; lactis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; ovoides</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; dohaense</span>&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum domesticum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum montevideense</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum loubieri</span>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Therefore&#44; the identification of any fungus in the order Trichosporonales is necessary from both clinical and epidemiological perspectives to determine the specific pathological agent and to implement a proper antifungal therapy since different susceptibility profiles have been reported depending on the species&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;21</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In clinical laboratories&#44; yeasts&#8217; identification is often based on morphological &#40;observation of arthroconidia&#44; hyphae&#44; blastospores&#44; and trichoid bodies&#41; and biochemical criteria using the API 20C AUX and Vitek 2 Compact YST &#40;bioM&#233;rieux&#44; Marcy l&#8217;Etoile&#44; France&#41; systems&#46; Nonetheless&#44; several authors have demonstrated that these methods are inadequate to identify the species within the order Trichosporonales since these methods only allow to identify three species &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">asahii&#44; T&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">inkin&#44;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mucoides</span>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;14</span></a> For this reason&#44; the sequencing of the intergenic spacer 1 &#40;IGS1&#41; of the D1&#47;D2 domain and the ITS regions is now being used for the molecular identification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> species&#44; being the IGS1 region the most relevant for this purpose&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;22</span></a> These molecular methods enhance the knowledge about the species distribution and their genotypes&#44; providing a better understanding of the trichosporonosis epidemiology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In several countries&#44; including Mexico&#44; both the incidence and the specific etiology of this disease are poorly recorded&#44; mainly because the pathogens are identified only phenotypically&#46; For this reason&#44; this study was designed to re-identify through sequence analysis of the IGS1 region&#44; 12 isolates recovered from patients with superficial infections in Mexico City that were identified previously as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> spp&#46; by their phenotypic characteristics&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Clinical isolates</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study included 12 clinical yeasts obtained between January and December 2018 in a third-level hospital&#46; The isolate source&#44; diagnosis&#44; and underlying conditions of the patients are included in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; In order to improve the isolation of any fungus from nails the technique described by Fernandes-Meireles et al&#46; was carried out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Samples of scales and hair were collected according to Del Boz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Morphological analysis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The isolates were cultured in Sabouraud agar &#40;BD Bioxon&#8482;&#44; MX&#41; tubes at 28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; and their macroscopic and microscopic morphologies were observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Molecular identification</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Genomic DNA extraction</span>&#58; The yeasts were cultured in 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of YEPD broth &#40;yeast extract 10&#37;&#44; peptone 10&#37;&#44; dextrose 20&#37;&#41;&#44; with shaking &#40;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#41;&#44; until the OD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">600</span> reached the value 10&#46; The cells were recovered by centrifugation at 7500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; Afterwards&#44; DNA was extracted according to Bolano et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Then&#44; the DNA was eluted with 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of sterile MiliQ water&#46; The quality and concentration of the obtained DNA were determined using spectrophotometry at 260<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm &#40;Spectrophotometer DS-11&#44; DeNovix&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PCR</span>&#58; The IGS1 region was amplified by PCR using the primers 26SF &#40;5&#8242;-ATCCTTTGCAGACGACTTGA-3&#8242;&#41;&#44; and 5SR &#40;5&#8242;-AGCTTGACTTCGCAGATCGG-3&#8242;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The PCR was performed in a thermocycler &#40;model T100&#59; Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc&#46;&#44; USA&#41; with a first denaturation at 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; followed by 30 cycles of 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; 57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; and at 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; and a final extension at 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; The amplification products were separated by electrophoresis in 1&#44;5&#37; agarose gels in TBE 0&#44;5X buffer &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM Tris-Base&#44; 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM boric acid&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM EDTA and pH 8&#46;3&#41; at 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V for 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; and visualised by GelRed 30 X stain &#40;Biotium&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp DNA ladder &#40;Jena Bioscience&#8482;&#44; Jena&#44; GE&#41; was used as a molecular size marker&#46; The Molecular Imager&#174; Gel Doc&#8482; XR &#40;Bio-Rad Laboratories&#41; was used to capture the gel images&#46; The expected size of the amplicons was in the range of 195&#8211;719<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp&#44; depending on the species&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sequencing</span>&#58; The amplicons were purified with the Agarose Gel Extraction Kit &#40;Jena Bioscience&#8482;&#41; and sequenced with the 26SF and 5SR primers at the Genomic Services Unit in LANGEBIO &#40;CINVESTAV&#44; MX&#41;&#46; The obtained sequences were deposited in the GenBank database &#40;accession no&#58; MT531540&#8211;MT531551&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phylogenetic analysis&#58;</span> The amplicon sequences were edited with the program BioEdit ver&#46; 7&#46;2&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and compared with registered sequences in GenBank through the BLAST program &#40;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ncbi&#46;nim&#46;nih&#46;gov&#47;</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The alignment of the sequences was performed with the program Muscle implemented in MEGA 6&#46;0&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> With the maximum likelihood statistical method a phylogenetic tree was constructed&#44; and the groups&#8217; node significance was determined with 1000 repetitions &#40;bootstrap&#41;&#46; The analysis included 40 yeast sequences &#40;available in the GenBank&#41; that belong to yeasts within the order Trichonosporales&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cryptococcus neoformans</span> &#40;KX721893&#41; sequence was also incorporated as outgroup&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The studied isolates showed the typical morphology of the yeasts within the order Trichosporonales&#46; The colonies were whitish&#44; waxy&#44; and cerebriform &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#41;&#46; The amplification of the IGS1 region showed fragments within the range 328&#8211;716<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sequence analysis of the 26S-5S region of the rRNA intergenic spacer showed a high percentage identity with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum</span> genera&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the phylogenetic tree constructed with the IGS1 sequences the studied isolates and the reference sequences were grouped according to the genus&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon&#44;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum</span>&#46; The genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vanrija</span> was placed with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span>&#44; sequences from isolates 11&#44; 12 and 267 were grouped with reference sequences of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inkin</span> &#40;AB066424 and JF302980&#41;&#59; isolate 70 was grouped with the reference sequence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; aquatile</span> &#40;AB066403&#41;&#59; isolates 143 and 374 were grouped together&#44; and with the reference sequence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asteroides</span> &#40;AB066405&#41;&#59; and the isolate 178 was grouped with the reference sequences of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii</span> &#40;MH879575&#44; JF302991&#44; and JF303024&#41;&#46; All these groupings were supported by a 100&#37; bootstrap value &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum</span> genus&#44; isolate 220 was grouped with the reference sequence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; montevideense</span> &#40;KY421053&#41; with a 100&#37; bootstrap&#46; Finally&#44; for the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon</span> genus&#44; isolates 152 and 600 were grouped with the reference sequences of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; mucoides</span> &#40;MH879573&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mucoides</span> &#40;KP453832&#44; EU934806&#44; KM821100 and KT936594&#41; with 100&#37; bootstrap&#59; isolate 97 was grouped with the reference sequence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; cutaneum</span> &#40;MG708456&#41; &#40;bootstrap 95&#37;&#41;&#44; and isolate 380 was grouped with the reference sequence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; jirovecii</span> &#40;KY421055&#41; &#40;bootstrap 100&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trichosporonosis is commonly diagnosed based on the phenotypic characteristics of the isolate&#44; something that&#44; oftentimes&#44; does not lead to a correct species identification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;25</span></a> For this reason&#44; and similarly to what has happened with other genera of fungi&#44; molecular methods are recommended for the correct identification of the yeast species previously classified within the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon&#44;</span> currently separated into three genera&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum&#44;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon&#46;</span> The preferred molecular method is the analysis of the IGS1 region&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;21&#44;22</span></a> However&#44; these methods are not used regularly in clinical laboratories&#44; leading to a lack of data about genera and species distribution&#46; This study characterized 12 yeast isolates from patients diagnosed with white piedra&#44; onychomycosis&#44; and hand or foot dermatomycosis&#46; Based on the morphological analysis&#44; all 12 isolates were identical&#44; showing a morphology compatible with the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span>&#46; However&#44; only seven isolates &#40;11&#44; 12&#44; 70&#44; 143&#44; 178&#44; 267&#44; and 374&#41; belonged to the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> according to the analysis of the IGS1 region sequences&#59; one isolate &#40;220&#41; belonged to the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum&#44;</span> and two &#40;152 and 600&#41; to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon</span>&#46; Two isolates showed ambiguous results&#44; as isolate 97 showed 100&#37; similarity with species from two different genera&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; cutaneum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; domesticum</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; domesticum</span>&#41;&#46; Isolate 380 showed a high percentage of similarity with three species of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon</span>&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; jirovecii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; mucoides&#44;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; cutaneum</span>&#46; This ambiguity was solved by observing the phylogenetic tree&#44; where isolate 97 groups with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; cutaneum</span> and isolate 380 with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; jirovecii</span>&#46; Based on all the obtained results&#44; we identified three <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inkin</span> &#40;11&#44; 12 and 267&#41; isolates&#44; two <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asteroides</span> &#40;143&#44; 374&#41;&#44; two <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; mucoides</span> &#40;152 and 600&#41; and one each of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii</span> &#40;178&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; montevideense</span> &#40;220&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; cutaneum</span> &#40;97&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; aquatile</span> &#40;70&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; jirovecii</span> &#40;380&#41;&#46; The three isolates identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inkin</span> were recovered from patients with white piedra&#44; which coincides with literature reports in which <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inkin</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; ovoides</span> are found the most frequent etiological agents of this disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;14</span></a> On the other hand&#44; the isolates identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asteroids</span> &#40;143&#44; 374&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; aquatile</span> &#40;70&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; cutaneum</span> &#40;97&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii</span> &#40;178&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; montevideense</span> &#40;220&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; mucoides</span> &#40;152&#41; were obtained from patients with onychomycosis&#46; It is worth mentioning that although these fungi may colonize nails already infected by dermatophytes&#44; our isolates were the primary pathogens&#46; This fact has also been described in other studies where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii&#44; C&#46; mucoides&#44;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inkin&#44; T&#46; ovoides&#44; T&#46; asteroides&#44; T&#46; faecale&#44;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; cutaneum</span> were isolated as etiological agents in nail infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;13&#44;16&#44;20</span></a> It is worth noting that&#44; to our knowledge&#44; no information in the literature was found regarding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; aquatile</span> as an onychomycosis pathogen&#44; so our case could be the first report&#46; Finally&#44; the isolates identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii</span> &#40;178&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; mucoides</span> &#40;600&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; jirovecii</span> &#40;380&#41; were obtained from patients with dermatomycosis on feet or hands&#46; Other authors also found the aforementioned yeasts as the causative agents of dermatomycosis in patients with suspected <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea pedis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tinea</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">manuum</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;11</span></a> It is important to highlight that isolates 178 and 600 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; mucoides</span>&#44; respectively&#41; were obtained from chronically ill patients &#40;breast and lung cancer&#44; and scleroderma&#41; undergoing a treatment with immunosuppressive agents&#46; Those agents are risk factors for developing superficial or invasive infections caused by trichosporonales&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the small sample size&#44; the diversity of species belonging to the order Trichosporonales found as etiological agents in superficial infections gives us a glimpse about the importance of identifying any yeast at the species level&#44; especially due to potential antifungal resistances&#46; It has been reported <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> resistance to amphotericin B in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii</span> and resistance to triazoles in non-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; asahii</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> species&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> It is also well known that superficial infections may spread to the subcutaneous tissue and even deeper&#44; causing severe systemic disease in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusions</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The molecular characterization of the studied isolates revealed a wide variety of trichosporonales as etiological agents of superficial infections&#44; particularly in onychomycosis&#46; Therefore&#44; identifying these yeasts at the species level is essential to broaden the knowledge of their epidemiology&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The molecular reclassification of the order Trichosporonales placed the medically relevant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> species into three genera of the family Trichosporonaceae&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum&#46;</span> From the clinical and epidemiological standpoint&#44; it is important to identify any species of the family Trichosporonaceae because they present different antifungal susceptibility profiles&#46; In Mexico&#44; little is known about trichosporonosis etiology because the fungi are identified through phenotypic methods&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aims</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To identify at a molecular level 12 yeast isolates morfologically compatible with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span>&#44; obtained from patients with superficial infections&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The yeast isolates were obtained from patients with white piedra&#44; onychomycosis&#44; and hand and foot dermatomycosis&#44; and were identified morphologically and genotypically &#40;sequencing of the IGS1 region and phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood Method&#41;&#46; The phylogenetic analysis included 40 yeast sequences from the order Trichosporonales and one from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cryptococcus neoformans</span> as outgroup&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Based on the molecular analysis&#44; we identified three &#40;25&#37;&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon inkin</span> isolates&#44; two &#40;16&#46;7&#37;&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon asteroides</span>&#44; two &#40;16&#46;7&#37;&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides&#44;</span> and one each &#40;8&#46;3&#37;&#41; of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon aquatile</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon asahii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum montevideense</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii</span>&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The molecular characterization of the isolates showed a broad diversity of species within the order Trichosporonales&#44; particularly among onychomycosis&#46; It is essential to identify these yeasts at the species level to delve into their epidemiology&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La reclasificaci&#243;n molecular del orden Trichosporonales ubic&#243; las especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> de importancia m&#233;dica en tres g&#233;neros en la familia Trichosporonaceae&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum</span>&#46; Desde la perspectiva cl&#237;nica y epidemiol&#243;gica es importante la identificaci&#243;n de las especies dentro de la familia Trichosporonaceae debido a sus diferentes perfiles de sensibilidad a los antif&#250;ngicos<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> En M&#233;xico&#44; la etiolog&#237;a de la trichosporonosis es poco conocida porque los hongos son identificados por m&#233;todos fenot&#237;picos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Identificar molecularmente 12 aislamientos de levaduras&#44; morfol&#243;gicamente compatibles con el g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span>&#44; recuperados de pacientes con infecci&#243;n superficial&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los 12 aislamientos&#44; procedentes de pacientes con piedra blanca&#44; onicomicosis y dermatomicosis de las manos y los pies&#44; fueron identificados morfol&#243;gica y genot&#237;picamente &#40;secuenciaci&#243;n de la regi&#243;n IGS1 y an&#225;lisis filogen&#233;tico con el m&#233;todo de m&#225;xima verosimilitud&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis filogen&#233;tico se incluyeron 40 secuencias de levaduras del orden <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporonales</span> y una de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cryptococcus neoformans</span> como grupo externo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En base al an&#225;lisis molecular se identificaron tres &#40;25&#37;&#41; aislamientos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon inkin</span>&#44; dos &#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41; de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon asteroides</span>&#44; dos &#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41; de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides</span> y uno &#40;8&#44;3&#37;&#41; de cada una de las siguientes especies&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon aquatile</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon asahii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apiotrichum montevideense</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii</span>&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La caracterizaci&#243;n molecular de los aislamientos mostr&#243; una diversidad de especies dentro del orden Trichosporonales&#44; especialmente en las onicomicosis&#46; Es importante identificar estas levaduras a nivel de especie para profundizar en su epidemiolog&#237;a&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Colonial &#40;a&#41; and microscopic &#40;b&#41; morphology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> isolate 267&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Phylogenetic analysis with the maximum likelihood &#40;ML&#41; method based on the model GTR &#40;General Time Reversible&#41; implemented in the MEGA 6 program&#46; The branch support was inferred through a non-parametric start program&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NA&#58; not available&#59; TDO&#58; total dystrophy onychomycosis&#59; DSO&#58; distal subungual onychomycosis&#59; DLSO&#58; distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Isolate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Underlying conditions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">White piedra&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Scalp&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">White piedra&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Toe nail&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TDO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Toe nail&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DSO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">143&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Toe nail&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DLSO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">152&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Toe nail&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DSO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Scleroderma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">178&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Toe nail and soles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TDO&#47;Feet dermatomycosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lung cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">220&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Toe nail&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TDO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">267&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hair&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">White piedra&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Asthma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Toe nail&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TDO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Venous insufficiency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hand dermatomycosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">600&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Feet interdigital scale&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Feet dermatomycosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Breast cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2703647.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Isolates according to the type of infection and underlying condition of every patient&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Isolate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Identity &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Query cover &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Accession no&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inkin</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AB066424&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; inkin</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AB066424&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 11301406
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.riam.2021.01.004

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2024 July	66	13	79
2024 June	75	11	86
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2022 December	46	48	94
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