array:23 [ "pii" => "S1887836923000066" "issn" => "18878369" "doi" => "10.1016/j.acu.2023.100234" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-04-01" "aid" => "100234" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U.. All rights reserved" "copyrightAnyo" => "2023" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Int Acupuntura. 2023;17:" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1887836923000212" "issn" => "18878369" "doi" => "10.1016/j.acu.2023.100249" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-04-01" "aid" => "100249" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Int Acupuntura. 2023;17:" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Caso clínico</span>" "titulo" => "Efecto de la acupuntura y neurodinamia sobre lumbalgia por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">home office</span>, estudio de caso 2022" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Effect of acupuncture and neurodynamics on low back pain by home office; case study 2022" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 583 "Ancho" => 969 "Tamanyo" => 45496 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Figura " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escala de incapacidad por dolor lumbar de Oswestry. La escala de Oswestry determina la incapacidad que puede puede presentar la paciente ante el dolor lumbar.</p> <p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Del 0 al 20% es una incapacidad mínima, por lo que se interpreta que la paciente siempre estuvo en este rango, debido a que en la primera sesión se valoró con un 12%, que en la cuarta fue del 6% y en la octava del 0%. Por ello, aunque la paciente presentara discapacidad mínima de inicio a fin del tratamiento, se puede observar que los porcentajes disminuyeron considerablemente y toleraba permanecer más tiempo en sedestación, así como la disminución de la sintomatología.</p> <p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente: elaboración propia, tomado de expediente de caso clínico 2022.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Nataly Cortes López, Yadira Mariela Ocaña de Jesús, Karla Belem Nava Castro, Yeni Maritza Gutiérrez Ramos, Rebeca Alejandra Avendaño Espina" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nataly" "apellidos" => "Cortes López" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Yadira Mariela" "apellidos" => "Ocaña de Jesús" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Karla Belem" "apellidos" => "Nava Castro" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Yeni Maritza" "apellidos" => "Gutiérrez Ramos" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rebeca Alejandra" "apellidos" => "Avendaño Espina" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1887836923000212?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18878369/0000001700000002/v1_202309211151/S1887836923000212/v1_202309211151/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1887836923000248" "issn" => "18878369" "doi" => "10.1016/j.acu.2023.100252" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-04-01" "aid" => "100252" "copyright" => "The Author(s)" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Rev Int Acupuntura. 2023;17:" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review</span>" "titulo" => "Outlining auriculotherapy in anxiety as an evidence-based medicine: A brief overview" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Esquematización de la auriculoterapia en la ansiedad Como Medicina basada en la evidencia: Breve perspectiva" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 903 "Ancho" => 1890 "Tamanyo" => 119935 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0015" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a) Standard organism modulation response to acute physiological input. Legend: The red lines reveal the global and the Locus coeruleus (LC) regulation by the secretion of noradrenalin (NE) reaching the amygdala (Amy) and the Prefrontal cortex. This path affects Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activation by producing cortisol. (b) Abnormal organism reaction facing chronic physiologic input. Chronic anxiety can lead to less HPA regulation (dotted red lines). Therefore, increased NE in LC, amygdala, and hippocampus will deliver excessive cortisol production and contribute to reduced regulation of pathological anxiety. Fig. created with <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="ir0010" href="http://BioRender.com">BioRender.com</span> based on Morris, McCall, Charney, & Murrough (2020) work.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> (For interpretation of the references to color in this fig. legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Andreia Vieira, António Moreira, Jorge Machado" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Andreia" "apellidos" => "Vieira" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "António" "apellidos" => "Moreira" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Machado" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1887836923000248?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18878369/0000001700000002/v1_202309211151/S1887836923000248/v1_202309211151/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Case report</span>" "titulo" => "Auricular chromotherapy in the management of chronic pain: Case series" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Cüneyt Bozer" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "preGrado" => "MD, PhD" "nombre" => "Cüneyt" "apellidos" => "Bozer" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cuneytbozer@trakya.edu.tr" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cr0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Balkan Campus, Edirne, Turkey" "identificador" => "af0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cr0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cromoterapia auricular en el tratamiento del dolor crónico: Serie de casos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1082 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 143284 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The hippocampus (red), amygdala (blue), conflict line (purple), and psychic scar areas (yellow) of the earlobe. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0030">Introduction</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that can develop after a very stressful, frightening, or upsetting event or after a prolonged traumatic experience.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> People with PTSD may have difficulty coping with the memories and emotions associated with the traumatic event, which can lead to a variety of physical and psychological symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a></p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic pain is a common symptom of PTSD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> There is consistent evidence of an association between chronic pain and PTSD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Research has shown that people with PTSD are more likely to suffer from chronic pain than people who have not experienced trauma. The pain associated with PTSD may be caused by changes in the way the body processes pain signals. For example, the body's stress response triggered by traumatic events can lead to chronic inflammation and muscle tension, both of which can cause pain. Insular activation is associated with physical, sensory, and emotional sensations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Structural and functional neuroimaging studies of PTSD have examined the neural circuitry of fear conditioning and extinction. The major structures of the fear neural circuit include the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hippocampus, and anterior insula. Some of the interoceptive stimuli that have been shown to be associated with the activation of the insular cortex include muscle pain, skin pain, and joint pain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore, people with PTSD may develop conditions that cause chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome, which are related to changes in the body's pain threshold.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In addition to physical pain, people with PTSD may also suffer from emotional pain, which can exacerbate the severity of their symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment for PTSD often involves a combination of therapy and medication. Various forms of therapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals manage their thoughts and feelings related to the trauma, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and auricular chromotherapy, which helps individuals process traumatic memories, as well as other forms of talk therapy, may be helpful.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In addition, medications such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, etc. can be helpful in managing the symptoms of PTSD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic pain is pain that persists beyond the normal healing phase and therefore lacks the acute warning function of physiological nociception.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Chronic pain is multifactorial in nature: biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to the pain syndrome. Chronic pain is pain that lasts longer than 3 months or recurs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> A systematic classification of chronic pain was developed by a working group of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). This classification distinguishes between chronic primary and chronic secondary pain syndromes, integrates existing pain diagnoses, including headache, and provides precise definitions and other characteristic features of each diagnosis according to the WHO content model for ICD-11, including the severity of pain, its time course, and evidence of psychological and social factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Auriculotherapy-also called auricular therapy or ear acupuncture-is an acupuncture microsystem in which physical, emotional, and neurological dysfunctions are identified and reflexively treated via specific zones on the ear that reflect these dysfunctions. Brain areas involved in the stress response include the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex. Traumatic stress may be associated with permanent changes in these brain regions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The amygdala is involved in memory for the emotional valence of events and plays a critical role in the acquisition of fear responses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The hippocampus is essential for the formation and retrieval of episodic and contextual memories of past events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The medial prefrontal cortex modulates emotional reactivity by inhibiting amygdala function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Because their role in PTSD is well known, these points are frequently used in auricular acupuncture and auricular chromotherapy.</p><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Color is derived from the spectrum of light, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye. Light waves have wavelengths between about 400 and 700 nm. Our eyes perceive the different wavelengths of light as rainbow hues. Red light has relatively long waves, about 700 nm long. Blue and violet light has short waves, about 400 nm. Shorter waves vibrate at higher frequencies and have higher energy. Red light has a frequency of about 430 THz, while the frequency of blue light is closer to 750 THz. Red light photons have an energy of about 1.8 eV (eV), while each blue photon emits about 3.1 eV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Colors are known to influence human behavior, cognitive functions, emotions, purchase decisions, pain perception, appetite, odor perception, and other physiological functions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15–17</span></a> The wavelength, frequency, and amount of energy of each colored beam are fixed for each color, i.e., a specific wavelength, a specific frequency, and a specific amount of energy in that wave have been referred to as a specific color.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Chromotherapy uses the interaction of specific electromagnetic wavelengths with biological systems to treat various diseases.</p><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to understand that the relationship between PTSD and chronic pain is complex and multifactorial and that treatment of one condition does not always completely control the other, but must be treated together to achieve better results. Asis et al. have developed a new treatment method that combines auriculotherapy, chromotherapy, and EMDR techniques. They reported the treatment of psychological trauma, phobias, and panic disorders with auriculotherapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Methods</span><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first question is whether trauma is associated with the occurrence of chronic pain. If trauma is associated with pain, a modified protocol by Asis and Zarragoecoechea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> is used. Auricular chromotherapy sessions were performed three times in each patient, one week apart. After the third session, a three-month follow-up was performed. Only what occurred during the first auricular chromotherapy session is described in the case reports.</p><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The specifications of the LEDs used in this study were: 10 mm LED diode, 465–470 nm wavelength (blue), 20 mA, 3.4 V, 120–130 degree beam angle; 10 mm LED diode, 620–625 nm wavelength (yellow), 20 mA, 2.2 V, 120–130 degree beam angle.</p><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Auricular chromotherapy intervention.</p><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A modified ‘Asis and Zarragoecoechea protocol’ was applied to all subjects:</p><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1. Both earlobes are touched alternately, first the edges and then the antitragus zone, applying gentle pressure with the thumb and index finger.</p><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">2. Continue palpation and ask the patient which ear is most sensitive to pain. Generally, the left ear is more painful if the trauma is older than 6 months; the opposite is true for left-handed patients.</p><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">3. End the palpation and ask the patient to close his or her eyes and try to remember the most horrific image of the trauma for at least one minute.</p><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">4. Then ask the patient to say what emotion accompanies the image (e.g., anger, fear, sadness) and describe the intensity of that emotional disturbance on a scale of 0 to 10, called the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS).</p><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">5. Then the patient indicates what negative words or thoughts accompany the image, e.g., “I will never get over his/her death” (Negative Cognition).</p><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">6. The patient is asked what bodily sensation is associated with the emotion (e.g., tightness in the chest).</p><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">7. The hippocampus, amygdala, and psychic scar areas of the most sensitive earlobe (previously determined) are then probed with a pressure probe set at 250 g to locate the sensitive ear points (blue pressure probe - Sedatelec). In these case series, a combination of the hippocampus, amygdala, and scar areas has been shown to be sensitive (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">8. A yellow LED light (620–625 nm) is then directed at these points and the patient is asked to imagine the traumatic image. Facial expression, breathing, and gestures are observed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0010">Fig. 2</a>a).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">9. In step 6, we learned which part of the body is associated with the traumatic emotion (chest, head, etc.). The blue LED (465–470 nm) is also directed to the areas in the auricle where that part of the body is represented (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0010">Fig. 2</a>b).</p><p id="p0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">10. The yellow and blue LED lights are directed to the corresponding areas in the auricle for 2–3 min while the patient continues to imagine the trauma.</p><p id="p0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">11. After 2–3 min, the patient is asked to describe the image. Usually, the image disappears or the patient has difficulty remembering the image.</p><p id="p0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">12. Measure the emotional disturbance again using the SUDS, which should give a very low score (0–2).</p><p id="p0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">13. The patient is then asked what word(s) or phrase(s) accompany the newly obscured image (e.g., “I can overcome his/her death”). Observe if any disturbing body sensation remains.</p></span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Results</span><p id="p0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four participants (two males and two females) with a mean age ± standard deviation of 50.75 ± 11.79 years who suffered from chronic pain underwent auricular chromotherapy. The mean of the SUDS was 9.75 ± 0.5 before auricular chromotherapy sessions and 2.25 ± 0.96 after treatment (mean ± SD).</p></span><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">Case 1</span><p id="p0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">55-year-old woman. She had occasional headaches for about 15 years. In the last 1 year, she had severe headaches (weekly visits to the emergency room). She described pain coming mainly from the neck and affecting the temporal region. A year ago, her mother died suddenly and unexpectedly. After her death, she was shown her mother's face in the morgue. She could not get this image out of her mind.</p><p id="p0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">She felt “sadness” and “pressure in her chest” when she remembered that moment. She described the area of the body where she felt the emotion as follows: a feeling of warmth spreading from my chest to my neck and the sides of my head.</p><p id="p0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the auricular chromotherapy session, she recalled the event but did not feel any negative emotions or thoughts when she refocused on the traumatic image. She described the intensity of sadness as a 10 on a scale of SUDS. After the session, she lowered the scale to 3.</p></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">Case 2</span><p id="p0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">38-year-old man. He has had complaints of headaches and teeth grinding for about 3 years. He describes pain in the temporal region. Before the onset of his complaints, he was financially ripped off by his brother and was on the verge of bankruptcy. His brother's behavior affected him greatly.</p><p id="p0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The emotion he felt at this traumatic moment was “anger.” He describes the area of the body where he felt this emotion as follows: a spasm and fever spreading upward from the sides of his head.</p><p id="p0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the auricular chromotherapy session, he recalled the traumatic incident but indicated that his anger was at a lower level (the SUDS decreased from 10 to 2). Headaches improved and discomfort with teeth grinding decreased.</p></span><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0055">Case 3</span><p id="p0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">45-year-old man. He has had pain in the abdomen and groin for about 7 years. He described a burning sensation in the sacral region and inner thigh. The fact that his discomfort did not go away by any method aggravated his psychological condition. He has a psychological trauma he does not want to discuss before his discomfort occurs.</p><p id="p0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The feeling he feels when he relives the moment of trauma is “despair” and “sadness”. He described the feeling in his body as warmth that started in his groin and abdomen and spread to his thighs.</p><p id="p0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">He described the intensity of despair and sadness as a 9 on the scale of SUDS. After the auricular chromotherapy session, the intensity of despair and sadness he felt when experiencing the moment of trauma decreased to 1.</p></span><span id="s0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0060">Case 4</span><p id="p0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">65-year-old woman. She has been suffering from severe pain for a long time. All treatments have been of no use. She feels widespread pain all over her body, especially in her back. She describes her life as very challenging and difficult.</p><p id="p0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">She was subjected to domestic violence. She could not tell anyone about this abuse. She thought she would not be believed. When she experienced the moment of trauma, she felt “anger, helplessness” and “coldness in her back” What she felt in her body was coldness and a contraction of her back.</p><p id="p0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After auricular chromotherapy, she remembered the event but had no negative feelings or thoughts. Her pain complaints disappeared with a speed that surprised her. She stated that the scale SUDS, which she rated 10 before treatment, decreased to 3 after auricular chromotherapy.</p><span id="s0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0065">Side effects</span><p id="p0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No adverse events related to auricular chromotherapy treatment were reported during the sessions.</p></span></span><span id="s0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0070">Discussion</span><p id="p0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the possible explanations for the mechanism of auriculotherapy is hypersensitive neuronal reflex pathways connecting the auricular microsystem with the corresponding somatotopic region in the brain, which reaches the corresponding painful area via the spinal cord<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Underlying the effects of auriculotherapy is not only the penetration of the needle into the auricle but also the selection of the right ear sites.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="p0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In their review of 24 articles on auriculotherapy, Correa et al. reported that there is sufficient scientific evidence to support the efficacy of auriculotherapy in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Kwon et al. found limited evidence of the benefits of auricular acupuncture for trauma-related mental disorders after major disasters. This is because the number of relevant studies is small and heterogeneous.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> The anxiety-relieving effect of auricular acupuncture has been demonstrated in many studies.</p><p id="p0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Saklecha et al. reported that patients who underwent blue and pink color therapy showed a statistically significant reduction in anxiety after chromotherapy and after endodontic treatment compared with the control group.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The blue color is considered effective in reducing heart rate and blood pressure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In the study by Clarke et al., the colors green, blue, and violet are generally perceived as cool, pleasant, relaxing, peaceful, and calming; therefore, these colors may lower anxiety levels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Stimulation of the Shenmen ear point with the yellow laser (589 nm) significantly lowered the subject's systolic blood pressure. Although this was also true for the green laser (532 nm), significance was found only for the yellow laser. This could be due to the yellow laser's higher absorbed dose of energy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="p0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To study the cellular and molecular changes induced by photobiomodulation (PBM), an 808 nm near-infrared laser was used in rats to observe changes in neuronal activity. They reported that PBM specifically affected this population of inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus and amygdala.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Application of PBM to acupuncture points on both legs of rats reduced anxiety-like symptoms and increased neuronal activation in the anterior cingulate cortex.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In another study, green LEDs significantly reduced the number of headache days in people with episodic or chronic migraine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Laser puncture with infrared light at the depressing, tranquilizer, and master cerebral points of the ear decreased anxiety levels in patients undergoing dental procedures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Li et al. reported that photobiomodulation may prevent PTSD-like memory disorders in rats. They concluded that PBM can be used immediately after the involuntary recall of the traumatic memory by the PTSD patient. As an adjunctive therapy during exposure psychotherapy for PTSD, PBM can be used immediately after the patient recalls the fear and help prevent the patient from discontinuing psychotherapy due to excessive fear.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> These recommendations are similar to the technique we used with the patients in our study. The results of this study may have been obtained by stimulating points in the ear with the energy doses of the blue and yellow LED lights used in this study.</p><p id="p0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When psychological trauma is present in the pathogenesis of pain, auricular chromotherapy can provide very rapid and satisfactory results. Auricular chromotherapy, whose use in the treatment of PTSD and phobias has been reported in the literature, can also be successfully used in the treatment of chronic pain as a non-pharmacological therapy.</p><p id="p0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, this procedure demonstrates the possibility of finding a pathway from the auricle to traumatic memories in the brain. A connection is made between the auricle and the structures of the central nervous system by directing yellow light to the areas of the auricle representing the psychic scars, hippocampus, and amygdala, where the emotion of the traumatic moment is processed, and blue light to the areas of the body where the emotion of the traumatic moment is felt.</p></span><span id="s0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0075">Funding</span><p id="p0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author received no financial support for this article's research, authorship, and/or publication.</p></span><span id="s0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0080">Patient consent</span><p id="p0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Written informed consents were obtained from the patients for publication of this manuscript and any accompanying images.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1972425" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1697042" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1697040" "titulo" => "Abbreviations" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1972424" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1697041" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0020" "titulo" => "Case 1" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0025" "titulo" => "Case 2" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0030" "titulo" => "Case 3" ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0035" "titulo" => "Case 4" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0040" "titulo" => "Side effects" ] ] ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0055" "titulo" => "Patient consent" ] 15 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-03-07" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-03-22" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1697042" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Auricular acupuncture" 1 => "Auriculotherapy" 2 => "Chromotherapy" 3 => "Psychologic trauma" 4 => "Chronic pain" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "abr" "titulo" => "Abbreviations" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1697040" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "PTSD" 1 => "EMDR" 2 => "eV" 3 => "SUDS" 4 => "PBM" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1697041" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Acupuntura auricular" 1 => "auriculoterapia" 2 => "cromoterapia" 3 => "trauma psicológico" 4 => "dolor crónico" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="as0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness triggered by a horrific event that one has either experienced or witnessed. People with PTSD are more likely to suffer from chronic pain than people who have not experienced trauma. The pain associated with PTSD may be caused by changes in the way the body processes pain signals. Auricular chromotherapy is a new treatment method that combines auriculotherapy, chromotherapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) techniques. The purpose of this study was to report on four cases of chronic pain that were successfully treated with auricular chromotherapy.</p><p id="sp0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Four patients with chronic pain were selected for this study. Auricular chromotherapy sessions were performed on each patient three times at one-week intervals. After the third session, a three-month follow-up was performed. After the treatments, all four patients reported that their pain had disappeared without any side effects.</p><p id="sp0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">These case reports suggest that auricular chromotherapy may be effective in treating chronic pain due to PTSD. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to investigate the mechanism of action of auricular chromotherapy in the treatment of pain.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="as0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) es una enfermedad mental desencadenada por un suceso horrible que uno ha vivido o presenciado. Las personas con TEPT tienen más probabilidades de padecer dolor crónico que las que no han sufrido traumas. El dolor asociado al TEPT puede deberse a cambios en la forma en que el organismo procesa las señales de dolor. La cromoterapia auricular es un nuevo método de tratamiento que combina la auriculoterapia, la cromoterapia y las técnicas de desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimientos oculares (EMDR). El propósito de este estudio era informar sobre cuatro casos de dolor crónico tratados con éxito con cromoterapia auricular.</p><p id="sp0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Para este estudio se seleccionaron cuatro pacientes con dolor crónico. Se realizaron sesiones de cromoterapia auricular en cada paciente tres veces a intervalos de una semana. Después de la tercera sesión, se realizó un seguimiento de tres meses. Tras los tratamientos, los cuatro pacientes informaron de que su dolor había desaparecido sin efectos secundarios.</p><p id="sp0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estos informes de casos sugieren que la cromoterapia auricular puede ser eficaz en el tratamiento del dolor crónico debido al TEPT. Se necesitan más estudios preclínicos y clínicos para investigar el mecanismo de acción de la cromoterapia auricular en el tratamiento del dolor.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1082 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 143284 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The hippocampus (red), amygdala (blue), conflict line (purple), and psychic scar areas (yellow) of the earlobe. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 980 "Ancho" => 1778 "Tamanyo" => 143674 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0010" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Use of LED lights. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">A.</span> blue light directed to the part of the body associated with the traumatic emotion. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B.</span> yellow light directed to the earlobe. 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Journal Information
Case report
Auricular chromotherapy in the management of chronic pain: Case series
Cromoterapia auricular en el tratamiento del dolor crónico: Serie de casos
Cüneyt Bozer
Corresponding author
Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Balkan Campus, Edirne, Turkey