First record of Gephyrocharax valencia (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the island of Trinidad, West Indies
Primer registro de Gephyrocharax valencia (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae) de la isla de Trinidad, Antillas
1 Becario Latinoamericano, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo-Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Museo de la Plata, Paseo del Bosque S/N, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
2 Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
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Álvarez, Henia M. Recinos, Wendy Y. Henríquez" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco S." "apellidos" => "Álvarez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Henia M." "apellidos" => "Recinos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Wendy Y." "apellidos" => "Henríquez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S187034531372966X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008400000004/v1_201504220255/S187034531372966X/v1_201504220255/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345313729646" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.32115" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-12-01" "aid" => "72964" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2013;84:1325-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 426 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 26 "HTML" => 205 "PDF" => 195 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "First record of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Euthyonidiella destichada</span> (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the Mexican Caribbean" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1325" "paginaFinal" => "1328" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Primer registro de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Euthyonidiella destichada</span> (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) en el Caribe mexicano" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1157 "Ancho" => 1563 "Tamanyo" => 55714 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Map with the previous records of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Euthyonidiella destichada</span> (dots) and the new record in México (star).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alfredo Laguarda-Figueras, Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín, Magali Honey-Escandón, Vivianne Solis-Weiss" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alfredo" "apellidos" => "Laguarda-Figueras" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco Alonso" "apellidos" => "Solís-Marín" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Magali" "apellidos" => "Honey-Escandón" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vivianne" "apellidos" => "Solis-Weiss" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345313729646?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008400000004/v1_201504220255/S1870345313729646/v1_201504220255/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "First record of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span> (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the island of Trinidad, West Indies" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1329" "paginaFinal" => "1334" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "James Anyelo Vanegas-Ríos, Dawn Arlene Teresa Phillip" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "James Anyelo" "apellidos" => "Vanegas-Ríos" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "anyelovr@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Dawn Arlene" "apellidos" => "Teresa Phillip" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Becario Latinoamericano, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo-Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Museo de la Plata, Paseo del Bosque S/N, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina." "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies." "etiqueta" => "2" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Primer registro de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span> (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae) de la isla de Trinidad, Antillas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 651 "Ancho" => 2009 "Tamanyo" => 69649 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span>, male, UWIZM 2010.14.253, 25.34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL, Moriquite River, southern coast of Trinidad.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> Eigenmann is a small group of characid fishes no larger than 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. The genus has 12 valid species that were described, mainly using the diagnosis proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Eigenmann (1912)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Eigenmann and Myers (1929)</a>: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. atracaudata</span> (Meek and Hildebrand), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. caucanus</span> Eigenman, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. chaparae</span> Fowler, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. chocoensis</span> Eigenmann, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. intermedius</span> Meek and Hildebrand, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. major</span> Myers, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. martae</span> Dahl, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. melanocheir</span> Eigenmann, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. sinuensis</span> Dahl, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. valencia</span> Eigenmann, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. venezuelae</span> Schultz, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. whaleri</span> Hildebrand. They occur in most basins of southern Central America, and northern and central South America, being distributed in Panama (Cerro-Azul and former Canal Zone drainages, Frijoles and Chame River systems), Colombia (Cauca, San Juan, Atrato, San Jorge, and Magdalena River basins), Venezuela (Lago de Valencia, Lago Maracaibo, and Orinoco River basins) and Bolivia (Beni and Chapare River basins). Until now, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> has not been recorded for Trinidad or other islands in any catalogue of fishes published (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Gill, 1858</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Price, 1955</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Boeseman, 1960</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Weitzman, 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Eschmeyer, 2012</a>). Additionally, about 7 valid species of Characidae are recorded in Trinidad, a low number for the richest family of Characiformes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Reis et al., 2003</a>).</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The senior author examined specimens from 2 lots tentatively identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> (USNMN 349208 and UWIZM 2010.14.25), which were collected by the second author in the 1990s from Moriquite and Moruga rivers in Trinidad. Also, a third sample collected by H. Axelrod in 1958 from Piarco (a locality also on Trinidad) was examined (USNM 310578, incomplete locality data; possibly the Caroni River basin). We considered that only 2 of these 3 lots from Trinidad should be assigned to the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> according to our findings. Thus, the aim of this note is to confirm the presence of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> and to validate the record of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. valencia</span> for Trinidad, based on adult specimens and a morphological comparison with all species of the genus; ecological notes on the species are provided.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The specimens examined are deposited in the following institutions: AMNH, ANSP, CAS; FMNH; ICNMHN; INHS; MBUCV, MCZ, UF, and USNM. Acronyms of museums are according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Sabaj (2012)</a>, except UWIZM (Zoology Museum, Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago). Measurements were taken point-to-point with a digital<a name="p1330"></a> caliper and expressed as percentages of standard (SL) or head length (HL) for subunits of the head. Measurements and counts follow <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Fink and Weitzman (1974)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Menezes and Weitzman (2009)</a>, with the addition of dorsal-fin to pectoral-fin length (from the base of first unbranched dorsal-fin ray to the base of unbranched pectoral-fin ray), dorsal-fin to adipose-fin length (from the base of the first unbranched dorsal-fin ray to the anterior-most point of the base of the adipose fin), pectoral fin to pelvic fin (from the base of the unbranched pectoral-fin ray to the base of the unbranched pelvic-fin ray), pelvic-fin to anal-fin length (from the base of the unbranched pelvic-fin ray to the base of anterior-most externally visible anal-fin ray), and postorbital head length (from the posterior border of the eye to the posterior-most point of the bony opercle). In reporting counts, the mode is enclosed in parenthesis. Specimens were cleared and counterstained (C and S) following <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Taylor and Van Dyke (1985)</a>. Total vertebral counts include the first preural centrum plus first ural centrum (PU1+U1) counted as 1 vertebral element, and separately the 4 vertebrae of the Weberian apparatus. In addition to the comparative material, keys and descriptions of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> species were used to identify the specimens under study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Eigenmann, 1912</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Eigenmann and Myers, 1929</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Schultz, 1944</a>).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Morphometric data of the specimens examined are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. These specimens correspond to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>) and are characterized by 38–40 (39) lateral-line scales, 6–7 (6) longitudinal scales between the lateral line and dorsal-fin origin, 5 longitudinal scales between the lateral line and the analfin origin in all specimens, 5 longitudinal scales between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin origin in all specimens, 18–20 (18) predorsal scales, 14–15 (15) scales around the caudal peduncle, ii,8 dorsal-fin rays in all specimens, iv-v,25–27 (iv,27) anal fin-rays, i,6 pelvic-fin rays in all specimens, i,8–9 (i,9) pectoral-fin rays, 1 tooth usually tricuspidate in maxilla, 4–5 (5) teeth tri-to pentacuspidate in the inner row of premaxilla, 4 teeth usually tricuspidate in the outer row of premaxilla in all specimens, 11–13 (13) teeth conical to pentacuspidate in dentary, frontal fontanel and adipose fin developed, humeral spot absent or undifferentiated from chromatophores on the lateral band of body, caudal spot developed on peduncle region and not extending on middle caudal-fin rays, and 38-39 (39) vertebrae in 4 specimens. The males have a claw-shaped structure formed by the ventral and posterior procurrent rays 2 and 3 on the lower lobe of the caudal fin, a pouch scale on the lower lobe of caudal fin, a gill-gland anteriorly developed on the ventral limb of the first branchial arch, and bony hooks on the rays of the pelvic, anal, and caudal fins.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three valid species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> have been recorded in cis-and trans-Andean basins from Venezuela (Maracaibo, Caribbean, and Orinoco basins): <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. melanocheir, G. valencia</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. venezuelae</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Bonilla et al., 2002</a>). The cis-Andean basin, where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. valencia</span> occurs, is the area geographically closest to the island of Trinidad. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span> is readily distinguished from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. venezuelae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. melanocheir</span> by the absence of a humeral spot (vs. such spot present). Also, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. valencia</span> differs from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. venezuelae</span> by the absence of a black or dark brown pigmentation along the middle caudal-fin rays (vs. such pigmentation present) and from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. melanocheir</span> by the absence of a dark pigmentation strongly concentrated along the base of the anterior dorsal-fin rays (vs. such pigmentation present). Based on these differences and others stated by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Eigenmann and Myers (1929)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Schultz (1944)</a>, we propose that the best identification for the specimens from Trinidad is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span>. We consider that this identification also is supported by the following reasons: the specimens have the diagnostic characters of the genus and the species proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Eigenmann (1912</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">1920)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Eigenmann and Myers (1929)</a>, and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Schultz (1944)</a>; the comparison with type and non-type specimens of all species of the genus confirmed our assignation (n=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52); and the few minimal deviations in morphometric data and none relevant in meristic and/or osteological data of the specimens studied compared with the type and non-type specimens of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. valencia</span> examined (snout to pelvic-fin origin length [44.85–48.44% SL, mean= 46.12% SL vs. 41.53 47.03% SL, mean= 44.04% SL], dorsal-fin to pectoral-fin length [45.78–50.89% SL, mean= 48.68% SL vs. 38.96–48.74% SL, mean= 46.49% SL], and dorsal-fin to hypurals complex length [34.75–38.13% SL, mean= 36.65% SL vs. 36.48–43.62% SL, mean= 39.38% SL]). We conclude that these deviations in the morphometric data are possibly associated with a populational variation within the species.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On Trinidad, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span> was collected from the middle reaches of the Moruga and Moriquite drainages, the largest river systems draining the south coast of the island (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The topography in this region is hilly, and both rivers run through muddy to sandy mud substrates, which they have eroded to a depth of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m and width of 3–4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m. Both rivers have similar water characteristics: depth varies from 0.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m in the dry season to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m in the wet; current speed can be stagnant or sluggish to slow (0.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m/s); water temperature 24−25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>° C; dissolved oxygen, 4.2−6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/l; conductivity, 265–370<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μS/cm; pH 6.7. The sites differed in levels of total suspended solids (16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/l at the Moruga site vs. 380<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/l at the Moriquite), biochemical oxygen demand (2.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/l at the Moruga, and 5.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/l in the Moriquite), and conductivity (368<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/l at<a name="p1331"></a> the Moruga, and 265<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/l at the Moriquite). In the Moruga River, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. valencia</span> was collected with 8 other species of fishes, including the characid <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynopoma riisei</span> Gill, whereas in the Moriquite River, it was collected with 5 species of fishes, but with the only other characid being <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Astyanax bimaculatus</span> (Linnaeus).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Price (1955)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Boeseman (1960)</a>, and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Kenny (1995)</a> proposed that most of the freshwater fishes on Trinidad colonized the island from the South American mainland to the south, at the time when Trinidad was still part of the mainland. In fact, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Diaz de Camero (1996)</a> proposed a paleogeographical association between the Orinoco River, the Columbus Channel, and the southern portion of Trinidad during the Neogene. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Kenny (1988)</a> provided evidence that the separation of Trinidad from the mainland occurred as recently as 1000-1600 years ago, when the remaining land bridge located at the extreme end of the south western peninsula of Trinidad was breached. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Kenny (1995)</a> believed that post-separation colonization was achieved by fishes crossing the Columbus Channel during the rainy season, when the discharge of freshwater from the Orinoco River decreases the salinity in the sea surrounding the island. Although detailed information on the capacities of migration and tolerance to lower concentrations of<a name="p1332"></a> salinity are unknown in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span>, we suggest that the species could colonize the island via the Columbus Channel. Phylogenetic, ecophysiological, and biogeographical studies on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> are needed to test this dispersal hypothesis.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Material examined. Gephyrocharax valencia:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Trinidad</span>, West Indies: UWIZM 2010.14.253, 5, 23.14–29.90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL (2 C and S 25.22–27.99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL), Moriquite River, approximately 10°6'51.54” N, 61°17'39.78” W at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m a.s.l. USNM 349208, 2 of 9 (2 x-rays), 24.78–28.27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL, Moruga, Moruga River, Basse Terre Village, approximately 10°07.904’ N 61°15.436’ W at 46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m asl. Comparative material. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynopoma riisei:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Venezuela</span>: MBUCV 285, 3, 27.43–35.40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL (2 C and S, 27.43–34.06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL). USNM 310578, 2 of 9 (2 x-rays), 23.20–31.86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Colombia:</span> FMNH 56400, holotype (x-ray) of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stevardia aliata</span> Eigenmann, 45.35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax atracaudatus:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Panama:</span> AMNH 37808, 20 of 82, 29.13–38.16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. FMNH 7573, holotype (x-ray) of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Deuterodon atracaudata</span> Meek and Hildebrand, 43.71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL.<a name="p1333"></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax caucanus:</span> Colombia: FMNH 56012, holotype (x-ray), 49.98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. MCZ 35811, 1 (x-ray), 37.53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. MCZ 35872, 1 of 2 (x-ray), 43.20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. USNM 81921, 3 paratypes (3 x-rays), 42.51–48.05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax chaparae:</span> Bolivia: ANSP 68967, holotype (x-ray), 32.46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. ANSP 68968, 6 of 11 paratypes (3 x-rays), 30.95–44.71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. ANPS 68979, 1 paratype, 31.01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. ANSP 69195, holotype (x-ray) of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynopomops opisthopterus</span> Fowler, 29.76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax chocoensis:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Colombia:</span> CAS 44278, 1 of 9 paratypes. FMNH 56016, holotype (x-ray), 48.57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. MCZ 30956, 1 of 8 (x-ray), 44.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. USNM 79208, 2 paratypes (2 x-rays), 44.71–47.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax intermedius:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Panama:</span> FMNH 8945, holotype (x-ray), 43.92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. FMNH 12511, 1 paratype, 33.08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. FMNH 12512, 1 paratype, 31.00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. USNM 78556, 2 of 26 (2 x-rays), 33.38–36.51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax major:</span> CAS 44286, 9 syntypes (9 x-rays), 35.87–56.44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax martae:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Colombia:</span> ZMUL 3703, 34.51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax melanocheir:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Colombia:</span> CAS 44292, 1 of 6 paratypes. CAS 44293, 1 of 4 paratypes, 35.42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. FMNH 69554, 3 of 9 paratypes (3 x-rays), 32.50–39.30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. USNM 79209, 2 paratypes (2 x-rays), 30.89–34.50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL.<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Venezuela:</span> UF 23806, 5, 22.17-28.17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharaxsinuensis:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Colombia:</span> ICNMHN 6843, 9, 30.73–39.56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Venezuela:</span> ANSP 134924, 2 of 6 C and S, 24.51–32.71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. CAS 44295, 1 of 2 paratypes, 30.37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. CAS 44297, holotype (x-ray), 27.68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. INHS 60438, 8, 28.18–39.83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. UF 80511, 45, 18.38–36.25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax venezuelae:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Venezuela:</span> MCZ 37269 (Ex USNM 121366), 5 paratypes (5 x-rays), 28.97–33.84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. USNM 121369, holotype (x-ray), 30.87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax whaleri:</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Panama:</span> FMNH 36760, 1 paratype, 48.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. FMNH 36761, 1 paratype, 45.14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. USNM 106513, holotype (x-ray), 38.08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL. USNM 235926 (Ex USNM 109276), 2 paratypes (2 x-rays), 37.17–38.80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We thank María de las Mercedes Azpelicueta and Juan M. Mirande who provided constructive comments that improved an initial version of the manuscript. We also thank the following individuals and institutions for permission to visit collections under their care, loan, exchange, and gift of specimens, photographs and radiographs: John Lundberg, Mark Sabaj, and Kyle Luckenbill (ANSP); Barbara Brown (AMNH); Jon Fong and Dave Catania (CAS); Mary Rogers, Philip Willink, Kevin Swagel, and Chris Jones (FMNH); Jose I. Mojica, Ofelia Mejía, and Gustavo Ballen (ICNMHN); Daniel Wylie and Chrys (INHS); Francisco Provenzano (MBUCV); Karsten Hartel and Andrew Williston (MCZ); Larry Page and Rob Robins (UF); Richard Vari and Sandra Raredon (USNM); M. Rutherford (UWIZM), and Lars Lundquist (ZMUL). Bruno Pianzola helped with the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figure 1</a>. Financial support was provided by the Project 2814, Fundación para Promoción de la Investigación y la Tecnología, Banco de la República, Colombia (JAVR), Latin-American grant CONICET-Argentina (JAVR), the PhD program funding (Expte: 1000-007351/2011), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP (JAVR), and the Darwin Initiative for the Survival of Species.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-01-19" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-07-30" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501844" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Stevardiini" 1 => "neotropical fish" 2 => "Moriquite and Moruga rivers" 3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynopoma riisei</span>" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501843" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Stevardiini" 1 => "pez neotropical" 2 => "ríos Moriquite y Moruga" 3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynopoma riisei</span>" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The presence of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> and the first record of its species <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. valencia</span> are confirmed from the island of Trinidad, based on a comparison with all species of the genus. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span> is the first species of the genus recorded for an island.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se confirma la presencia del género <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax</span> y el primer registro de su especie <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G. valencia</span> en la isla de Trinidad, basados en una comparación con todas las especies del género. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span> es la primera especie del género documentada para una isla.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 651 "Ancho" => 2009 "Tamanyo" => 69649 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span>, male, UWIZM 2010.14.253, 25.34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm SL, Moriquite River, southern coast of Trinidad.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1051 "Ancho" => 1251 "Tamanyo" => 126230 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution map of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span> (black circles) in the island of Trinidad.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Characters</span></th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trinidad</span></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Range</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mean</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Standard length (mm SL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">23.14-29.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">26.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">2.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Percentages of standard length: \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Depth at dorsal-fin origin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">28.23-31.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">30.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Snout to dorsal-fin origin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">63.96-65.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">64.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Snout to pectoral-fin origin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">26.05-28.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">27.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Snout to pelvic-fin origin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">44.85-48.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">46.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Snout to anal-fin origin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">57.02-60.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">59.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Dorsal-fin to pectoral-fin length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">45.78-50.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">48.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Dorsal-fin to adipose-fin length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">23.00-25.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">24.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Dorsal-fin to hypurals complex length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">34.75-38.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">36.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Eye to dorsal-fin origin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">51.50-54.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">52.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Pectoral-fin to pelvic-fin length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">18.23-21.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">19.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Pelvic-fin to anal-fin length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">13.22-16.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">15.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Dorsal-fin length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">17.47-19.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">19.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Dorsal-fin base length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">8.88-10.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">9.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Pectoral-fin length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">23.87-25.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">24.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Pelvic-fin length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">13.22-17.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">14.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Anal-fin length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">15.22-20.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">18.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">2.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Anal-fin base length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">35.02-37.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">36.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Caudal peduncle depth \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">8.93-12.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">10.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Caudal peduncle length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">9.69-13.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">11.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Bony head length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">24.19-25.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">24.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Percentages of head length: \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Snout length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">19.05-23.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">21.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Horizontal eye length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">32.24-37.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">35.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Postorbital head length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">38.27-44.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">40.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">2.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Least interorbital width \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">34.02-37.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">35.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Upper jaw length \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">41.51-45.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">43.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">1.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab757948.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Morphometric data for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gephyrocharax valencia</span>. UWIZM 2010.14.253 and USNM 349208. Seven specimens from the Moriquite River, southern coast of Trinidad. SD= standard deviation</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Literature cited" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:18 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Boeseman, 1960" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The fresh-water fishes of the Island of Trinidad" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. 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American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington, D.C" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "Schultz, 1944" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The fishes of the family Characinidae from Venezuela, with descriptions of seventeen new forms" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "L.P. Schultz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Proceeding of the United Stated National Museum" "fecha" => "1944" "volumen" => "95" "paginaInicial" => "235" "paginaFinal" => "367" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "Weitzman, 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Characins, tetras)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S.H. Weitzman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America" "paginaInicial" => "222" "paginaFinal" => "230" "serieFecha" => "2003" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18703453/0000008400000004/v1_201504220255/S1870345313729658/v1_201504220255/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18703453/0000008400000004/v1_201504220255/S1870345313729658/v1_201504220255/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345313729658?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2024 September | 19 | 7 | 26 |
| 2024 August | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2024 July | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2024 June | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 2024 May | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2024 April | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2024 March | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2024 February | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2024 January | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2023 December | 8 | 8 | 16 |
| 2023 November | 5 | 6 | 11 |
| 2023 October | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2023 September | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2023 August | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| 2023 July | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2023 June | 8 | 4 | 12 |
| 2023 May | 37 | 2 | 39 |
| 2023 April | 43 | 2 | 45 |
| 2023 March | 56 | 3 | 59 |
| 2023 February | 31 | 4 | 35 |
| 2023 January | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2022 December | 27 | 9 | 36 |
| 2022 November | 17 | 5 | 22 |
| 2022 October | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2022 September | 11 | 13 | 24 |
| 2022 August | 16 | 13 | 29 |
| 2022 July | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2022 June | 8 | 6 | 14 |
| 2022 May | 8 | 10 | 18 |
| 2022 April | 11 | 10 | 21 |
| 2022 March | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2022 February | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2022 January | 33 | 6 | 39 |
| 2021 December | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2021 November | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2021 October | 60 | 8 | 68 |
| 2021 September | 31 | 11 | 42 |
| 2021 August | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2021 July | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| 2021 June | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2021 May | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2021 April | 50 | 9 | 59 |
| 2021 March | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2021 February | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2021 January | 32 | 6 | 38 |
| 2020 December | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2020 November | 17 | 7 | 24 |
| 2020 October | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2020 September | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2020 August | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2020 July | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 2020 June | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2020 May | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 2020 April | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2020 March | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2020 February | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2020 January | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2019 December | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2019 November | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2019 October | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2019 September | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2019 August | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2019 July | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2019 June | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2019 May | 57 | 10 | 67 |
| 2019 April | 34 | 6 | 40 |
| 2019 March | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 2019 February | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2019 January | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 December | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2018 November | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2018 October | 11 | 14 | 25 |
| 2018 September | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2018 August | 4 | 7 | 11 |
| 2018 July | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2018 June | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 May | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2018 April | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2018 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 January | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2017 December | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2017 November | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2017 October | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2017 September | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2017 August | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2017 July | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2017 June | 8 | 12 | 20 |
| 2017 May | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2017 April | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 2017 March | 7 | 75 | 82 |
| 2017 February | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2017 January | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2016 December | 12 | 2 | 14 |
| 2016 November | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 2016 October | 7 | 2 | 9 |
| 2016 September | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2016 August | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2016 July | 15 | 1 | 16 |
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