Echinostome cercariae from Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae) in a ricefield from northeastern Argentina

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A, buccal capsule lateral view; B, posterior extremity of male showing the spicules and cloacal papillae." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque, Juliana Notarnicola, Juana P. Correa, Andrea Yáñez-Meza, AnaLía Henríquez, Pedro E. Cattan, Carezza Botto-Mahan, Fernando Torres-Pérez" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Landaeta-Aqueveque" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juliana" "apellidos" => "Notarnicola" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juana P." "apellidos" => "Correa" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Andrea" "apellidos" => "Yáñez-Meza" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "AnaLía" "apellidos" => "Henríquez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pedro E." 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Escala: a=1cm; b-c=1mm; fotos S. Sierra (b y c)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Lilia Pérez-Ramírez, Joaquín Cifuentes-Blanco, Silvia Cappello-García, José Luis Villarruel-Ordaz" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lilia" "apellidos" => "Pérez-Ramírez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joaquín" "apellidos" => "Cifuentes-Blanco" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Silvia" "apellidos" => "Cappello-García" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Luis" "apellidos" => "Villarruel-Ordaz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345314729847?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008500000004/v1_201504220301/S1870345314729847/v1_201504220301/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Echinostome cercariae from Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae) in a ricefield from northeastern Argentina" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1024" "paginaFinal" => "1031" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "María Virginia Fernández, Monika Inés Hamann, Margarita Ostrowski-de Núñez" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "María Virginia" "apellidos" => "Fernández" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mvirginiafernandez@yahoo.com.ar" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Monika Inés" "apellidos" => "Hamann" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Margarita Ostrowski-de" "apellidos" => "Núñez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "2" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL). Ruta 5Km 2.5, W 3400 AMD, Corrientes, Argentina." "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Helmintología, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina." "etiqueta" => "2" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Echinocercarias de Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae) en un campo de arroz del noreste de Argentina" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 614 "Ancho" => 973 "Tamanyo" => 52330 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Prevalence of larval trematode infections in B. straminea from a rice field in Corrientes province during 2 rice cultivation cycles, black bar: December 2010 - May 2011 (n= number of collected snails: 3 494); gray bar: December 2011 - May 2012 (n=2 016)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionIn South America, some snail species of genus Biomphalaria Preston, 1910 are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907. In Brazil, the American country most affected by this parasite, its natural intermediate hosts are B. glabrata (Say, 1818), B. tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) and B. straminea (Dunker, 1848), in that order of importance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Bezerra et al., 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Thiengo and Fernandez, 2007</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Lambertucci, 2010</a>).Although the presence of this parasite has not yet been reported in Argentina, the geographical range of the endemic schistosomiasis areas in Brazil has been expanding to the state of Rio Grande Do Sul, adjacent to northeastern Argentina (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">Graeff-Teixeira et al., 1999, 2004</a>), an area where 2 of the natural vectors in Brazil, the snails B. tenagophila and B. straminea, are common species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Rumi et al., 2008</a>).Previous studies on the fauna of larval trematodes in planorbid molluscs of genus Biomphalaria (B. occidentalis Paraense, 1981, B. tenagophila, B. orbignyi Paraense, 1975, B. peregrina (d'Orbigny, 1835) and B. straminea) have been carried out in natural environments of Corrientes province, northeastern Argentina (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">Ostrowski-de Núñez et al., 1990, 1991, 1997</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Hamann et al., 1991</a>) but there is little information concerning agroecosystems such as ricefields (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Rumi and Hamann, 1990</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Fernández et al., 2013</a>). These<a name="p1025"></a> latter environments, which provide favorable conditions for the development of dense populations of planorbids, are important from the health perspective due to frequent human direct contact with the water (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Rumi, 1986</a>). In turn, Corrientes province is the main rice producer of Argentina, with more than half of its cultivated area occupied by rice crops (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Aacrea, 2003</a>).On the other hand, several studies have demonstrated that some species of echinostome and amphistome larvae may interfere with the natural resistance of the snail to S. mansoni infection (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Lie et al., 1977a</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">b</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Adema et al., 2000</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Silva Garcia et al., 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Spatz et al., 2012</a>). In this sense, it is essential to continue the study of trematode larval species that infect freshwater snails of genus Biomphalaria, especially those echinostome species that may affect the interaction between S. mansoni and its host before the possible introduction of S. mansoni in the area. Therefore, the goals of the present paper are to report and describe new species of echinostome cercariae from the freshwater molluscs B. straminea in a ricefield from the Corrientes, Argentina.Materials and methodsStudy area. The study site was an agricultural area of 25 ha, with 4 cultivated rice parcels connected or associated to the Paraná river basin; the area is located approximately 30km south from Corrientes city, in Corrientes province, Argentina (27°40'23.5” S; 58°48'21.6” W). During the sampling months, water depth ranged between 5 and 10cm in the cultivated parcels, and between 10 and 50cm in the irrigation canals. Water temperature ranged between 17°C and 28°C in the first rice cultivation cycle and between 18°C and 30.5°C in the second rice cultivation cycle.In the initial phase of flooding, no vegetation was observed in the irrigation canals; later on, the predominant hydrophilic vegetation consisted of Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. and Schlecht, Ludwigia peploides (Kunt) P.H. Raven, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.fil., and Limnobium sp. During the months of sampling several waterbird species were observed: Egretta thula (Molina, 1782), Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758, Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Himantopus mexicanus (Statius Müller, 1776), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Mycteria americana Linnaeus, 1758, Tringa flavipes Gmelin, 1789 and Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817).Sampling and laboratory procedure: snails were collected during 2 rice cultivation cycles in the flooding period, from the time of sowing to soon after harvesting of the rice, between December 2010 and May 2011, and between December 2011 and April 2012. Five samplings were carried out in each rice cultivation cycle. The samples were taken manually by 2 persons who sampled during 1 hour and a half from the cultivated parcels and irrigation canals, using simple mesh nets locally known as “copos” (25cm frame diameter). In the laboratory the snails were kept individually in vials with 20ml of tap water, and were observed for the emergence of cercariae. Apparently uninfected snails were dissected to check for other larval intramolluscan stages (e. g., immature infections and metacercariae). Cercariae were studied alive, with and without vital dyes. Drawings were made using a camera lucida attached to a Carl Zeiss Jena microscope. Cercariae fixed in hot 4% formalin were preserved in vials with 70% ethanol, and deposited in the Helminthological Collection of the Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral, Corrientes, Argentina. Photographs were taken with a Leica DFC 295 camera mounted on a Leica DM 2500 microscope. Specimens studied by scanning electron microscopy were dehydrated in an ethanol series, dried using the critical point technique, coated with gold-palladium and examined with a Jeol 5800 LV Scanning Electron Microscope. Measurements of heat-killed and formalin-fixed specimens are expressed in micrometers (μm), with range followed by the mean ± SD in parentheses. The “open nomenclature” recommended by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Odening (1971)</a> was adopted for new species of cercariae. For counts of the number of collar spines the criteria given by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Kanev et al. (2009)</a> was followed.To determine the second intermediate hosts, 3 laboratory-reared larval specimens of Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864) and 4 laboratory-reared specimens of Serrapinnus piaba (Lütken, 1875), collected from an artificial tank were exposed to emerged cercariae. The amphibian larvae and fishes were maintained in small aquaria under controlled conditions until dissection, which was carried out 12–69 hours post-exposure (PE).ResultsA total of 5 510 snails were examined (2010–2011: n=3 494; 2011–2012: n=2 016), 36 of which (0.65%) were infected with echinostome species. During the first rice cultivation cycle the prevalence of infection ranged between 0.02% (Echinocercaria sp. XIII) and 0.06% (Echinocercaria sp. XVI), and during the second rice cultivation cycle the prevalence of infection ranged between 0.10% (Echinocercaria sp. XIV) and 1.39% (Echinocercaria sp. XVI) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The most common species was Echinocercaria sp. XVI. The shell size of infected snails ranged from 5.00 to 12.50 (mean=8.12±SD=1.58) in the first rice cultivation cycle and from<a name="p1026"></a> 5.50 to 12.40 (8.30±1.64) in the second rice cultivation cycle.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The tadpoles of P. albonotatus and fishes of S. piaba were exposed only to Echinocercaria sp. XVI because the infected snails with Echinocercaria sp. XIII and Echinocercaria sp. XIV died before that cercariae could be used for experimental infections. All the tadpoles exposed (n=3), harbored metacercariae after 12 hours; while none of the fishes exposed (n=4), harbored metacercariae after 24, 48 and 69 hours.Family Echinostomatidae (Looss, 1899) Poche, 1926Echinocercaria sp. XIII (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs. 2–4</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">12</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">15</a>)<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Measurements based on 20 formalin-fixed specimens. Body 540–780 (650±79) long by 150–220 (166±18) wide, tegument without spines. Sensory hairs on lateral margins of body: 1 pair at level of oral sucker, and 6 pairs between pharynx and intestinal bifurcation. Head collar developed, with 53–54 spines, arranged as 45–46 dorsal and lateral spines in 2 rows, and 4 corner spines on each side. Oral sucker 46–67 (47±4) long by 41–57 (47±4) wide, prepharyngeal body present, 15–17 (16±1) long by 13–16 (14±1) wide, with numerous spines. Prepharynx short, pharynx muscular, 23–32 (28±2) long by 16–18 (18±1) wide. Esophagus long. Intestine bifurcates shortly anterior to ventral sucker. Ceca broad, reaching level of excretory vesicle. Ventral sucker 62–73 (67±3) long by 57–74 (66±4) wide, slightly larger than oral sucker, situated posterior to midbody. Numerous cystogenous cells with granular contents between main tubes of excretory system and body wall, and with bar and granular-shaped contents between main tubes of excretory system and esophagus. Penetration gland cells not conspicuous, but 6 gland duct openings present on dorsal lip of oral sucker. Excretory system stenostomate, with main tubes dilated between pharynx and posterior border of ventral sucker, filled with small refractile granules, 3–5 in diameter. Flame cells present in at least 29 pairs, probably arranged in groups of 3 flame cells, up to 18 ciliary patches in common collecting ducts. Excretory vesicle divided into 2 unequal chambers. Caudal duct of excretory system enters anterior portion of tail, bifurcates into 2 branches ending on lateral body margins. Tail 490–712 (595±53) long by 30–58 (49±6) wide, with 4 dorsoventral fin-folds, 2 in the proximal end of tail and 2 in the posterior end of tail.Emergence of cercariae was monitored during 4 days in 2 infected snails. At 19.6–37.5°C cercariae emerged during light hours, with an emergency-peak between 7am and 1pm.Redia. Body 1 780–2 370 long by 325–350 wide, with muscular pharynx 110–152/80–90 long/wide and intestinal caecum of 1 385–1 500 long occupying more than ½ redial lengths. Two pairs of appendages, 1 anterior and 1 posterior.Taxonomic summaryPrevalence: 0.02% (2010–2011); 0.15% (2011–2012). Specimen deposited: accession number CECOAL 11050506.Remarks. The collar with 2 rows of 53–54 (4 corner spines), is similar to those of the genus Hypoderaeum Dietz, 1909. This genus has 43–82 spines arranged in 2 rows in the cephalic collar with 4–5 corner spines, and their adults parasitize birds, with reports mainly in Asia, and also in Europe, North America and Mexico (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Yamaguti, 1971</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Jones et al., 2005</a>). The cercaría of Hypoderaeum conoideum (Bloch, 1782) Dietz, 1909 is similar to Echinocercaria sp. XIII, regarding the number and arrangement of collar spines (50–54 in 2 alternating rows) and the numerous small refractile granules in the main tubes of the excretory system, but differs by its larger body size (630–980/100–280 in Hypoderaeum conoideum vs. 540–780/150–220 in Echinocercaria sp. XIII), smaller tail size (300–500/50 vs. 490–712/30–58) and by the absence of fin-folds in the tail (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Yamaguti, 1975</a>). Hypoderaeum conoideum uses snails of species Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) and L. (Radix) limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) as first intermediate hosts, which are distributed mainly in Europe and Asia (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Yamaguti, 1971</a>), hence the presence of this parasite in Argentina is unlikely.In Argentina, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Ostrowski-de Núñez et al. (1997)</a> described Echinocercaria sp. V from B. orbignyi in Corrientes province with more than 50 collar spines (although only 48 were figured), a prepharyngeal body with spines in rosette, similar measurements of body,<a name="p1027"></a> tail and refractile granules in the excretory system, but differs from the present Echinocercaria sp. XIII in its the branched excretory canals, which contain the refractile granules. Unfortunately, the exact number of collar spines was not established. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Martorelli (2003)</a> described Cercaria Echinostoma sp. 3 from B. tenagophila in Timboy Stream, Corrientes province with 58 collar spines, branched excretory canals and considerably smaller measurements.Adult digenetic trematodes with 53–54 spines in the cephalic collar have not been reported for Argentina (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Lunaschi et al., 2007</a>).Echinocercaria sp. XIV (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs. 5-8</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">13</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">16</a>).Measurements based on 30 formalin-fixed specimens. Body 270–366 (310±25) long by 138–222 (187±22) wide, tegument without spines. Head collar well developed, with 37 spines, arranged as 29 dorsal and lateral spines in 2 rows and 4 corner spines on each side. Oral sucker subterminal, 34–46 (41±4) long by 32–46 (39±5) wide. Prepharyngeal body present, 14–21 (15±2) long by 18–23 (22±1) wide, with numerous spines forming rosette. Pharynx muscular, 18–23 (21±2) long by 11–18 (15±2) wide, esophagus long, intestine bifurcate just anterior to ventral sucker, ceca dorsal to excretory tubes, reaching level of excretory vesicle. Ventral sucker 44–62 (49±5) long by 46–69 (52±6) wide, larger than oral sucker, situated posterior to midbody. Numerous cystogenous cells with bar-shaped contents, between pharynx and end of the body. At least 3 pairs of penetration glands observed in the central body between main collecting tubes and esophagus. Excretory system stenostomate, with main tubes extending from anterior wall of excretory vesicle to prepharyngeal level; main collecting tubes dilated between pharyngeal and ventral sucker levels and filled with 84–112 refractile granules ranging in size between 1.5–10 in diameter, the smaller ones near pharynx. Flame cells arranged in at least 8 pairs, up to 9 ciliary patches in common collecting ducts. Caudal duct of excretory system enters anterior portion of tail, bifurcates into 2 branches ending on lateral body margins. Tail 480–642 (566±37) long by 42–60 (49±5) wide, with<a name="p1028"></a> 7 finfolds: 2 dorsal, 2 ventral, 2 very small lateral and 1 ventral small lobulated at level of 2 lateral.Emergence of cercariae was monitored during 4 days in 2 infected snails. At 19.5–36.7 °C cercariae emerged during the night and early morning hours (0 am - 8 am). Redia. Orange-brown pigmented body 1 170–2 669 long by 272–372 wide, with muscular pharynx 47–57/41–54 long/wide, and intestinal cecum 236–570 long occupying less than ⅓ of redial length. Two pairs of appendages, 1 anterior and 1 posterior.Taxonomic summaryPrevalence: 0.02% (2010–2011); 0.10% (2011–2012). Specimen deposited: accession number CECOAL 12022907.Remarks. The only cercaria with 37 collar spines described from the area is Cercaria Echinostoma sp. 2 Martorelli, 2003 from B. tenagophila in Boquerón de Franquía, Uruguay (adjacent to Corrientes province). It differs from Echinocercaria sp. XIV by its larger body (413×197 vs. 310×187), smaller tail (337×46 vs. 566×49), fewer refractile granules in main tubes of excretory system (59–65 vs. 84–112) and the arrangement in a single row of collar spines.The present cercaria is similar to those of the genus Echinostoma Rudolphi, 1809 in the number of collar spines within the 31–51 range, and the possession of findfolds in the tail, but differs in the arrangement of the lateral collar spines in 2 rows. Several cercariae of Echinostoma species with 37 spines have been cited in Brazil. Echinostoma lindoense Sandground and Bonne, 1940, Echinostoma barbosai Lie and Basch, 1966 and Echinostoma paraensei Lie and Basch, 1967 were reported in snails of the genera Biomphalaria Preston, 1910, Echinostoma erraticum Lutz, 1924 in snails of genera Biomphalaria and Drepanotrema Fischer and Crosse, 1880, Echinostoma luisreyi Maldonado, Vieira and Lanfredi, 2003 and Echinostoma rodriguesi in snails of the genera Physa Draparnaud, 1801 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Komma, 1972</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Lie, 1968</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Pinto and Melo, 2013</a>). The definitive hosts of E. lindoense, E. rodriguesi and E. erraticum are birds and mammals, those of E. barbosai and E. luisreyi are birds, and those of E. paraensei are mammals (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Pinto and Melo, 2013</a>).Two adult of Echinostoma species with 37 spines in the cephalic collar (Echinostoma chloephagae Sutton and Lunaschi, 1980; Echinostoma mendax Dietz, 1909) have been reported for Argentina paraziting anseriform birds (Anatidae) and 2 species, Echinostoma revolutum (Frölich, 1802) Rudolphi, 1809 and Echinostoma rodriguensi Hsu, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Lie and Bash, 1968</a>, paraziting rodent mammals (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Lunaschi and Drago, 2007</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Lunaschi et al., 2007</a>). In Brazil adults<a name="p1029"></a> of E. mendax, with an arrangement of collar spines similar to Echinocercaria sp. XIV (dorsal and lateral spines in 2 rows), have been described parasitizing anseriform birds of the family Anatidae (e. g., Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758)) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Travassos et al., 1969</a>).Echinocercaria sp. XVI (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs. 9-11</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">14</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">17-18</a>).Measurements based on 20 formalin-fixed specimens. Body 116–227 (198) long by 92–122 (110) wide. Tegument without spines, with 6 pairs of short lateral sensory setae between pharynx and ventral sucker and 1 pair at excretory vesicle level. Head collar well developed, with 31 spines arranged as 7 dorsal spines in 2 rows, 8 lateral spines and 4 corner spines on each side. Oral sucker subterminal, 25–32 (29) long by 23–34 (30) wide, with transparent tegumental rim. Prepharyngeal body present with 2 globular inclusions. Prepharynx short, pharynx muscular, 14–18 (16) long by 11–14 (12) wide. Esophagus long, intestine bifurcates just anterior to ventral sucker, ceca dorsal to excretory tubes, reaching level of excretory vesicle. Ventral sucker 21–34 (30) long by 28–41 (34) wide, situated posterior to midbody, with conspicuous, transparent tegumental rim. Numerous cystogenous cells with bar-shaped contents, between pharynx and end of body. Penetration gland cells not conspicuous, but 4 gland duct-openings visible on dorsal lip of oral sucker. Excretory system stenostomate, with main tubes extending from anterior wall of excretory vesicle to prepharyngeal level; main collecting tubes dilated between pharyngeal and ventral sucker levels and filled with 26–42 (32) refractile granules, 8-16μm in diameter. Flame cells difficult to see, arranged in at least 10 pairs, excretory vesicle divided into 2 unequal chambers. Caudal branch of excretory system enters anterior part of tail, where it becomes reduced to a triangular sac, with no visible pores. Tail 306–448 (398) long by 30–48 (42) wide, without fin-folds and with 4 pairs of sensory setae.Emergence of cercariae was monitored during 2 days in 3 infected snails. At 24.6–36.6°C cercariae have emergency peaks between 0 am and 7 am. They penetrated in exposed tadpoles of Physalaemus albonotatus, and encysted in the body musculature, especially in the mouth region. Oval cysts with double wall measured 114–132 (127±5) long by 78–90 (83±5) wide at 12 hours PE. The morphology of metacercariae is very similar to that of the cercariae.Redia. Orange-brown pigmented rediae vary considerably in size of body and pharynx; larger rediae were found in low numbers in each infected snail (3–5). Body 510–1 650 long by 130–410 wide, muscular pharynx 40–210 /40–175 long/wide, intestinal cecum 380–1 520 long reaching end of the body in the larger rediae and more than ½ of redial length in smaller ones. Two pairs of appendages, 1 anterior and 1 posterior.Taxonomic summaryPrevalence: 0.06% (2010–2011); 1.39% (2011–2012).Specimen deposited: accession number CECOAL 11022108.Remarks. The number and arrangement of collar spines of this cercaria is similar to one of the 11 models of collar spine arrangements described for the genus Echinostoma by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Kanev et al. (2009)</a>, but differs in the position of the first and second lateral spines, which in Echinocercaria sp. XVI correspond to the double row of dorsal spines. Two species of this genus with 31 collar spines parasitize birds: Echinostoma anseris Yamaguti, 1939 in Japan and China and Echinostoma sudanense Odhner, 1911 in Africa (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Yamaguti, 1971</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Kanev et al., 2009</a>). In America, Dietziella egregia (Dietz, 1909) with 31 collar spines was reported paraziting Harpiprion caerulescens (Vieillot, 1817) in Brazil and paraziting Plegadis chihi in Argentina, both threskiornithid birds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Travassos et al., 1969</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Digiani, 2000</a>). In Argentina, Echinocercaria sp. II Ostrowski-de Núñez et al. 1990 from B. straminea and B. orbignyi, and Echinocercaria sp. III <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Ostrowski-de Núñez et al. 1991</a> from B. occidentalis in Corrientes province, are similar to this new species in the number (7) and arrangement of dorsal spines, the presence of a prepharyngeal body with 2 globular inclusions, cystogenous cells with bar- shaped contents, 4 gland duct-openings on the dorsal lip of the oral sucker, tail without fin-folds, caudal branch of the excretory system reduced to a triangular sac, and similar emergence of cercariae, but they differ by having 27 instead of 31 spines in the head collar.DiscussionThe present study describes 3 echinostome cercariae parasitizing B. straminea in a rice field from Corrientes, Argentina, which can now be added to the 8 echinocercaria species previously reported from Biomphalaria spp. in this region (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">Ostrowski-de Núñez et al., 1990, 1991, 1997</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Martorelli, 2003</a>).The prevalence of the 3 species was low during the first rice cultivation cycle (<1%), whereas it was somewhat higher during the second cycle, with a prevalence greater than 1% only in Echinocercaria sp. XVI. The higher prevalence of Echinocercaria sp. XVI in the second rice cultivation cycle could be related to the increased presence of the definitive hosts in the environment. Low levels of prevalence have been observed in previous studies from field collections when the number of snails collected was high (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">Ostrowski-de Núñez et al., 1990, 1991, 1997</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Fernández et al., 2013</a>). Generally, prevalence level seems to be related with sample size: when the number of snails collected is high, the prevalence of infection is relatively<a name="p1030"></a> low and vice versa (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Ewers, 1964</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Ostrowski-de Núñez et al., 1991</a>).Agricultural wetlands such as rice fields can harbor numerous species of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates including fishes, amphibians and birds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Czech and Parson, 2002</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Elphick and Oring, 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Stenert et al., 2009</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Machado and Maltchik, 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Maltchik et al., 2011</a>). In turn, with the increase of rice fields and other similar agricultural activities throughout the world, these agroenvironments have become important refuges for water birds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Czech and Parson, 2002</a>), which may be reflected in the number of species recorded during samplings. Although the life cycles of the cercariae described herein are not known, birds could possibly be their definitive hosts, based on the known life cycles of similar echinocercariae. Further, the positive results of experimental infections in Echinocercaria sp. XVI in tadpoles but not in fish, have suggested that its second intermediate host should be amphibian larvae, which are included in the diet of several species of birds recorded in this agricultural environment. In this sense, the study of larval trematodes parasitiziting snails provides information about the biodiversity of both the parasites and their hosts, harbored in agricultural wetlands.Finally, given the importance of B. straminea as an intermediate host of S. mansoni in endemic regions adjacent to northeastern Argentina, and of rice fields as environments with which humans have frequent direct contact, the study of larval trematodes in agricultural habitats of Corrientes province should be encouraged to obtain further information about larval trematode species, especially those that may affect the interaction between S. mansoni and its host, before the possible introduction of S. mansoni in the area." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres479589" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501910" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres479590" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501909" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Taxonomic summary" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Taxonomic summary" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Taxonomic summary" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Literature cited" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-01-14" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-06-19" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501910" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Digenea" 1 => "freshwater snails" 2 => "larval stages" 3 => "agricultural wetlands" 4 => "Argentina" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501909" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Digenea" 1 => "caracoles de agua dulce" 2 => "estadios larvales" 3 => "humedales agrícolas" 4 => "Argentina" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "The species of larval Echinostomatidae that infect Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) in a ricefield in Corrientes province, Argentina, were studied. Examination of 5 510 snails during 2 rice cultivation cycles, from December 2010 to May 2011 and from December 2011 to April 2012, revealed the presence of 3 new species: Echinocercaria sp. XIII, Echinocercaria sp. XIV and Echinocercaria sp. XVI in 36 snails (0.65%). The most common species was Echinocercaria sp. XVI. Prevalence of 3 species during the first rice cultivation cycle was low (<1%), whereas during the second rice cultivation cycle it was somewhat higher, with prevalence greater than 1% only in Echinocercaria sp. XVI. The species of echinocercariae in B. straminea from the agricultural habitat described in the present study are new additions to the species already reported for the genus Biomphalaria in the region." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Se estudiaron las especies de echinocercarias que infectan a Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) en un campo de arroz de la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. La prospección de 5 510 caracoles durante 2 ciclos de cultivo de arroz, desde diciembre de 2010 a mayo de 2011 y desde diciembre de 2011 a abril de 2012, reveló la presencia de 3 nuevas especies: Echinocercaria sp. XIII, Echinocercaria sp. XIV y Echinocercaria sp. XVI en 36 caracoles (0.65%). La especie más común fue Echinocercaria sp. XVI. Durante el primer ciclo de cultivo de arroz las prevalencias de las 3 especies fueron bajas (<1%), mientras que durante el segundo ciclo de cultivo de arroz las prevalencias fueron algo mayores, con valores superiores al 1% solo en Echinocercaria sp. XVI. Las especies de echinocercarias descritas en el presente estudio parasitando a B. straminea de un ambiente agrícola, se adicionan al registro de especies para el género Biomphalaria en la región." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 614 "Ancho" => 973 "Tamanyo" => 52330 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Prevalence of larval trematode infections in B. straminea from a rice field in Corrientes province during 2 rice cultivation cycles, black bar: December 2010 - May 2011 (n= number of collected snails: 3 494); gray bar: December 2011 - May 2012 (n=2 016)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figures 2-11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1316 "Ancho" => 2009 "Tamanyo" => 373323 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Echinocercaria sp. XIII, 2: cercarial body; 3: tail; 4: detail of head collar with collar spines. Echinocercaria sp. XIV, 5: cercarial body; 6: tail ventral view; 7: tail lateral view; 8: detail of head collar with collar spines. Echinocercaria sp. XVI, 9: cercarial body; 10: tail; 11: detail of head collar with collar spines. Bars= 50μm." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figures 12-14" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 602 "Ancho" => 973 "Tamanyo" => 107127 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Echinocercaria sp. XIII, 12: redia. Echinocercaria sp. XIV, 13: redia. Echinocercaria sp. XVI, 14: redia. Bars= 50μm." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figures 15-18" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1370 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 196779 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Light micrographs of cercarial bodies. 15: Echinocercaria sp. XIII; 16: Echinocercaria sp. XIV; 17: Echinocercaria sp. XVI, and scanning electron micrograph, 18: Echinocercaria sp. XVI ventral view with detail of trasparent tegumental rim in oral sucker and ventral sucker (arrows). 15–17: Bars= 200μm; 18: bars= 5μm." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Literature cited" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:38 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Aacrea (Asociación Argentina de Consorcios Regionales de Experimentación Agrícola), 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "Aacrea (Asociación Argentina de Consorcios Regionales de Experimentación Agrícola)" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:5 [ "titulo" => "Agro alimentos Argentinos" "fecha" => "2003" "paginaInicial" => "271" "editorial" => "Trabajo de Compilación y Análisis de Información realizado por el área de economía de Aacrea" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Buenos Aires, Argentina" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Adema et al., 2000" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Inmunobiology of the relationship of echinostomes with snail intermediate hosts" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Adema C.M." 1 => "K.K. 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Echinocercarias de Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae) en un campo de arroz del noreste de Argentina

María Virginia Fernández1, Monika Inés Hamann1, Margarita Ostrowski-de Núñez2

1 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL). Ruta 5Km 2.5, W 3400 AMD, Corrientes, Argentina.

2 Laboratorio de Helmintología, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In South America&#44; some snail species of genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria</span> Preston&#44; 1910 are intermediate hosts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Schistosoma mansoni</span> Sambon&#44; 1907&#46; In Brazil&#44; the American country most affected by this parasite&#44; its natural intermediate hosts are <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; glabrata</span> &#40;Say&#44; 1818&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; tenagophila</span> &#40;d&#39;Orbigny&#44; 1835&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; straminea</span> &#40;Dunker&#44; 1848&#41;&#44; in that order of importance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Bezerra et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Thiengo and Fernandez&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Lambertucci&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the presence of this parasite has not yet been reported in Argentina&#44; the geographical range of the endemic schistosomiasis areas in Brazil has been expanding to the state of Rio Grande Do Sul&#44; adjacent to northeastern Argentina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">Graeff-Teixeira et al&#46;&#44; 1999&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#44; an area where 2 of the natural vectors in Brazil&#44; the snails <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; tenagophila</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; straminea</span>&#44; are common species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Rumi et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies on the fauna of larval trematodes in planorbid molluscs of genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria &#40;B&#46; occidentalis</span> Paraense&#44; 1981&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; tenagophila&#44; B&#46; orbignyi</span> Paraense&#44; 1975&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; peregrina</span> &#40;d&#39;Orbigny&#44; 1835&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; straminea&#41;</span> have been carried out in natural environments of Corrientes province&#44; northeastern Argentina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">Ostrowski-de N&#250;&#241;ez et al&#46;&#44; 1990&#44; 1991&#44; 1997</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Hamann et al&#46;&#44; 1991</a>&#41; but there is little information concerning agroecosystems such as ricefields &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Rumi and Hamann&#44; 1990</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; These<a name="p1025"></a> latter environments&#44; which provide favorable conditions for the development of dense populations of planorbids&#44; are important from the health perspective due to frequent human direct contact with the water &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Rumi&#44; 1986</a>&#41;&#46; In turn&#44; Corrientes province is the main rice producer of Argentina&#44; with more than half of its cultivated area occupied by rice crops &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Aacrea&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; several studies have demonstrated that some species of echinostome and amphistome larvae may interfere with the natural resistance of the snail to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; mansoni</span> infection &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Lie et al&#46;&#44; 1977a</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">b</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Adema et al&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Silva Garcia et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Spatz et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; In this sense&#44; it is essential to continue the study of trematode larval species that infect freshwater snails of genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria</span>&#44; especially those echinostome species that may affect the interaction between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; mansoni</span> and its host before the possible introduction of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; mansoni</span> in the area&#46; Therefore&#44; the goals of the present paper are to report and describe new species of echinostome cercariae from the freshwater molluscs <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; straminea</span> in a ricefield from the Corrientes&#44; Argentina&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Study area</span>&#46; The study site was an agricultural area of 25 ha&#44; with 4 cultivated rice parcels connected or associated to the Paran&#225; river basin&#59; the area is located approximately 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km south from Corrientes city&#44; in Corrientes province&#44; Argentina &#40;27&#176;40&#39;23&#46;5&#8221; S&#59; 58&#176;48&#39;21&#46;6&#8221; W&#41;&#46; During the sampling months&#44; water depth ranged between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the cultivated parcels&#44; and between 10 and 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the irrigation canals&#46; Water temperature ranged between 17&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C and 28&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C in the first rice cultivation cycle and between 18&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C and 30&#46;5&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C in the second rice cultivation cycle&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the initial phase of flooding&#44; 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In the laboratory the snails were kept individually in vials with 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of tap water&#44; and were observed for the emergence of cercariae&#46; Apparently uninfected snails were dissected to check for other larval intramolluscan stages &#40;e&#46; g&#46;&#44; immature infections and metacercariae&#41;&#46; Cercariae were studied alive&#44; with and without vital dyes&#46; Drawings were made using a camera lucida attached to a Carl Zeiss Jena microscope&#46; Cercariae fixed in hot 4&#37; formalin were preserved in vials with 70&#37; ethanol&#44; and deposited in the Helminthological Collection of the Centro de Ecolog&#237;a Aplicada del Litoral&#44; Corrientes&#44; Argentina&#46; Photographs were taken with a Leica DFC 295 camera mounted on a Leica DM 2500 microscope&#46; Specimens studied by scanning electron microscopy were dehydrated in an ethanol series&#44; dried using the critical point technique&#44; coated with gold-palladium and examined with a Jeol 5800 LV Scanning Electron Microscope&#46; Measurements of heat-killed and formalin-fixed specimens are expressed in micrometers &#40;&#956;m&#41;&#44; with range followed by the mean &#177; SD in parentheses&#46; The &#8220;open nomenclature&#8221; recommended by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Odening &#40;1971&#41;</a> was adopted for new species of cercariae&#46; For counts of the number of collar spines the criteria given by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Kanev et al&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a> was followed&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the second intermediate hosts&#44; 3 laboratory-reared larval specimens of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physalaemus albonotatus</span> &#40;Steindachner&#44; 1864&#41; and 4 laboratory-reared specimens of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serrapinnus piaba</span> &#40;L&#252;tken&#44; 1875&#41;&#44; collected from an artificial tank were exposed to emerged cercariae&#46; The amphibian larvae and fishes were maintained in small aquaria under controlled conditions until dissection&#44; which was carried out 12&#8211;69 hours post-exposure &#40;PE&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 5 510 snails were examined &#40;2010&#8211;2011&#58; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 494&#59; 2011&#8211;2012&#58; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 016&#41;&#44; 36 of which &#40;0&#46;65&#37;&#41; were infected with echinostome species&#46; During the first rice cultivation cycle the prevalence of infection ranged between 0&#46;02&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIII&#41; and 0&#46;06&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI&#41;&#44; and during the second rice cultivation cycle the prevalence of infection ranged between 0&#46;10&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIV&#41; and 1&#46;39&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The most common species was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI&#46; The shell size of infected snails ranged from 5&#46;00 to 12&#46;50 &#40;mean&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;58&#41; in the first rice cultivation cycle and from<a name="p1026"></a> 5&#46;50 to 12&#46;40 &#40;8&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;64&#41; in the second rice cultivation cycle&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tadpoles of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; albonotatus</span> and fishes of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; piaba</span> were exposed only to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI because the infected snails with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIII and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIV died before that cercariae could be used for experimental infections&#46; All the tadpoles exposed &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#44; harbored metacercariae after 12 hours&#59; while none of the fishes exposed &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41;&#44; harbored metacercariae after 24&#44; 48 and 69 hours&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Family Echinostomatidae &#40;Looss&#44; 1899&#41; Poche&#44; 1926</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIII</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2&#8211;4</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">12</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">15</a>&#41;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Measurements based on 20 formalin-fixed specimens&#46; Body 540&#8211;780 &#40;650<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>79&#41; long by 150&#8211;220 &#40;166<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41; wide&#44; tegument without spines&#46; Sensory hairs on lateral margins of body&#58; 1 pair at level of oral sucker&#44; and 6 pairs between pharynx and intestinal bifurcation&#46; Head collar developed&#44; with 53&#8211;54 spines&#44; arranged as 45&#8211;46 dorsal and lateral spines in 2 rows&#44; and 4 corner spines on each side&#46; Oral sucker 46&#8211;67 &#40;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41; long by 41&#8211;57 &#40;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41; wide&#44; prepharyngeal body present&#44; 15&#8211;17 &#40;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; long by 13&#8211;16 &#40;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; wide&#44; with numerous spines&#46; Prepharynx short&#44; pharynx muscular&#44; 23&#8211;32 &#40;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; long by 16&#8211;18 &#40;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; wide&#46; Esophagus long&#46; Intestine bifurcates shortly anterior to ventral sucker&#46; Ceca broad&#44; reaching level of excretory vesicle&#46; Ventral sucker 62&#8211;73 &#40;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; long by 57&#8211;74 &#40;66<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41; wide&#44; slightly larger than oral sucker&#44; situated posterior to midbody&#46; Numerous cystogenous cells with granular contents between main tubes of excretory system and body wall&#44; and with bar and granular-shaped contents between main tubes of excretory system and esophagus&#46; Penetration gland cells not conspicuous&#44; but 6 gland duct openings present on dorsal lip of oral sucker&#46; Excretory system stenostomate&#44; with main tubes dilated between pharynx and posterior border of ventral sucker&#44; filled with small refractile granules&#44; 3&#8211;5 in diameter&#46; Flame cells present in at least 29 pairs&#44; probably arranged in groups of 3 flame cells&#44; up to 18 ciliary patches in common collecting ducts&#46; Excretory vesicle divided into 2 unequal chambers&#46; Caudal duct of excretory system enters anterior portion of tail&#44; bifurcates into 2 branches ending on lateral body margins&#46; Tail 490&#8211;712 &#40;595<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53&#41; long by 30&#8211;58 &#40;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41; wide&#44; with 4 dorsoventral fin-folds&#44; 2 in the proximal end of tail and 2 in the posterior end of tail&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Emergence of cercariae was monitored during 4 days in 2 infected snails&#46; At 19&#46;6&#8211;37&#46;5&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C cercariae emerged during light hours&#44; with an emergency-peak between 7am and 1pm&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Redia</span>&#46; Body 1 780&#8211;2 370 long by 325&#8211;350 wide&#44; with muscular pharynx 110&#8211;152&#47;80&#8211;90 long&#47;wide and intestinal caecum of 1 385&#8211;1 500 long occupying more than &#189; redial lengths&#46; Two pairs of appendages&#44; 1 anterior and 1 posterior&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Taxonomic summary</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prevalence&#58;</span> 0&#46;02&#37; &#40;2010&#8211;2011&#41;&#59; 0&#46;15&#37; &#40;2011&#8211;2012&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Specimen deposited&#58;</span> accession number CECOAL 11050506&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Remarks</span>&#46; The collar with 2 rows of 53&#8211;54 &#40;4 corner spines&#41;&#44; is similar to those of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypoderaeum</span> Dietz&#44; 1909&#46; This genus has 43&#8211;82 spines arranged in 2 rows in the cephalic collar with 4&#8211;5 corner spines&#44; and their adults parasitize birds&#44; with reports mainly in Asia&#44; and also in Europe&#44; North America and Mexico &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Yamaguti&#44; 1971</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Jones et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; The cercar&#237;a of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypoderaeum conoideum</span> &#40;Bloch&#44; 1782&#41; Dietz&#44; 1909 is similar to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIII&#44; regarding the number and arrangement of collar spines &#40;50&#8211;54 in 2 alternating rows&#41; and the numerous small refractile granules in the main tubes of the excretory system&#44; but differs by its larger body size &#40;630&#8211;980&#47;100&#8211;280 in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypoderaeum conoideum</span> vs&#46; 540&#8211;780&#47;150&#8211;220 in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIII&#41;&#44; smaller tail size &#40;300&#8211;500&#47;50 vs&#46; 490&#8211;712&#47;30&#8211;58&#41; and by the absence of fin-folds in the tail &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Yamaguti&#44; 1975</a>&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypoderaeum conoideum</span> uses snails of species <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lymnaea stagnalis</span> &#40;Linnaeus&#44; 1758&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; &#40;Radix&#41; limosa</span> &#40;Linnaeus&#44; 1758&#41; as first intermediate hosts&#44; which are distributed mainly in Europe and Asia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Yamaguti&#44; 1971</a>&#41;&#44; hence the presence of this parasite in Argentina is unlikely&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Argentina&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Ostrowski-de N&#250;&#241;ez et al&#46; &#40;1997&#41;</a> described <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; V from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; orbignyi</span> in Corrientes province with more than 50 collar spines &#40;although only 48 were figured&#41;&#44; a prepharyngeal body with spines in rosette&#44; similar measurements of body&#44;<a name="p1027"></a> tail and refractile granules in the excretory system&#44; but differs from the present <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIII in its the branched excretory canals&#44; which contain the refractile granules&#46; Unfortunately&#44; the exact number of collar spines was not established&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Martorelli &#40;2003&#41;</a> described Cercaria Echinostoma sp&#46; 3 from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; tenagophila</span> in Timboy Stream&#44; Corrientes province with 58 collar spines&#44; branched excretory canals and considerably smaller measurements&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adult digenetic trematodes with 53&#8211;54 spines in the cephalic collar have not been reported for Argentina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Lunaschi et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIV</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 5-8</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">13</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">16</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Measurements based on 30 formalin-fixed specimens&#46; Body 270&#8211;366 &#40;310<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; long by 138&#8211;222 &#40;187<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#41; wide&#44; tegument without spines&#46; Head collar well developed&#44; with 37 spines&#44; arranged as 29 dorsal and lateral spines in 2 rows and 4 corner spines on each side&#46; Oral sucker subterminal&#44; 34&#8211;46 &#40;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#41; long by 32&#8211;46 &#40;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; wide&#46; Prepharyngeal body present&#44; 14&#8211;21 &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; long by 18&#8211;23 &#40;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; wide&#44; with numerous spines forming rosette&#46; Pharynx muscular&#44; 18&#8211;23 &#40;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; long by 11&#8211;18 &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; wide&#44; esophagus long&#44; intestine bifurcate just anterior to ventral sucker&#44; ceca dorsal to excretory tubes&#44; reaching level of excretory vesicle&#46; Ventral sucker 44&#8211;62 &#40;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; long by 46&#8211;69 &#40;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41; wide&#44; larger than oral sucker&#44; situated posterior to midbody&#46; Numerous cystogenous cells with bar-shaped contents&#44; between pharynx and end of the body&#46; At least 3 pairs of penetration glands observed in the central body between main collecting tubes and esophagus&#46; Excretory system stenostomate&#44; with main tubes extending from anterior wall of excretory vesicle to prepharyngeal level&#59; main collecting tubes dilated between pharyngeal and ventral sucker levels and filled with 84&#8211;112 refractile granules ranging in size between 1&#46;5&#8211;10 in diameter&#44; the smaller ones near pharynx&#46; Flame cells arranged in at least 8 pairs&#44; up to 9 ciliary patches in common collecting ducts&#46; Caudal duct of excretory system enters anterior portion of tail&#44; bifurcates into 2 branches ending on lateral body margins&#46; Tail 480&#8211;642 &#40;566<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#41; long by 42&#8211;60 &#40;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; wide&#44; with<a name="p1028"></a> 7 finfolds&#58; 2 dorsal&#44; 2 ventral&#44; 2 very small lateral and 1 ventral small lobulated at level of 2 lateral&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Emergence of cercariae was monitored during 4 days in 2 infected snails&#46; At 19&#46;5&#8211;36&#46;7 &#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C cercariae emerged during the night and early morning hours &#40;0 am - 8 am&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Redia</span>&#46; Orange-brown pigmented body 1 170&#8211;2 669 long by 272&#8211;372 wide&#44; with muscular pharynx 47&#8211;57&#47;41&#8211;54 long&#47;wide&#44; and intestinal cecum 236&#8211;570 long occupying less than &#8531; of redial length&#46; Two pairs of appendages&#44; 1 anterior and 1 posterior&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Taxonomic summary</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prevalence&#58;</span> 0&#46;02&#37; &#40;2010&#8211;2011&#41;&#59; 0&#46;10&#37; &#40;2011&#8211;2012&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Specimen deposited&#58;</span> accession number CECOAL 12022907&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Remarks</span>&#46; The only cercaria with 37 collar spines described from the area is Cercaria Echinostoma sp&#46; 2 Martorelli&#44; 2003 from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; tenagophila</span> in Boquer&#243;n de Franqu&#237;a&#44; Uruguay &#40;adjacent to Corrientes province&#41;&#46; It differs from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIV by its larger body &#40;413<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>197 vs&#46; 310<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>187&#41;&#44; smaller tail &#40;337<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46 vs&#46; 566<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#41;&#44; fewer refractile granules in main tubes of excretory system &#40;59&#8211;65 vs&#46; 84&#8211;112&#41; and the arrangement in a single row of collar spines&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present cercaria is similar to those of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma</span> Rudolphi&#44; 1809 in the number of collar spines within the 31&#8211;51 range&#44; and the possession of findfolds in the tail&#44; but differs in the arrangement of the lateral collar spines in 2 rows&#46; Several cercariae of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma</span> species with 37 spines have been cited in Brazil&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma lindoense</span> Sandground and Bonne&#44; 1940&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma barbosai</span> Lie and Basch&#44; 1966 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma paraensei</span> Lie and Basch&#44; 1967 were reported in snails of the genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria</span> Preston&#44; 1910&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma erraticum</span> Lutz&#44; 1924 in snails of genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Drepanotrema</span> Fischer and Crosse&#44; 1880&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma luisreyi</span> Maldonado&#44; Vieira and Lanfredi&#44; 2003 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma rodriguesi</span> in snails of the genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physa</span> Draparnaud&#44; 1801 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Komma&#44; 1972</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Lie&#44; 1968</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Pinto and Melo&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; The definitive hosts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; lindoense&#44; E&#46; rodriguesi</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; erraticum</span> are birds and mammals&#44; those of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; barbosai</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; luisreyi</span> are birds&#44; and those of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; paraensei</span> are mammals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Pinto and Melo&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two adult of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma</span> species with 37 spines in the cephalic collar &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma chloephagae</span> Sutton and Lunaschi&#44; 1980&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma mendax</span> Dietz&#44; 1909&#41; have been reported for Argentina paraziting anseriform birds &#40;Anatidae&#41; and 2 species&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma revolutum</span> &#40;Fr&#246;lich&#44; 1802&#41; Rudolphi&#44; 1809 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma rodriguensi</span> Hsu&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Lie and Bash&#44; 1968</a>&#44; paraziting rodent mammals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Lunaschi and Drago&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Lunaschi et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In Brazil adults<a name="p1029"></a> of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; mendax</span>&#44; with an arrangement of collar spines similar to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIV &#40;dorsal and lateral spines in 2 rows&#41;&#44; have been described parasitizing anseriform birds of the family Anatidae &#40;e&#46; g&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cairina moschata</span> &#40;Linnaeus&#44; 1758&#41;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Travassos et al&#46;&#44; 1969</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 9-11</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">14</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">17-18</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Measurements based on 20 formalin-fixed specimens&#46; Body 116&#8211;227 &#40;198&#41; long by 92&#8211;122 &#40;110&#41; wide&#46; Tegument without spines&#44; with 6 pairs of short lateral sensory setae between pharynx and ventral sucker and 1 pair at excretory vesicle level&#46; Head collar well developed&#44; with 31 spines arranged as 7 dorsal spines in 2 rows&#44; 8 lateral spines and 4 corner spines on each side&#46; Oral sucker subterminal&#44; 25&#8211;32 &#40;29&#41; long by 23&#8211;34 &#40;30&#41; wide&#44; with transparent tegumental rim&#46; Prepharyngeal body present with 2 globular inclusions&#46; Prepharynx short&#44; pharynx muscular&#44; 14&#8211;18 &#40;16&#41; long by 11&#8211;14 &#40;12&#41; wide&#46; Esophagus long&#44; intestine bifurcates just anterior to ventral sucker&#44; ceca dorsal to excretory tubes&#44; reaching level of excretory vesicle&#46; Ventral sucker 21&#8211;34 &#40;30&#41; long by 28&#8211;41 &#40;34&#41; wide&#44; situated posterior to midbody&#44; with conspicuous&#44; transparent tegumental rim&#46; Numerous cystogenous cells with bar-shaped contents&#44; between pharynx and end of body&#46; Penetration gland cells not conspicuous&#44; but 4 gland duct-openings visible on dorsal lip of oral sucker&#46; Excretory system stenostomate&#44; with main tubes extending from anterior wall of excretory vesicle to prepharyngeal level&#59; main collecting tubes dilated between pharyngeal and ventral sucker levels and filled with 26&#8211;42 &#40;32&#41; refractile granules&#44; 8-16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m in diameter&#46; Flame cells difficult to see&#44; arranged in at least 10 pairs&#44; excretory vesicle divided into 2 unequal chambers&#46; Caudal branch of excretory system enters anterior part of tail&#44; where it becomes reduced to a triangular sac&#44; with no visible pores&#46; Tail 306&#8211;448 &#40;398&#41; long by 30&#8211;48 &#40;42&#41; wide&#44; without fin-folds and with 4 pairs of sensory setae&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Emergence of cercariae was monitored during 2 days in 3 infected snails&#46; At 24&#46;6&#8211;36&#46;6&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C cercariae have emergency peaks between 0 am and 7 am&#46; They penetrated in exposed tadpoles of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physalaemus albonotatus</span>&#44; and encysted in the body musculature&#44; especially in the mouth region&#46; Oval cysts with double wall measured 114&#8211;132 &#40;127<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; long by 78&#8211;90 &#40;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41; wide at 12 hours PE&#46; The morphology of metacercariae is very similar to that of the cercariae&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Redia</span>&#46; Orange-brown pigmented rediae vary considerably in size of body and pharynx&#59; larger rediae were found in low numbers in each infected snail &#40;3&#8211;5&#41;&#46; Body 510&#8211;1 650 long by 130&#8211;410 wide&#44; muscular pharynx 40&#8211;210 &#47;40&#8211;175 long&#47;wide&#44; intestinal cecum 380&#8211;1 520 long reaching end of the body in the larger rediae and more than &#189; of redial length in smaller ones&#46; Two pairs of appendages&#44; 1 anterior and 1 posterior&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Taxonomic summary</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prevalence&#58;</span> 0&#46;06&#37; &#40;2010&#8211;2011&#41;&#59; 1&#46;39&#37; &#40;2011&#8211;2012&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Specimen deposited&#58;</span> accession number CECOAL 11022108&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Remarks</span>&#46; The number and arrangement of collar spines of this cercaria is similar to one of the 11 models of collar spine arrangements described for the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma</span> by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Kanev et al&#46; &#40;2009&#41;</a>&#44; but differs in the position of the first and second lateral spines&#44; which in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI correspond to the double row of dorsal spines&#46; Two species of this genus with 31 collar spines parasitize birds&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma anseris</span> Yamaguti&#44; 1939 in Japan and China and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinostoma sudanense</span> Odhner&#44; 1911 in Africa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Yamaguti&#44; 1971</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Kanev et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; In America&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dietziella egregia</span> &#40;Dietz&#44; 1909&#41; with 31 collar spines was reported paraziting <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Harpiprion caerulescens</span> &#40;Vieillot&#44; 1817&#41; in Brazil and paraziting <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plegadis chihi</span> in Argentina&#44; both threskiornithid birds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Travassos et al&#46;&#44; 1969</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Digiani&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46; In Argentina&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; II Ostrowski-de N&#250;&#241;ez et al&#46; 1990 from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; straminea</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; orbignyi</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; III <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Ostrowski-de N&#250;&#241;ez et al&#46; 1991</a> from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; occidentalis</span> in Corrientes province&#44; are similar to this new species in the number &#40;7&#41; and arrangement of dorsal spines&#44; the presence of a prepharyngeal body with 2 globular inclusions&#44; cystogenous cells with bar- shaped contents&#44; 4 gland duct-openings on the dorsal lip of the oral sucker&#44; tail without fin-folds&#44; caudal branch of the excretory system reduced to a triangular sac&#44; and similar emergence of cercariae&#44; but they differ by having 27 instead of 31 spines in the head collar&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Discussion</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study describes 3 echinostome cercariae parasitizing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; straminea</span> in a rice field from Corrientes&#44; Argentina&#44; which can now be added to the 8 echinocercaria species previously reported from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria</span> spp&#46; in this region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">Ostrowski-de N&#250;&#241;ez et al&#46;&#44; 1990&#44; 1991&#44; 1997</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Martorelli&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of the 3 species was low during the first rice cultivation cycle &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#37;&#41;&#44; whereas it was somewhat higher during the second cycle&#44; with a prevalence greater than 1&#37; only in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI&#46; The higher prevalence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI in the second rice cultivation cycle could be related to the increased presence of the definitive hosts in the environment&#46; Low levels of prevalence have been observed in previous studies from field collections when the number of snails collected was high &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">Ostrowski-de N&#250;&#241;ez et al&#46;&#44; 1990&#44; 1991&#44; 1997</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Generally&#44; prevalence level seems to be related with sample size&#58; when the number of snails collected is high&#44; the prevalence of infection is relatively<a name="p1030"></a> low and vice versa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Ewers&#44; 1964</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Ostrowski-de N&#250;&#241;ez et al&#46;&#44; 1991</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agricultural wetlands such as rice fields can harbor numerous species of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates including fishes&#44; amphibians and birds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Czech and Parson&#44; 2002</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Elphick and Oring&#44; 2003</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Stenert et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Machado and Maltchik&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Maltchik et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; In turn&#44; with the increase of rice fields and other similar agricultural activities throughout the world&#44; these agroenvironments have become important refuges for water birds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Czech and Parson&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#44; which may be reflected in the number of species recorded during samplings&#46; Although the life cycles of the cercariae described herein are not known&#44; birds could possibly be their definitive hosts&#44; based on the known life cycles of similar echinocercariae&#46; Further&#44; the positive results of experimental infections in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI in tadpoles but not in fish&#44; have suggested that its second intermediate host should be amphibian larvae&#44; which are included in the diet of several species of birds recorded in this agricultural environment&#46; In this sense&#44; the study of larval trematodes parasitiziting snails provides information about the biodiversity of both the parasites and their hosts&#44; harbored in agricultural wetlands&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; given the importance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; straminea</span> as an intermediate host of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; mansoni</span> in endemic regions adjacent to northeastern Argentina&#44; and of rice fields as environments with which humans have frequent direct contact&#44; the study of larval trematodes in agricultural habitats of Corrientes province should be encouraged to obtain further information about larval trematode species&#44; especially those that may affect the interaction between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; mansoni</span> and its host&#44; before the possible introduction of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; mansoni</span> in the area&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The species of larval Echinostomatidae that infect <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria straminea</span> &#40;Dunker&#44; 1848&#41; in a ricefield in Corrientes province&#44; Argentina&#44; were studied&#46; Examination of 5 510 snails during 2 rice cultivation cycles&#44; from December 2010 to May 2011 and from December 2011 to April 2012&#44; revealed the presence of 3 new species&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIII&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIV and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI in 36 snails &#40;0&#46;65&#37;&#41;&#46; The most common species was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI&#46; Prevalence of 3 species during the first rice cultivation cycle was low &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#37;&#41;&#44; whereas during the second rice cultivation cycle it was somewhat higher&#44; with prevalence greater than 1&#37; only in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI&#46; The species of echinocercariae in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; straminea</span> from the agricultural habitat described in the present study are new additions to the species already reported for the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria</span> in the region&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron las especies de echinocercarias que infectan a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria straminea</span> &#40;Dunker&#44; 1848&#41; en un campo de arroz de la provincia de Corrientes&#44; Argentina&#46; La prospecci&#243;n de 5 510 caracoles durante 2 ciclos de cultivo de arroz&#44; desde diciembre de 2010 a mayo de 2011 y desde diciembre de 2011 a abril de 2012&#44; revel&#243; la presencia de 3 nuevas especies&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIII&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XIV y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI en 36 caracoles &#40;0&#46;65&#37;&#41;&#46; La especie m&#225;s com&#250;n fue <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI&#46; Durante el primer ciclo de cultivo de arroz las prevalencias de las 3 especies fueron bajas &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#37;&#41;&#44; mientras que durante el segundo ciclo de cultivo de arroz las prevalencias fueron algo mayores&#44; con valores superiores al 1&#37; solo en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinocercaria</span> sp&#46; XVI&#46; Las especies de echinocercarias descritas en el presente estudio parasitando a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; straminea</span> de un ambiente agr&#237;cola&#44; se adicionan al registro de especies para el g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biomphalaria</span> en la regi&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information

ISSN: 18703453
Original language: English

DOI:10.7550/rmb.43875

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	0	2
2024 October	20	5	25
2024 September	35	6	41
2024 August	33	4	37
2024 July	27	3	30
2024 June	26	9	35
2024 May	11	2	13
2024 April	20	3	23
2024 March	29	8	37
2024 February	33	3	36
2024 January	37	8	45
2023 December	46	14	60
2023 November	38	8	46
2023 October	45	13	58
2023 September	31	6	37
2023 August	47	9	56
2023 July	33	18	51
2023 June	46	9	55
2023 May	53	10	63
2023 April	63	5	68
2023 March	57	6	63
2023 February	39	3	42
2023 January	44	6	50
2022 December	37	10	47
2022 November	37	9	46
2022 October	27	7	34
2022 September	29	8	37
2022 August	25	9	34
2022 July	55	6	61
2022 June	25	6	31
2022 May	29	11	40
2022 April	29	13	42
2022 March	52	10	62
2022 February	27	4	31
2022 January	25	6	31
2021 December	33	8	41
2021 November	32	6	38
2021 October	40	8	48
2021 September	37	11	48
2021 August	24	3	27
2021 July	18	10	28
2021 June	22	9	31
2021 May	31	7	38
2021 April	40	18	58
2021 March	30	7	37
2021 February	27	5	32
2021 January	22	12	34
2020 December	23	4	27
2020 November	27	4	31
2020 October	20	4	24
2020 September	21	5	26
2020 August	26	7	33
2020 July	5	1	6
2020 June	10	3	13
2020 May	24	7	31
2020 April	6	5	11
2020 March	10	2	12
2020 February	6	1	7
2020 January	10	3	13
2019 December	10	1	11
2019 November	13	2	15
2019 October	2	1	3
2019 September	11	3	14
2019 August	8	3	11
2019 July	9	2	11
2019 June	29	12	41
2019 May	68	13	81
2019 April	40	21	61
2019 March	5	3	8
2019 February	4	4	8
2019 January	3	1	4
2018 December	14	0	14
2018 November	14	2	16
2018 October	39	10	49
2018 September	49	8	57
2018 August	21	5	26
2018 July	13	1	14
2018 June	14	1	15
2018 May	13	9	22
2018 April	18	3	21
2018 March	21	2	23
2018 February	9	0	9
2018 January	13	1	14
2017 December	6	0	6
2017 November	16	9	25
2017 October	11	8	19
2017 September	11	17	28
2017 August	12	3	15
2017 July	16	1	17
2017 June	21	14	35
2017 May	25	21	46
2017 April	17	28	45
2017 March	16	56	72
2017 February	37	0	37
2017 January	17	0	17
2016 December	17	6	23
2016 November	19	4	23
2016 October	18	6	24
2016 September	28	3	31
2016 August	9	9	18
2016 July	9	1	10

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