Dimorphism and population size of the Mexican redrump tarantula, Brachypelma vagans (Araneae: Theraphosidae), in Southeast Mexico

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Centenario Km. 5.5, 77014 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular y Conservación, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur., Av. Centenario Km. 5.5, 77014 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Análisis de Información Geográfica y Estadística, Av. Centenario Km. 5.5, 77014 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Dimorfismos y tamaño de poblaciones de la tarántula de cadera roja Brachypelma vagans (Araneae: Theraphosidae), en el sureste de México" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1291 "Ancho" => 1663 "Tamanyo" => 65867 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean (±standard error) of morphological measurements (mm) among Brachypelma vagans males (gray) and females (white) for the site in Campeche State. For abbreviations of morphological measurements see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. Mann–Whitney U-test: ns, not significant; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe large “tarantula” family Theraphosidae Thorell, 1869 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) consists of 128 genera and 975 species distributed worldwide (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">World Spider Catalog, 2015</a>). Brachypelma Simon, 1891 comprises 21 species that can be found within the Mesoamerican biological corridor; 14 species occur in Mexico, including 13 endemics and 1 (Brachypelma vagans) that is widely distributed in Mexico and Central America (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">World Spider Catalog, 2015</a>). All are listed in Appendix II of the CITES convention (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), primarily to protect them from the illegal pet trade in the black market, as these highly sought species are very docile, large, and beautifully colored (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">West, 2005</a>). Species of Brachypelma face other serious problems such as habitat destruction, high juvenile mortality, and late sexual maturity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2007</a>), leading to population decline or local extinction. Due to the vulnerability of the entire genus, some studies have concentrated on understanding their ecology (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Criscuolo, Font-Sala, Bouillaud, Poulin, & Trabalon, 2010; Dor, Machkour-M’Rabet, Legal, Williams, & Hénaut, 2008; Machkour-M’Rabet, Hénaut, Rojo, & Calmé, 2005; Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2007; Vilchis-Nestor, Machkour-M’Rabet, Barriga-Sosa, Winterton, & Hénaut, 2013; Yáñez & Floater, 2000</a>); behavior (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">Dor, Calmé, & Hénaut, 2011; Dor & Hénaut, 2011, 2012, 2013; Locht, Yáñez, & Vázquez, 1999; Reichling, 2000; Yáñez, Locht, & Macías-Ordóñez, 1999</a>); genetic structure (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">Longhorn, Nicholas, Chuter, & Volger, 2007; Machkour-M’Rabet, Hénaut, Calmé, & Legal, 2012; Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2009</a>), and traditional use by local populations (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Machkour-M’Rabet, Hénaut, Winterton, & Rojo, 2011</a>). The Brachypelma species are restricted to small and specific areas, with one exception, the Mexican redrump tarantula B. vagans Ausserer, 1875. This is the only species of the genus that is widely distributed and has been subject to several studies during recent years (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">Dor et al., 2008, 2011; Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012</a>), also B. vagans was identified in Florida (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Edwards & Hibbard, 1999</a>) and Cozumel Island (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2012</a>) as an invasive exotic tarantula. These studies demonstrate that this tarantula may be present in high densities in rural villages with low levels of anthropogenic disturbance and closed to medium semi-evergreen forests (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2005</a>). In these areas, soil structure appears to be an important factor explaining the presence and high density of B. vagans due to their burrower condition (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2007</a>). In this context, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Hénaut and Machkour-M’Rabet (2005)</a> observed that coexisting females are very aggressive toward congeners and commonly attack other females, which are detected by chemical cues (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Dor et al., 2008</a>).Many species of animals with wide distribution ranges exhibit geographical variations in growth and life history traits (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Stillwell & Fox, 2009</a>). The body size of many animals varies with latitude and altitude (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">Blanckenhorn & Demont, 2004; Stillwell, Morse, & Fox, 2007</a>), and the most common environmental variable advocated to explain body size variation is temperature (thermocline) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Stillwell & Fox, 2009</a>). The geographic adaptations of animals, which include variations in body size, are generally genetically based (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Armbruster, Bradshaw, Ruegg, & Holzapfel, 2001; Karl, Janowitz, & Fisher, 2008</a>). Studies show that a thermocline (or other factors which vary with latitude or altitude) can result in both intra-specific and inter-specific size dimorphism (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">Blanckenhorn, Stillwell, Young, Fox, & Ashton, 2006; Stillwell & Fox, 2007; Teder & Tammaru, 2005</a>). The body size of animals may also be correlated with population density (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Robinson & Redford, 1986</a>). Studies on Nephila clavipes Leach, 1815 (Araneae, Nephilidae) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">Higgins, 1992, 1993, 1995</a>) demonstrated that environmental variations result in differences in the size of individuals between spider populations. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Higgins (2000)</a> showed that seasonal variations or prey availability result in dissimilarities in spider size; females strategically adapt to these fluctuations by reaching maturity earlier when ecological conditions are degraded or reproduce before the end of the favorable season. Furthermore, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Higgins (2000)</a> demonstrated that late maturing N. clavipes females present lower reproductive success in strongly seasonal habitats. In B. vagans, a recent study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Vilchis-Nestor et al., 2013</a>) showed that individuals recently introduced to an island (Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo, Mexico), had larger adults and a lower diversity of body patterns than individuals from mainland populations (e.g., the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico).The principal type of dimorphism in spiders is sexual dimorphism, with males usually smaller than females (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Hormiga, Scharff, & Coddington, 2000</a>). According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Darwin (1871)</a> and present day authors, the first example of sexual dimorphism in animals was observed in spiders, principally web-building species from various families, but also for non-web-building groups such as the Lycosidae Rabidos rabida (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Walker & Rypstra, 2001</a>). Although sexual dimorphism is extreme in web-building spiders, non-web-building spiders generally have a lower degree of dimorphism (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Walker & Rypstra, 2001</a>). Sexual dimorphism is also evident in the relative size of body parts, with males having comparatively longer legs than females (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Prenter, Montgomery, & Elwood, 1995</a>). In Theraphosidae, males and females appear to be similar sized, but they present sexual dimorphism with respect to metabolic rates (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Shillington, 2005</a>). Tarantula females are sit-and-wait predators that remain in the same location during large periods of time. In contrast, males disperse by walking and actively search for females over large distances (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2012; Shillington, 2002</a>).This study compares populations of B. vagans from different geographical locations in Southeast Mexico. First, the study aims to determine if tarantula population size varies according to different geographical locations. Second, we focus on dimorphism among females from different populations to determine if geographical dimorphism occurs in B. vagans.Materials and methodsAll data for the morphology of B. vagans were obtained from a total of 6 sites in four different states of southern Mexico (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). In Chiapas, we sampled 2 sites, El Castaño (CH-EC; 15°17′N, 92°58′W, 16masl) near the Pacific coast, and in Frontera Corozal (CH-FC; 16°49′N, 90°53′W, 117masl) in the Lacandona rainforest. In Campeche, we visited 1 site (11 de Mayo; C-11M; 18°18′N, 89°27′W, 281masl) close to the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. In Quintana Roo, we visited 2 sites, 1 on the mainland (Coba; QR-CB; 20°28′N, 87°44′W, 13masl) and 1 on Cozumel Island (Rancho Guadalupe; QR-RG; 20°29′N, 86°50′W, 17masl). We also recorded data from a site in Veracruz (Paso de Milpa; V-PM; 19°26′N, 96°36′W, 260masl). Collections were made at the beginning of the rainy season for Chiapas and Yucatán Peninsula, which is between May and July. The start of the rains coincides with the reproductive season. All the sites studied were rural communities with similar ecological characteristics: deep clay soil with little vegetation, roots, and limestone rocks (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2005, 2007</a>). Climatic characteristics were very similar for all study sites (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Individual spiders were collected manually throughout the entire area. Despite differences in study area size, most tarantulas were found in their burrows, which were concentrated in particular areas such as gardens or football fields, as observed in previous studies (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2005, 2007</a>). In Veracruz and Campeche states, we also collected males found walking close to the sampling area (less than 1km). We also recorded morphological data for these males as they were considered characteristic of the corresponding localities. Males and females were sexed by the tibial apophysis of leg I and the palp embolus in males, and by the females spermathecae. Collected individuals were measured and classified as adults (males and females) or juveniles based on sexual characters. The specimens were collected and measured in the field during the night between 20:30 and 00:30h. A small stick was used to remove the spiders from their burrows and handle them carefully by hand. For each individual, we measured the length and width of the prosoma (Lpro and Wpro, respectively), the length of patella I (PI) and IV (PIV), and tibia I (TI) and IV (TIV) as described by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Chamberlin and Ivie (1938)</a>, the same methodology used in previous studies (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2005</a>). Measurements were taken in millimeters using a digital vernier (Truper). The individuals were weighed (W) to the nearest 0.1g using a spring balance (Pesola), the measurements of the weight were in grams (g). Once all the data had been recorded, each spider was released in front of the entrance to its burrow. Specimens from previous research in the same areas are deposited in the Museum of Zoology, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.The G-test was used to compare the number of males, females, and juveniles collected among sites. Morphological measurements for males and females recorded at the sites were compared using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test.In Veracruz and Campeche state, walking males that were found close to but outside the sampling area were considered for means of analysis, representative of males from within the study area. To compare morphological measurements of females between sites, a nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test was carried out, followed by a post hoc comparison of mean rank. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistica v7.0.ResultsWe collected a total of 126 B. vagans individuals from the 6 sites: 41 juveniles and 85 adults. The number of females (n=77) was significantly higher (G=64, d.f.=1, p=0.000) than males (n=8), giving an overall sex ratio of approximately 10 females per male. In Campeche and Veracruz we found 6 and 11 males, respectively, outside the sampling area on the village perimeter.The number of individuals observed presents a high degree of variation according to location. In Veracruz, 10 females were observed at the Paso de Milpa site. In Chiapas, 6 females and 1 male were observed in El Castaño and 3 females and 1 juvenile in Frontera Corozal. In Quintana Roo, 11 individuals (3 females, 1 male, and 7 juveniles) were observed in Cobá and 26 in Cozumel (9 females and 17 juveniles). Sixty-seven tarantulas were observed at the 11 de Mayo site in the state of Campeche (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The number of collected individuals at each site varied considerably (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>), varying between 4 and 11 individuals at the sites in Chiapas, Veracruz, and mainland Quintana Roo. At Rancho Guadalupe (Cozumel Island) we observed 23 individuals, while the 11 de Mayo site, with 67 individuals, accounted for the largest proportion (53%) of the total number of spiders collected at the 6 sites.Males and females were compared in populations with a sufficient number of individuals of each sex, fixed at a minimum of 6. Only the sites in Campeche and Veracruz met this minimum number. Male and female spiders presented significant differences in size in Campeche (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Males were significantly larger than females with longer legs (tibias from the I and IV legs, and patella from the IV leg) and prosoma. Female weight (mean±SE: 7.7±0.6g) was also significantly lower (Mann–Whitney U-test: U=132, p=0.008) than male weight (mean±SE: 11.3±1g). This was not the case in Veracruz, especially with respect to the females and males found in Paso de Milpa. At this site, males were significantly larger than females in two measurements: TI male: 13.2±0.3mm, TI female: 10.8±0.4mm (Mann–Whitney U-test: U=4, p=0.000), and TIV male: 13.2±0.4mm, TIV female: 11.4±0.3mm (Mann–Whitney U-test: U=17.5, p=0.008). Males were significantly lighter than females (males: 8.9±0.4g vs. females: 21.3±1.5g; U=0.00, p=0.000). In this area no differences between sexes were observed for other morphological characters: PI (males: 9.5±0.1mm vs. females: 9±0.4mm; U=55, p=0.4), PIV (males: 8.6±0.1mm vs. females: 8.6±0.2mm; U=50, p=0.3), prosoma length (males: 19.7±0.4mm vs. females: 20.8±0.6mm; U=52, p=0.4), and prosoma width (males: 18±0.4mm vs. females: 19.8±0.6mm; U=55, p=0.5).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Comparing males found in different geographical areas, no significant differences were observed between Campeche and Veracruz: PI (Campeche 8.12±1mm; Veracruz: 9.5±0.4mm; U=55, p=0.4), TI (Campeche 13.8±0.4mm; Veracruz: 13.2±0.3mm; U=46, p=0.2), PIV (Campeche 8.2±0.3mm; Veracruz: 8.6±0.1mm; U=50, p=0.3), TIV (Campeche 13.8±0.4mm; Veracruz: 13.2±0.4mm; U=44, p=0.17), prosoma length (Campeche 18.7±0.7mm; Veracruz: 19.7±0.4mm; U=52, p=0.4), prosoma width (Campeche 17.5±0.7mm; Veracruz: 18±0.4mm; U=55, p=0.5), and weight (Campeche 11.3±1mm; Veracruz: 8.9±0.4mm; U=21, p=0.1).Due to the low number of female individuals observed at most sites, we could only compare females from 4 of them: Paso de Milpa in Veracruz with 10 females, El Castaño in Chiapas with 6 females, Rancho Guadalupe in Quintana Roo with 9 females, and 11 de Mayo Campeche with 45 females. Despite the low number of individuals, differences in size between females from the area with a high number of individuals (11 de Mayo) and areas with few individuals (the remaining localities), demonstrate a significant difference between 11 de Mayo and the other sites. Leg and prosoma size is significantly lower in female tarantulas from Campeche when compared to the other 3 sites. Weight is higher in tarantulas from Chiapas, Cozumel (Rancho Guadalupe), and Veracruz. Despite their geographical distance, the morphology of tarantulas from populations with low number of individuals appears to be similar (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionSome studies of tarantulas show different aspects of sexual dimorphism. For example, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">Shillington (2002, 2005)</a> reported the significance of life history sexual dimorphism for Aphonopelma anax Chamberlin, 1940 (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mature male tarantulas lead a very active life that revolves around searching for females for reproduction. This implies higher energy demands, leading to a higher resting metabolic rate (RMR) than females. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Pérez-Miles (2002)</a> described sexual dimorphism related to abdominal urticating hairs for different species of tarantula of the Theraphosinae subfamily; however, few formal studies have reported sexual size dimorphism in tarantulas. Shillington observed that males of A. anax have a smaller abdomen and longer legs than females (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Shillington & Peterson, 2002</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Pérez-Miles (1989)</a> observed variation in somatic characters between males and females, particularly for legs and prosoma. This study presents, for the first time, clear evidence of sexual size dimorphism in tibia length for Brachypelma. Males of B. vagans have a significantly longer tibia than females, probably a result of selective pressure related to the reproductive role of wandering males. For many species of tarantula, sexually mature males abandon their burrow and actively search for females to mate with over a large geographical area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Shillington, 2002</a>), which makes it more difficult to find males than females. This capacity of males increases their reproductive success and gene dispersal. A recent genetic study of B. vagans (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2012</a>) reported that the males of this species have a very high potential for dispersal. As the males cover long distances while seeking a mate (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">Shillington, 2002; Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2012</a>), this could have led to the phenotypic adaptation of a longer tibia. Another explanation could be that during reproduction the male hooks the female fangs to elevate the female body and insert the palpal organ into the female genitalia (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Shillington & Verrell, 1997</a>); consequently, access to female genitalia could be favored by longer legs in males, particularly pair I, to facilitate the reproduction process. Therefore, the evolutionary process may favor longer legs in males. Male size may also be an adaptation for protection against females that may not predate organisms of an equivalent or larger size, given the risk of injuries.In non-web building spiders, males had longer legs than females (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Walker & Rypstra, 2001</a>), but not bigger prosoma. At the Campeche site females are numerous and smaller than in other populations. In addition, they are smaller than males found within the same population. Few studies have reported cases of geographical variation in sexual dimorphism in arthropods (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Bidau & Martí, 2007; Blanckenhorn & Demont, 2004; Stillwell & Fox, 2009</a>). For spiders, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Pekár and Vañhara (2006)</a> described geographical sexual size dimorphism in Zodarion rubidum Simon, 1914 (Araneae: Zodariidae), an ant-eating spider. Regions with higher temperatures provide optimal conditions for higher prey availability resulting in larger females (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Pekár & Vañhara, 2006</a>). In addition to variations in resource availability, the quality of prey can also influence intraspecific variation in body size (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Amarello et al., 2010</a>). However, in Campeche where females are smaller, male size does not appear to be affected. Data were collected at sites with human presence that are frequently inhabited by B. vagans (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2005</a>); therefore, there is little pressure from natural predators such as the mammal “coatí”, Nasua narica L., 1766 (Carnivora: Procyonidae) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Hirsch, 2009</a>), since wild mammals do not normally venture into human settlements. The Pepsi wasps (Pepsis spp.; Hymenoptera, Pompilidae), also known as tarantula-hawks, as described by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Cazier and Mortenson (1964)</a>, may also predate on B. vagans. However, during our time in the communities of Campeche (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">Hénaut & Machkour-M’Rabet, 2005; Machkour-M’Rabet et al., 2005, 2007, 2011</a>), this species of wasp was rarely observed and does not appear to be an important predator of tarantula populations. The number of individuals per population may explain the morphological differences between females from different populations and, between males and females in the Campeche population. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M’Rabet et al. (2005, 2007)</a> describe the relationship between traditional human activity, soil characteristics, and the presence of B. vagans in villages. Using the characteristics from these initial studies, it was easy to find B. vagans individuals at other sites, even though they were geographically distant. However, the number of tarantulas varied considerably with more individuals found at the Campeche site. Although, the causes are still unknown, the high number of tarantulas in 11 de Mayo site may indicate that ecological factors are particularly favorable for these spiders in this particular area, although female tarantulas were smaller than those found in other geographical areas. The latter may be associated with a high degree of intraspecific competition, with large numbers of individuals competing for the same resources. Moreover, cannibalism behavior was commonly observed between females at this site (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Hénaut & Machkour-M’Rabet, 2005</a>).The number of spiders collected is a good indicator of the abundance of tarantulas at each locality. The high number of tarantulas observed in Campeche State and the low number of B. vagans observed in others sites of southern Mexico has to be seriously considered when developing conservation strategies for this species. As B. vagans may rapidly go extinct in states where their numbers are so low, there is a clear need for this species to receive adequate protection. Furthermore, large populations of this tarantula in Campeche need to be provided special protection as they represent important centers of dispersal and resilience for this species. Moreover, the population from Campeche, close to the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, had more individuals than the remaining populations. This may be a result of its proximity to a large protected area, and further research may help us understand the importance of these areas for the conservation of the Mexican redrump Tarantula." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres558878" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec574635" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres558879" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec574634" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack188089" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-07-10" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-03-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec574635" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Brachypelma" 1 => "Tarantulas" 2 => "Density" 3 => "Morphometry" 4 => "Sexual dimorphism" 5 => "Conservation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec574634" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Brachypelma" 1 => "Tarántulas" 2 => "Densidad" 3 => "Morfometría" 4 => "Dimorfismo sexual" 5 => "Conservación" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "As a general rule, spiders exhibit sexual dimorphism and their populations may differ in size according to season duration and resource availability. However, few studies have focused on dimorphism in tarantulas. Mexican redrump tarantulas, Brachypelma vagans, listed in CITES, have an exceptionally wide distribution. Surprisingly, there are no studies on the possible relationship between the abundance of tarantulas per population and the geographical areas where they are present, or on how the distribution pattern of this spider may affect individual morphological characteristics. Furthermore, there are no studies on sexual dimorphism within the genus Brachypelma. The aim of the study is to determine the existence of sexual and geographical dimorphism in populations of B. vagans. It was observed that the abundance of spiders per population may vary according to the geographical areas where they were recorded. In six localities in southern Mexico, we recorded morphological data on adult tarantulas. Sexual dimorphism was clearly observed at the site that presented numerous spiders characterized by much smaller females. Since the results of this study demonstrate differences in tarantula number of individuals per locality in southern Mexico, they make an important contribution to the conservation of this species." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "El dimorfismo sexual es muy común en las arañas, pero también existen diferencias morfológicas entre poblaciones en función de las temporadas y la disponibilidad en los recursos. Pocos estudios han analizado el dimorfismo en tarántulas. La tarántula mexicana de cadera roja Brachypelma vagans, listada en el CITES, presenta una distribución amplia. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre sus poblaciones por áreas geográficas y sobre cómo el patrón de distribución de estos organismos, puede afectar las características morfológicas individuales. Tampoco se ha estudiado el dimorfismo sexual en el género Brachypelma. Nuestro estudio se enfoca en determinar si existen dimorfismos sexual y geográfico en poblaciones específicas de B. vagans. Se observó que la abundancia de tarántulas encontradas por población suele ser diferente de acuerdo con las áreas geográficas donde fueron observadas. Registramos datos morfológicos de tarántulas adultas en 6 sitios geográficos distribuidos en el sureste de México. Encontramos dimorfismo sexual únicamente en un sitio que presenta un número de arañas muy alto y donde las hembras son más pequeñas que en otras localidades. Nuestros resultados, considerando la variación en número de individuos por localidades a lo largo del sureste mexicano, tienen consecuencias para la conservación de esta especie." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "Peer Review under the responsibility of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2196 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 263794 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Map of sites where Brachypelma vagans was observed in Southeast Mexico. F, numbers of female individuals; M, number of male individuals; J, number of juvenile individuals. For codes of sites see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The number of wandering males found close to but not inside each sampling area is not considered in this figure." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1291 "Ancho" => 1663 "Tamanyo" => 65867 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean (±standard error) of morphological measurements (mm) among Brachypelma vagans males (gray) and females (white) for the site in Campeche State. For abbreviations of morphological measurements see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. Mann–Whitney U-test: ns, not significant; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Locality (state); abbreviation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Summer rain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Paso de Milpa (Veracruz); V-PM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Warm subtropical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">800–1,000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Low winter precipitation (<5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11 de Mayo (Campeche); C-11M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Warm subtropical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1,000–1,200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">High winter precipitation (>10.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Frontera Corozal (Chiapas); CH-FC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Warm tropical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2,000–2,500 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Medium winter precipitation (5%<WP<10.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">El Castaño (Chiapas); CH-EC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Warm tropical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2,000–2,500 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Low winter precipitation (<5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Cobá (Quintana Roo); QR-CB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Warm subtropical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1,200–1,500 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">High winter precipitation (>10.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Rancho Guadalupe (Cozumel); QR-RG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Warm tropical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1,500–1,800 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">High winter precipitation (10.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab901873.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Climatic and seasonal characteristics of the sampling sites where Brachypelma vagans individuals were collected. CT, climate type; T, annual mean temperature in degrees; P, annual precipitation in mm." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C-11MNF=45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">V-PMNF=10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">QR-RGNF=9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CH-ECNF=6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">KW test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">PI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.2±0.3 (a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.0±0.4 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.3±1 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.2±0.1 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">PIV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.9±0.2 (a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.8±0.4 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.8±0.2 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.8±0.1 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.4±0.2 (a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.6±0.2 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.5±0.2 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.4±0.1 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TIV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10±0.2 (a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.4±0.5 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.4±0.3 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.9±0.1 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Lpro \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.9±0.5 (a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.8±0.6 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.8±0.8 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.8±0.5 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Wpro \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.5±0.5 (a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.8±0.6 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.6±0.7 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.9±0.3 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">W \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.1±0.6 (a) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.3±1.5 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.7±0.8 (b) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">*** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab901872.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean (±standard error) for all morphological measures at sites with different number of females tarantulas. C-11M, 11 de Mayo site in Campeche, V-PM Paso de Milpa in Veracruz; CH-EC, El Castaño in Chiapas; QR-RG, Rancho Guadalupe in Cozumel Island Quintana Roo. NF, number of female individuals; morphological measurements in mm; PI, and PIV, length of patella I and IV respectively; TI and TIV, length of tibia I and IV, respectively; Lpro and Wpro, length and width of the prosoma, respectively. W=weight (in g). Kruskal–Wallis test: **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; NP, not possible. 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Permit # FAUT-0241 was granted to Dr. Yann Hénaut, issued by the Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, according to the Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-126-ECOL-2000." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18703453/0000008600000003/v1_201509250133/S1870345315000792/v1_201509250133/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "41749" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ecología/Ecology" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18703453/0000008600000003/v1_201509250133/S1870345315000792/v1_201509250133/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345315000792?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Ecology

Dimorfismos y tamaño de poblaciones de la tarántula de cadera roja Brachypelma vagans (Araneae: Theraphosidae), en el sureste de México

Yann Hénauta,

Corresponding author

yhenaut@ecosur.mx

Corresponding author.

, Salima Machkour-M’Rabetb, Holger Weissenbergerc, Roberto Rojoa

a Laboratorio de Conducta Animal, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur., Av. Centenario Km. 5.5, 77014 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico

b Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular y Conservación, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur., Av. Centenario Km. 5.5, 77014 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico

c Laboratorio de Análisis de Información Geográfica y Estadística, Av. Centenario Km. 5.5, 77014 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico

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primarily to protect them from the illegal pet trade in the black market&#44; as these highly sought species are very docile&#44; large&#44; and beautifully colored &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">West&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma</span> face other serious problems such as habitat destruction&#44; high juvenile mortality&#44; and late sexual maturity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#44; leading to population decline or local extinction&#46; Due to the vulnerability of the entire genus&#44; some studies have concentrated on understanding their ecology &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Criscuolo&#44; Font-Sala&#44; Bouillaud&#44; Poulin&#44; &#38; Trabalon&#44; 2010&#59; Dor&#44; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet&#44; Legal&#44; Williams&#44; &#38; H&#233;naut&#44; 2008&#59; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet&#44; H&#233;naut&#44; Rojo&#44; &#38; Calm&#233;&#44; 2005&#59; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2007&#59; Vilchis-Nestor&#44; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet&#44; Barriga-Sosa&#44; Winterton&#44; &#38; H&#233;naut&#44; 2013&#59; Y&#225;&#241;ez &#38; Floater&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#59; behavior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">Dor&#44; Calm&#233;&#44; &#38; H&#233;naut&#44; 2011&#59; Dor &#38; H&#233;naut&#44; 2011&#44; 2012&#44; 2013&#59; Locht&#44; Y&#225;&#241;ez&#44; &#38; V&#225;zquez&#44; 1999&#59; Reichling&#44; 2000&#59; Y&#225;&#241;ez&#44; Locht&#44; &#38; Mac&#237;as-Ord&#243;&#241;ez&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#59; genetic structure &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">Longhorn&#44; Nicholas&#44; Chuter&#44; &#38; Volger&#44; 2007&#59; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet&#44; H&#233;naut&#44; Calm&#233;&#44; &#38; Legal&#44; 2012&#59; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; and traditional use by local populations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet&#44; H&#233;naut&#44; Winterton&#44; &#38; Rojo&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma</span> species are restricted to small and specific areas&#44; with one exception&#44; the Mexican redrump tarantula <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> Ausserer&#44; 1875&#46; This is the only species of the genus that is widely distributed and has been subject to several studies during recent years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">Dor et al&#46;&#44; 2008&#44; 2011&#59; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2005&#44; 2007&#44; 2009&#44; 2011&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; also <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> was identified in Florida &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Edwards &#38; Hibbard&#44; 1999</a>&#41; and Cozumel Island &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41; as an invasive exotic tarantula&#46; These studies demonstrate that this tarantula may be present in high densities in rural villages with low levels of anthropogenic disturbance and closed to medium semi-evergreen forests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; In these areas&#44; soil structure appears to be an important factor explaining the presence and high density of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> due to their burrower condition &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In this context&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">H&#233;naut and Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet &#40;2005&#41;</a> observed that coexisting females are very aggressive toward congeners and commonly attack other females&#44; which are detected by chemical cues &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Dor et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many species of animals with wide distribution ranges exhibit geographical variations in growth and life history traits &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Stillwell &#38; Fox&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; The body size of many animals varies with latitude and altitude &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">Blanckenhorn &#38; Demont&#44; 2004&#59; Stillwell&#44; Morse&#44; &#38; Fox&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#44; and the most common environmental variable advocated to explain body size variation is temperature &#40;thermocline&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Stillwell &#38; Fox&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; The geographic adaptations of animals&#44; which include variations in body size&#44; are generally genetically based &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Armbruster&#44; Bradshaw&#44; Ruegg&#44; &#38; Holzapfel&#44; 2001&#59; Karl&#44; Janowitz&#44; &#38; Fisher&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; Studies show that a thermocline &#40;or other factors which vary with latitude or altitude&#41; can result in both intra-specific and inter-specific size dimorphism &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">Blanckenhorn&#44; Stillwell&#44; Young&#44; Fox&#44; &#38; Ashton&#44; 2006&#59; Stillwell &#38; Fox&#44; 2007&#59; Teder &#38; Tammaru&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; The body size of animals may also be correlated with population density &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Robinson &#38; Redford&#44; 1986</a>&#41;&#46; Studies on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nephila clavipes</span> Leach&#44; 1815 &#40;Araneae&#44; Nephilidae&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">Higgins&#44; 1992&#44; 1993&#44; 1995</a>&#41; demonstrated that environmental variations result in differences in the size of individuals between spider populations&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Higgins &#40;2000&#41;</a> showed that seasonal variations or prey availability result in dissimilarities in spider size&#59; females strategically adapt to these fluctuations by reaching maturity earlier when ecological conditions are degraded or reproduce before the end of the favorable season&#46; Furthermore&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Higgins &#40;2000&#41;</a> demonstrated that late maturing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; clavipes</span> females present lower reproductive success in strongly seasonal habitats&#46; In <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span>&#44; a recent study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Vilchis-Nestor et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41; showed that individuals recently introduced to an island &#40;Cozumel Island&#44; Quintana Roo&#44; Mexico&#41;&#44; had larger adults and a lower diversity of body patterns than individuals from mainland populations &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; the Yucat&#225;n Peninsula&#44; Mexico&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The principal type of dimorphism in spiders is sexual dimorphism&#44; with males usually smaller than females &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Hormiga&#44; Scharff&#44; &#38; Coddington&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Darwin &#40;1871&#41;</a> and present day authors&#44; the first example of sexual dimorphism in animals was observed in spiders&#44; principally web-building species from various families&#44; but also for non-web-building groups such as the Lycosidae <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rabidos rabida</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Walker &#38; Rypstra&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; Although sexual dimorphism is extreme in web-building spiders&#44; non-web-building spiders generally have a lower degree of dimorphism &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Walker &#38; Rypstra&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; Sexual dimorphism is also evident in the relative size of body parts&#44; with males having comparatively longer legs than females &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Prenter&#44; Montgomery&#44; &#38; Elwood&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#46; In Theraphosidae&#44; males and females appear to be similar sized&#44; but they present sexual dimorphism with respect to metabolic rates &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Shillington&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Tarantula females are sit-and-wait predators that remain in the same location during large periods of time&#46; In contrast&#44; males disperse by walking and actively search for females over large distances &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2012&#59; Shillington&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study compares populations of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> from different geographical locations in Southeast Mexico&#46; First&#44; the study aims to determine if tarantula population size varies according to different geographical locations&#46; Second&#44; we focus on dimorphism among females from different populations to determine if geographical dimorphism occurs in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All data for the morphology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> were obtained from a total of 6 sites in four different states of southern Mexico &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; In Chiapas&#44; we sampled 2 sites&#44; El Casta&#241;o &#40;CH-EC&#59; 15&#176;17&#8242;N&#44; 92&#176;58&#8242;W&#44; 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>masl&#41; near the Pacific coast&#44; and in Frontera Corozal &#40;CH-FC&#59; 16&#176;49&#8242;N&#44; 90&#176;53&#8242;W&#44; 117<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>masl&#41; in the Lacandona rainforest&#46; In Campeche&#44; we visited 1 site &#40;11 de Mayo&#59; C-11M&#59; 18&#176;18&#8242;N&#44; 89&#176;27&#8242;W&#44; 281<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>masl&#41; close to the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve&#46; In Quintana Roo&#44; we visited 2 sites&#44; 1 on the mainland &#40;Coba&#59; QR-CB&#59; 20&#176;28&#8242;N&#44; 87&#176;44&#8242;W&#44; 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>masl&#41; and 1 on Cozumel Island &#40;Rancho Guadalupe&#59; QR-RG&#59; 20&#176;29&#8242;N&#44; 86&#176;50&#8242;W&#44; 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>masl&#41;&#46; We also recorded data from a site in Veracruz &#40;Paso de Milpa&#59; V-PM&#59; 19&#176;26&#8242;N&#44; 96&#176;36&#8242;W&#44; 260<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>masl&#41;&#46; Collections were made at the beginning of the rainy season for Chiapas and Yucat&#225;n Peninsula&#44; which is between May and July&#46; The start of the rains coincides with the reproductive season&#46; All the sites studied were rural communities with similar ecological characteristics&#58; deep clay soil with little vegetation&#44; roots&#44; and limestone rocks &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2005&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; Climatic characteristics were very similar for all study sites &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individual spiders were collected manually throughout the entire area&#46; Despite differences in study area size&#44; most tarantulas were found in their burrows&#44; which were concentrated in particular areas such as gardens or football fields&#44; as observed in previous studies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2005&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In Veracruz and Campeche states&#44; we also collected males found walking close to the sampling area &#40;less than 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#41;&#46; We also recorded morphological data for these males as they were considered characteristic of the corresponding localities&#46; Males and females were sexed by the tibial apophysis of leg I and the palp embolus in males&#44; and by the females spermathecae&#46; Collected individuals were measured and classified as adults &#40;males and females&#41; or juveniles based on sexual characters&#46; The specimens were collected and measured in the field during the night between 20&#58;30 and 00&#58;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; A small stick was used to remove the spiders from their burrows and handle them carefully by hand&#46; For each individual&#44; we measured the length and width of the prosoma &#40;Lpro and Wpro&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; the length of patella I &#40;PI&#41; and IV &#40;PIV&#41;&#44; and tibia I &#40;TI&#41; and IV &#40;TIV&#41; as described by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Chamberlin and Ivie &#40;1938&#41;</a>&#44; the same methodology used in previous studies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Measurements were taken in millimeters using a digital vernier &#40;Truper&#41;&#46; The individuals were weighed &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">W</span>&#41; to the nearest 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g using a spring balance &#40;Pesola&#41;&#44; the measurements of the weight were in grams &#40;g&#41;&#46; Once all the data had been recorded&#44; each spider was released in front of the entrance to its burrow&#46; Specimens from previous research in the same areas are deposited in the Museum of Zoology&#44; El Colegio de la Frontera Sur &#40;ECOSUR&#41;&#44; Chetumal&#44; Quintana Roo&#44; Mexico&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G</span>-test was used to compare the number of males&#44; females&#44; and juveniles collected among sites&#46; Morphological measurements for males and females recorded at the sites were compared using the nonparametric Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-test&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Veracruz and Campeche state&#44; walking males that were found close to but outside the sampling area were considered for means of analysis&#44; representative of males from within the study area&#46; To compare morphological measurements of females between sites&#44; a nonparametric Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test was carried out&#44; followed by a post hoc comparison of mean rank&#46; All statistical analyses were performed using <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">S</span>tatistica v7&#46;0&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We collected a total of 126 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> individuals from the 6 sites&#58; 41 juveniles and 85 adults&#46; The number of females &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>77&#41; was significantly higher &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">G</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>64&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d&#46;f&#46;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;000&#41; than males &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&#44; giving an overall sex ratio of approximately 10 females per male&#46; In Campeche and Veracruz we found 6 and 11 males&#44; respectively&#44; outside the sampling area on the village perimeter&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of individuals observed presents a high degree of variation according to location&#46; In Veracruz&#44; 10 females were observed at the Paso de Milpa site&#46; In Chiapas&#44; 6 females and 1 male were observed in El Casta&#241;o and 3 females and 1 juvenile in Frontera Corozal&#46; In Quintana Roo&#44; 11 individuals &#40;3 females&#44; 1 male&#44; and 7 juveniles&#41; were observed in Cob&#225; and 26 in Cozumel &#40;9 females and 17 juveniles&#41;&#46; Sixty-seven tarantulas were observed at the 11 de Mayo site in the state of Campeche &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The number of collected individuals at each site varied considerably &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; varying between 4 and 11 individuals at the sites in Chiapas&#44; Veracruz&#44; and mainland Quintana Roo&#46; At Rancho Guadalupe &#40;Cozumel Island&#41; we observed 23 individuals&#44; while the 11 de Mayo site&#44; with 67 individuals&#44; accounted for the largest proportion &#40;53&#37;&#41; of the total number of spiders collected at the 6 sites&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Males and females were compared in populations with a sufficient number of individuals of each sex&#44; fixed at a minimum of 6&#46; Only the sites in Campeche and Veracruz met this minimum number&#46; Male and female spiders presented significant differences in size in Campeche &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Males were significantly larger than females with longer legs &#40;tibias from the I and IV legs&#44; and patella from the IV leg&#41; and prosoma&#46; Female weight &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SE&#58; 7&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; was also significantly lower &#40;Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-test&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>132&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;008&#41; than male weight &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SE&#58; 11&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41;&#46; This was not the case in Veracruz&#44; especially with respect to the females and males found in Paso de Milpa&#46; At this site&#44; males were significantly larger than females in two measurements&#58; TI male&#58; 13&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; TI female&#58; 10&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-test&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;000&#41;&#44; and TIV male&#58; 13&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; TIV female&#58; 11&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-test&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;5&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;008&#41;&#46; Males were significantly lighter than females &#40;males&#58; 8&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g vs&#46; females&#58; 21&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;000&#41;&#46; In this area no differences between sexes were observed for other morphological characters&#58; PI &#40;males&#58; 9&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm vs&#46; females&#58; 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&#41;&#44; PIV &#40;males&#58; 8&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm vs&#46; females&#58; 8&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&#41;&#44; prosoma length &#40;males&#58; 19&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm vs&#46; females&#58; 20&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&#41;&#44; and prosoma width &#40;males&#58; 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm vs&#46; females&#58; 19&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing males found in different geographical areas&#44; no significant differences were observed between Campeche and Veracruz&#58; PI &#40;Campeche 8&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; Veracruz&#58; 9&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&#41;&#44; TI &#40;Campeche 13&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; Veracruz&#58; 13&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&#41;&#44; PIV &#40;Campeche 8&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; Veracruz&#58; 8&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&#41;&#44; TIV &#40;Campeche 13&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; Veracruz&#58; 13&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>44&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;17&#41;&#44; prosoma length &#40;Campeche 18&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; Veracruz&#58; 19&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&#41;&#44; prosoma width &#40;Campeche 17&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; Veracruz&#58; 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#41;&#44; and weight &#40;Campeche 11&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; Veracruz&#58; 8&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the low number of female individuals observed at most sites&#44; we could only compare females from 4 of them&#58; Paso de Milpa in Veracruz with 10 females&#44; El Casta&#241;o in Chiapas with 6 females&#44; Rancho Guadalupe in Quintana Roo with 9 females&#44; and 11 de Mayo Campeche with 45 females&#46; Despite the low number of individuals&#44; differences in size between females from the area with a high number of individuals &#40;11 de Mayo&#41; and areas with few individuals &#40;the remaining localities&#41;&#44; demonstrate a significant difference between 11 de Mayo and the other sites&#46; Leg and prosoma size is significantly lower in female tarantulas from Campeche when compared to the other 3 sites&#46; Weight is higher in tarantulas from Chiapas&#44; Cozumel &#40;Rancho Guadalupe&#41;&#44; and Veracruz&#46; Despite their geographical distance&#44; the morphology of tarantulas from populations with low number of individuals appears to be similar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some studies of tarantulas show different aspects of sexual dimorphism&#46; For example&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">Shillington &#40;2002&#44; 2005&#41;</a> reported the significance of life history sexual dimorphism for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aphonopelma anax</span> Chamberlin&#44; 1940 &#40;Araneae&#58; Theraphosidae&#41;&#46; Mature male tarantulas lead a very active life that revolves around searching for females for reproduction&#46; This implies higher energy demands&#44; leading to a higher resting metabolic rate &#40;RMR&#41; than females&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">P&#233;rez-Miles &#40;2002&#41;</a> described sexual dimorphism related to abdominal urticating hairs for different species of tarantula of the Theraphosinae subfamily&#59; however&#44; few formal studies have reported sexual size dimorphism in tarantulas&#46; Shillington observed that males of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; anax</span> have a smaller abdomen and longer legs than females &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Shillington &#38; Peterson&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">P&#233;rez-Miles &#40;1989&#41;</a> observed variation in somatic characters between males and females&#44; particularly for legs and prosoma&#46; This study presents&#44; for the first time&#44; clear evidence of sexual size dimorphism in tibia length for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma</span>&#46; Males of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> have a significantly longer tibia than females&#44; probably a result of selective pressure related to the reproductive role of wandering males&#46; For many species of tarantula&#44; sexually mature males abandon their burrow and actively search for females to mate with over a large geographical area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Shillington&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#44; which makes it more difficult to find males than females&#46; This capacity of males increases their reproductive success and gene dispersal&#46; A recent genetic study of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41; reported that the males of this species have a very high potential for dispersal&#46; As the males cover long distances while seeking a mate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">Shillington&#44; 2002&#59; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; this could have led to the phenotypic adaptation of a longer tibia&#46; Another explanation could be that during reproduction the male hooks the female fangs to elevate the female body and insert the palpal organ into the female genitalia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Shillington &#38; Verrell&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#59; consequently&#44; access to female genitalia could be favored by longer legs in males&#44; particularly pair I&#44; to facilitate the reproduction process&#46; Therefore&#44; the evolutionary process may favor longer legs in males&#46; Male size may also be an adaptation for protection against females that may not predate organisms of an equivalent or larger size&#44; given the risk of injuries&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In non-web building spiders&#44; males had longer legs than females &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Walker &#38; Rypstra&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#44; but not bigger prosoma&#46; At the Campeche site females are numerous and smaller than in other populations&#46; In addition&#44; they are smaller than males found within the same population&#46; Few studies have reported cases of geographical variation in sexual dimorphism in arthropods &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">Bidau &#38; Mart&#237;&#44; 2007&#59; Blanckenhorn &#38; Demont&#44; 2004&#59; Stillwell &#38; Fox&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; For spiders&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Pek&#225;r and Va&#241;hara &#40;2006&#41;</a> described geographical sexual size dimorphism in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zodarion rubidum</span> Simon&#44; 1914 &#40;Araneae&#58; Zodariidae&#41;&#44; an ant-eating spider&#46; Regions with higher temperatures provide optimal conditions for higher prey availability resulting in larger females &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Pek&#225;r &#38; Va&#241;hara&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; In addition to variations in resource availability&#44; the quality of prey can also influence intraspecific variation in body size &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Amarello et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; in Campeche where females are smaller&#44; male size does not appear to be affected&#46; Data were collected at sites with human presence that are frequently inhabited by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#59; therefore&#44; there is little pressure from natural predators such as the mammal &#8220;coat&#237;&#8221;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nasua narica</span> L&#46;&#44; 1766 &#40;Carnivora&#58; Procyonidae&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Hirsch&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; since wild mammals do not normally venture into human settlements&#46; The Pepsi wasps &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pepsis</span> spp&#46;&#59; Hymenoptera&#44; Pompilidae&#41;&#44; also known as tarantula-hawks&#44; as described by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Cazier and Mortenson &#40;1964&#41;</a>&#44; may also predate on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span>&#46; However&#44; during our time in the communities of Campeche &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">H&#233;naut &#38; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet&#44; 2005&#59; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46;&#44; 2005&#44; 2007&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#44; this species of wasp was rarely observed and does not appear to be an important predator of tarantula populations&#46; The number of individuals per population may explain the morphological differences between females from different populations and&#44; between males and females in the Campeche population&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet et al&#46; &#40;2005&#44; 2007&#41;</a> describe the relationship between traditional human activity&#44; soil characteristics&#44; and the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> in villages&#46; Using the characteristics from these initial studies&#44; it was easy to find <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> individuals at other sites&#44; even though they were geographically distant&#46; However&#44; the number of tarantulas varied considerably with more individuals found at the Campeche site&#46; Although&#44; the causes are still unknown&#44; the high number of tarantulas in 11 de Mayo site may indicate that ecological factors are particularly favorable for these spiders in this particular area&#44; although female tarantulas were smaller than those found in other geographical areas&#46; The latter may be associated with a high degree of intraspecific competition&#44; with large numbers of individuals competing for the same resources&#46; Moreover&#44; cannibalism behavior was commonly observed between females at this site &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">H&#233;naut &#38; Machkour-M&#8217;Rabet&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of spiders collected is a good indicator of the abundance of tarantulas at each locality&#46; The high number of tarantulas observed in Campeche State and the low number of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> observed in others sites of southern Mexico has to be seriously considered when developing conservation strategies for this species&#46; As <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span> may rapidly go extinct in states where their numbers are so low&#44; there is a clear need for this species to receive adequate protection&#46; Furthermore&#44; large populations of this tarantula in Campeche need to be provided special protection as they represent important centers of dispersal and resilience for this species&#46; Moreover&#44; the population from Campeche&#44; close to the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve&#44; had more individuals than the remaining populations&#46; This may be a result of its proximity to a large protected area&#44; and further research may help us understand the importance of these areas for the conservation of the Mexican redrump Tarantula&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Results"
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        7 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "identificador" => "xack188089"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma</span>"
            1 => "Tarantulas"
            2 => "Density"
            3 => "Morphometry"
            4 => "Sexual dimorphism"
            5 => "Conservation"
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            2 => "Densidad"
            3 => "Morfometr&#237;a"
            4 => "Dimorfismo sexual"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As a general rule&#44; spiders exhibit sexual dimorphism and their populations may differ in size according to season duration and resource availability&#46; However&#44; few studies have focused on dimorphism in tarantulas&#46; Mexican redrump tarantulas&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma vagans</span>&#44; listed in CITES&#44; have an exceptionally wide distribution&#46; Surprisingly&#44; there are no studies on the possible relationship between the abundance of tarantulas per population and the geographical areas where they are present&#44; or on how the distribution pattern of this spider may affect individual morphological characteristics&#46; Furthermore&#44; there are no studies on sexual dimorphism within the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma</span>&#46; The aim of the study is to determine the existence of sexual and geographical dimorphism in populations of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span>&#46; It was observed that the abundance of spiders per population may vary according to the geographical areas where they were recorded&#46; In six localities in southern Mexico&#44; we recorded morphological data on adult tarantulas&#46; Sexual dimorphism was clearly observed at the site that presented numerous spiders characterized by much smaller females&#46; Since the results of this study demonstrate differences in tarantula number of individuals per locality in southern Mexico&#44; they make an important contribution to the conservation of this species&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El dimorfismo sexual es muy com&#250;n en las ara&#241;as&#44; pero tambi&#233;n existen diferencias morfol&#243;gicas entre poblaciones en funci&#243;n de las temporadas y la disponibilidad en los recursos&#46; Pocos estudios han analizado el dimorfismo en tar&#225;ntulas&#46; La tar&#225;ntula mexicana de cadera roja <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma vagans</span>&#44; listada en el CITES&#44; presenta una distribuci&#243;n amplia&#46; Sin embargo&#44; se conoce poco sobre sus poblaciones por &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas y sobre c&#243;mo el patr&#243;n de distribuci&#243;n de estos organismos&#44; puede afectar las caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas individuales&#46; Tampoco se ha estudiado el dimorfismo sexual en el g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma</span>&#46; Nuestro estudio se enfoca en determinar si existen dimorfismos sexual y geogr&#225;fico en poblaciones espec&#237;ficas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; vagans</span>&#46; Se observ&#243; que la abundancia de tar&#225;ntulas encontradas por poblaci&#243;n suele ser diferente de acuerdo con las &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas donde fueron observadas&#46; Registramos datos morfol&#243;gicos de tar&#225;ntulas adultas en 6 sitios geogr&#225;ficos distribuidos en el sureste de M&#233;xico&#46; Encontramos dimorfismo sexual &#250;nicamente en un sitio que presenta un n&#250;mero de ara&#241;as muy alto y donde las hembras son m&#225;s peque&#241;as que en otras localidades&#46; Nuestros resultados&#44; considerando la variaci&#243;n en n&#250;mero de individuos por localidades a lo largo del sureste mexicano&#44; tienen consecuencias para la conservaci&#243;n de esta especie&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Map of sites where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma vagans</span> was observed in Southeast Mexico&#46; F&#44; numbers of female individuals&#59; M&#44; number of male individuals&#59; J&#44; number of juvenile individuals&#46; For codes of sites see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The number of wandering males found close to but not inside each sampling area is not considered in this figure&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean &#40;&#177;standard error&#41; of morphological measurements &#40;mm&#41; among <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma vagans</span> males &#40;gray&#41; and females &#40;white&#41; for the site in Campeche State&#46; For abbreviations of morphological measurements see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-test&#58; ns&#44; not significant&#59; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#59; &#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#59; &#42;&#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Locality &#40;state&#41;&#59; abbreviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Summer rain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Paso de Milpa &#40;Veracruz&#41;&#59; V-PM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Warm subtropical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">800&#8211;1&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Low winter precipitation &#40;&#60;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 de Mayo &#40;Campeche&#41;&#59; C-11M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Warm subtropical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;000&#8211;1&#44;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">High winter precipitation &#40;&#62;10&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Frontera Corozal &#40;Chiapas&#41;&#59; CH-FC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Warm tropical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;000&#8211;2&#44;500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Medium winter precipitation &#40;5&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>WP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">El Casta&#241;o &#40;Chiapas&#41;&#59; CH-EC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Warm tropical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;000&#8211;2&#44;500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Low winter precipitation &#40;&#60;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cob&#225; &#40;Quintana Roo&#41;&#59; QR-CB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Warm subtropical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;200&#8211;1&#44;500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">High winter precipitation &#40;&#62;10&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rancho Guadalupe &#40;Cozumel&#41;&#59; QR-RG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Warm tropical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;500&#8211;1&#44;800&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">High winter precipitation &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Climatic and seasonal characteristics of the sampling sites where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma vagans</span> individuals were collected&#46; CT&#44; climate type&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>&#44; annual mean temperature in degrees&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#44; annual precipitation in mm&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C-11M<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1 &#40;b&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8 &#40;b&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5 &#40;b&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 &#40;b&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3 &#40;b&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">W</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6 &#40;a&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5 &#40;b&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8 &#40;b&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean &#40;&#177;standard error&#41; for all morphological measures at sites with different number of females tarantulas&#46; C-11M&#44; 11 de Mayo site in Campeche&#44; V-PM Paso de Milpa in Veracruz&#59; CH-EC&#44; El Casta&#241;o in Chiapas&#59; QR-RG&#44; Rancho Guadalupe in Cozumel Island Quintana Roo&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">F</span>&#44; number of female individuals&#59; morphological measurements in mm&#59; PI&#44; and PIV&#44; length of patella I and IV respectively&#59; TI and TIV&#44; length of tibia I and IV&#44; respectively&#59; Lpro and Wpro&#44; length and width of the prosoma&#44; respectively&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">W</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>weight &#40;in g&#41;&#46; Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test&#58; &#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#59; &#42;&#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; NP&#44; not possible&#46; Letters following means represent intergroup differences &#40;post hoc test&#41; for each morphometric measurement&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
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          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:50 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;E&#46; Amarello"
                            1 => "M&#46; Nowak"
                            2 => "E&#46;N&#46; Taylor"
                            3 => "G&#46;W&#46; Schuett"
                            4 => "R&#46;A&#46; Repp"
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            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "Armbruster et al&#46;&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Geographic variation and the evolution of reproductive allocation in the pitcher-plant mosquito&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wyeomyia smithii</span>"
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                          "etal" => false
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Bidau and Mart&#237;&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dichroplus vittatus</span> &#40;Orthoptera&#58; Acrididae&#41; follows the converse to Bergmann&#39;s rule although male morphological variability increases with latitude"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46;J&#46; Bidau"
                            1 => "D&#46;A&#46; Mart&#237;"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1017/S0007485307004749"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "Blanckenhorn and Demont&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bergmann and converse Bergmann latitudinal clines in arthropods&#58; two ends of a continuum&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "W&#46;U&#46; Blanckenhorn"
                            1 => "M&#46; Demont"
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                      "doi" => "10.1093/icb/44.6.413"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        ]
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              ]
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Blanckenhorn et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "When Rensch meets Bergmann&#58; does sexual size dimorphism change systematically with latitude&#63;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "W&#46;U&#46; Blanckenhorn"
                            1 => "R&#46;C&#46; Stillwell"
                            2 => "K&#46;A&#46; Young"
                            3 => "C&#46;W&#46; Fox"
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                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Evolution"
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                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2004"
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            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "Cazier and Mortenson&#44; 1964"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bionomical observations on tarantula-hawks and their prey &#40;Hymenoptera&#58; Pompilidae&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pepsis</span>&#41;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;A&#46; Cazier"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Mortenson"
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                        "fecha" => "1964"
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                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of Arachnology"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "165"
                        "paginaFinal" => "170"
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    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
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        "identificador" => "xack188089"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We would like to thank the people from the villages visited during sampling for granting us access to their land and for their hospitality during our stay&#46; Thanks to the reviewers and to the associate editor of the Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad for the suggestions and comments that improved our work&#46; Thanks to Claudia Vilchis-Nestor for the information on the Cozumel population of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brachypelma vagans</span>&#46; The research was financed by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Conacyt project</span> 000000000158138&#46; This study was conducted according to relevant national and international guidelines&#46; Permit &#35; FAUT-0241 was granted to Dr&#46; Yann H&#233;naut&#44; issued by the Secretar&#237;a de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales&#44; according to the Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-126-ECOL-2000&#46;</p>"
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      ]
    ]
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    "identificador" => "41749"
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      "titulo" => "Ecolog&#237;a&#47;Ecology"
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Article information

ISSN: 18703453
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.rmb.2015.07.003

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2024 November	2	1	3
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2024 September	35	5	40
2024 August	28	1	29
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2024 June	11	2	13
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2024 March	36	8	44
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2024 January	9	3	12
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2023 November	13	3	16
2023 October	15	11	26
2023 September	3	0	3
2023 August	13	6	19
2023 July	14	3	17
2023 June	21	5	26
2023 May	45	2	47
2023 April	37	0	37
2023 March	37	1	38
2023 February	15	7	22
2023 January	9	2	11
2022 December	19	16	35
2022 November	28	15	43
2022 October	12	7	19
2022 September	18	7	25
2022 August	18	8	26
2022 July	20	4	24
2022 June	13	6	19
2022 May	9	5	14
2022 April	17	8	25
2022 March	18	14	32
2022 February	13	5	18
2022 January	10	6	16
2021 December	16	12	28
2021 November	12	6	18
2021 October	12	20	32
2021 September	10	13	23
2021 August	8	3	11
2021 July	11	7	18
2021 June	9	11	20
2021 May	12	6	18
2021 April	36	17	53
2021 March	13	9	22
2021 February	10	16	26
2021 January	12	11	23
2020 December	13	6	19
2020 November	13	8	21
2020 October	10	5	15
2020 September	9	6	15
2020 August	8	7	15
2020 July	5	7	12
2020 June	4	2	6
2020 May	4	3	7
2020 April	7	3	10
2020 March	18	6	24
2020 February	8	6	14
2020 January	9	6	15
2019 December	12	2	14
2019 November	14	4	18
2019 October	10	3	13
2019 September	12	3	15
2019 August	12	3	15
2019 July	28	4	32
2019 June	17	21	38
2019 May	64	30	94
2019 April	31	7	38
2019 March	4	1	5
2019 February	6	9	15
2019 January	14	6	20
2018 December	16	3	19
2018 November	11	1	12
2018 October	8	8	16
2018 September	20	15	35
2018 August	1	10	11
2018 July	4	1	5
2018 June	4	5	9
2018 May	5	7	12
2018 April	5	3	8
2018 March	4	6	10
2018 February	3	0	3
2018 January	3	0	3
2017 December	6	1	7
2017 November	12	2	14
2017 October	5	4	9
2017 September	1	9	10
2017 August	7	4	11
2017 July	6	3	9
2017 June	11	8	19
2017 May	12	4	16
2017 April	7	5	12
2017 March	14	6	20
2017 February	12	1	13
2017 January	12	3	15
2016 December	13	5	18
2016 November	19	1	20
2016 October	16	3	19
2016 September	21	3	24
2016 August	17	3	20
2016 July	16	1	17

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