Nutritional ecology, growth and density of Acronyctodes mexicanaria(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) on a dioecious plant Buddleja cordata(Scrophulariaceae)

array:23 ["pii" => "S187034531530018X" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.44382" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-03-01" "aid" => "73071" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "copyrightAnyo" => "2015" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2015;86:172-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 726 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 29 "HTML" => 319 "PDF" => 378 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345315300191" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.44620" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-03-01" "aid" => "73072" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2015;86:178-87" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1111 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 31 "HTML" => 582 "PDF" => 498 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Variaciones de la comunidad de visitadores florales de Bursera copallifera (Burseraceae) a lo largo de un gradiente de perturbación antropogénica" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "178" "paginaFinal" => "187" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Community of floral visitors variations of Bursera copallifera (Burseraceae) through an anthropogenic disturbance gradient" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 849 "Ancho" => 1873 "Tamanyo" => 94736 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "Proporción (expresada como porcentaje) de especies sensibles y tolerantes a Gráfico del análisis canónico de correspondencia (ACC) que muestra la dinámica de la comunidad de visitadores florales a nivel de orden (triángulos) con respecto a los factores ambientales y de perturbación (vectores; 1, 2, 3 y 4 representan superficie de senderos, número de caminos, evidencia incendios y porcentaje erosión, respectivamente)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Sombra Patricia Rivas-Arancibia, Eribel Bello-Cervantes, Hortensia Carrillo-Ruiz, Agustina Rosa Andrés-Hernández, Dulce María Figueroa-Castro, Silvia Guzmán-Jiménez" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sombra" "apellidos" => "Patricia Rivas-Arancibia" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eribel" "apellidos" => "Bello-Cervantes" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hortensia" "apellidos" => "Carrillo-Ruiz" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Agustina" "apellidos" => "Rosa Andrés-Hernández" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dulce" "apellidos" => "María Figueroa-Castro" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Silvia" "apellidos" => "Guzmán-Jiménez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345315300191?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008600000001/v1_201504220203/S1870345315300191/v1_201504220203/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345315300178" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.43865" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-03-01" "aid" => "73070" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2015;86:164-71" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 779 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 39 "HTML" => 535 "PDF" => 205 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) abundance and richness in four types of land use and preserved rain forest in southern Mexico" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "164" "paginaFinal" => "171" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Abundancia y diversidad de bracónidos (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) en cuatro usos de suelo y selva conservada en el sureste de México" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 751 "Ancho" => 1002 "Tamanyo" => 80436 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Sample-based extrapolation curves ± standard deviation (SD) for 4 types of land use and preserved forest in Uxpanapa, Mexico." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Betsabé Ruiz-Guerra, Juan Carlos López-Acosta, Alejandro Zaldivar-Riverón, Noé Velázquez-Rosas" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Betsabé" "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Guerra" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Carlos" "apellidos" => "López-Acosta" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "Zaldivar-Riverón" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Noé" "apellidos" => "Velázquez-Rosas" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345315300178?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008600000001/v1_201504220203/S1870345315300178/v1_201504220203/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Nutritional ecology, growth and density of Acronyctodes mexicanaria(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) on a dioecious plant Buddleja cordata(Scrophulariaceae)" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "172" "paginaFinal" => "177" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Patricia Lucero García-García, Zenón Cano-Santana" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Patricia" "apellidos" => "Lucero García-García" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "patricia.lucero.garcia2@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Zenón" "apellidos" => "Cano-Santana" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "El Colegio de Veracruz, Carrillo Puerto Núm.26, Centro, 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Ecología nutricional, crecimiento y densidad de Acronyctodes mexicanaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) sobre la planta dioica Buddleja cordata (Scrophulariaceae)" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 699 "Ancho" => 928 "Tamanyo" => 48432 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Consumption of foliar area (±s.e.) by fourth and fifth instar of A. mexicanariaat 3, 7, 20 and 24 h on leaves from female and male trees. Different letters denotes meaningful differences with p< 0.05 (repeated measures Anova)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Introduction<a name="p173"></a>The interest shown in dioecious plant species and their effects on herbivores has grown over the past 20 years, although many issues are still poorly explored. The sex-biased herbivory hypothesis assumes that plant resource allocation between growth, reproduction and defense determines plant-herbivore interactions. Herbivore preferences and performance are thus mediated by nutritional traits, physical characteristics, and chemical defenses of male and female host plants (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fritz, Crabb, & Hochwender, 2003</a>). In turn, sex-differential herbivory is believed to be one of the selective pressures that drive the evolution of plant dioecy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Avila-Sakar & Romanow, 2012</a>). Most studies have found that herbivores damage male plants more than female plants (reviewed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Ågren, Danell, Elmqvist, Ericson, & Hjältén, 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Cepeda & Dirzo, 2002</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Cornelissen & Stiling, 2005</a>). This is thought to be because females usually allocate more resources toward reproduction and self-defense, and fewer resources toward growth, than male plants (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Ågren et al., 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Cepeda & Dirzo, 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Cornelissen & Stiling, 2005</a>); male plants are therefore more edible. Nevertheless, as of yet there is only limited direct evidence for these proximate explanations – of the 14,620 known dioecious angiosperm species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Renner & Ricklefs, 1995</a>), only about 28 species have been studied (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fritz et al., 2003</a>), and intersexual differences have not been widely tested (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Avila-Sakar & Romanow, 2012</a>). Furthermore, the effect that foraging on dioecious plants has on insect performance is poorly explored (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fritz et al., 2003</a>). Feeding on plants of a specific sex affects insect performance and fitness.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Krischik and Denno (1990</a>)found that females of Trihabda bacharidis(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) that fed on male plant leaves of Baccharis halimifoliahad a higher daily fecundity than females that were fed with female plant leaves.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fritz et al.(2003</a>)found that the gall-inducing sawfly Phyllocolpa leavitti(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) had a higher survival probability when fed with female plants than when fed with male plants of Salix discolor. Hendricks and Collier (2003) studied the Mexican harlequin bug, Murgantia varicolor, on a dioecious tree, Forchhammeria pallida, and found that adult harlequin bugs occurred more on female than on male plants, although no feeding preferences were observed between plants of different sexes.Buddleja cordata(Scrophulariaceae, before in Loganiaceae family) is a dioecious tree and it is the dominant tree species in Ciudad Universitaria, in México City (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">González-Rebeles, 2012</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">González-Cortés and Cano-Santana (1998a</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">b</a>) found different epiphyte insect community compositions on male and female B. cordataover the course of 1 year, as well as seasonal variations in the rate of herbivory in female trees. In addition, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">González-Cortés and Cano-Santana (1998a</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">b</a>) found that the fourth instar of Acronyctodes mexicanaria(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) preferred feeding on female plants during a feeding trial. These results suggested the possibility of differential performance in A. mexicanaria, depending on the sex of B. cordataused as food source. The objective of this research was to determine whether the sex of this dioecious plant affected the performance of a monophagous caterpillar.Materials and methodsField site and study speciesOur study site was located in preserved and gardened areas of the main campus of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, in México City (19°19’ N, 99°11’ W, 2,250 m). The natural reserve inside the campus, the “Pedregal de San Ángel” (176,244 ha), was also sampled. The climate is temperate subhumid with a summer rainy season. Mean temperature is 15.5 °C with an annual rainfall of 870mm (Valiente-Banuet & De Luna, 1990). The original vegetation of this field site is xerophytic scrub (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Rzedowski, 1978</a>) with a rocky substrate of volcanic origin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Carrillo, 1995</a>).Buddleja cordataKunth is a dioecious tree measuring 1.5- 6.0 m high. This species presents perfect flowers whose sex appears to be functionally determined by the atrophy of either the gynoceum or androceum (personal observation). One of its arthropod herbivores is Acronyctodes mexicanariaWalker (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Vázquez, 1936</a>). The caterpillar of this species is reported to be monophagous (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">González-Cortés & Cano-Santana, 1998a</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">b</a>), and can be observed in the studied area from the last week of June, at the beginning of the rainy season when B. cordatais flowering (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Elizalde, 1995</a>), to January or February (García- García pers.obs., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">González-Cortés & Cano-Santana, 1998a</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">b</a>.), when the plant is producing fruits (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Meave, Carabias, Arrigaga, & Valiente-Banuet, 1994</a>). The total larval period of A. mexicanarialasts about 2 months with 5 instars (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">García-García, 2004</a>).Feeding preferencesWe collected 6 fourth and fifth instar caterpillars from female trees, and 6 from male trees on October 12, 2002. We recorded the sex of the plant from which the caterpillars were collected because it has been reported that previous feeding experiences can modify food choice (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Jolivet, 1998</a>). Ten caterpillars were placed inside individual transparent plastic cages measuring 21.5cm diameter ×10cm deep, and then were deprived of food for 48 h. We collected 12 leaves from 6 different female trees and male trees each. Since it has been reported that young leaves tend to be more nutritious (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Slansky Jr., 1993</a>), we controlled leaf age preference by collecting 6 young leaves and 6 older ones from both tree sexes. The leaves were cut into discs measuring 2cm in diameter. Four discs were pinned equidistantly in a circular arrangement inside each cage. One disc from each of the following categories was placed in every cage, in an alternate fashion: Fy(young leaf from a female tree), Fo(old leaf from a female tree), My(young leaf from a male tree), and Mo(old leaf from a male tree). A caterpillar was then placed in the middle of the cage, on a humid piece of cotton. The foliar area remaining after 3, 7, 20 and 24 h was recorded. We calculated the percentage of consumed accumulated foliar area at each time point using a sheet of transparent plastic with dots separated equidistantly by 1mm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Cano-Santana, 1987</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Cano- Santana & Oyama, 1992</a>). These data were transformed into percentage of consumed accumulated foliar area (% CF) using the formula % CF= (total foliar area-remaining area) ×100/total foliar area. We used repeated measures Anova to compare the consumed foliar area of male and female tree leaves, transforming the data with arcsenx (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Zar, 1999</a>).<a name="p174"></a>Nutritional ecologyWe collected 12 fifth instar caterpillars on October 28 and 29, 2002. We deprived them of food for 24 h to prevent food from accumulating in their intestines. Six caterpillars were fed every other day with 1 g of leaf from male or female trees over a period of 6 days. We recorded the fresh weight of caterpillars, feces, and leaves using an analytic balance (B300 D, Ohaus). Water loss was controlled for leaf weight by also recording the weight of 3 uneaten leaves over the same time period. We also recorded the dry weight of the feces and leaves after drying in a 40 °C oven. The dry weight of caterpillars was estimated using a correlation of fresh vs.dry weight, obtained from 46 caterpillars of different instars dried at 40 °C until reaching constant weight.Nutritional indices were obtained according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Waldbauer's formulas (1968</a>)with the following modifications:(a) Weight gain: (G;mg):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>during the feeding period.(b) Mean weight (B; mg):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>where wis the caterpillar weight at time “t” and T= number of times the caterpillar is weighed.(c) Relative growth rate (RGR; mg g-1day-1):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia>where t= number of days.(d) Relative consumption rate (RCR; mg g-1day-1):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia>(e) Ingested food in fresh weight (Cfw;mg):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0025"></elsevierMultimedia>where fwiis the initial fresh weight of the leaves and fwris the remaining fresh weight of the leaves once they have been partially consumed by the caterpillar;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0030"></elsevierMultimedia>where dwreis the remaining dry weight of the leaves that the caterpillar fed, and dwrcis the dry weight of the control leaves at the end of the feeding period.(f) Ingested food in dry weight (Cdw;mg):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0035"></elsevierMultimedia>(g) Efficiency of conversion of ingested food to biomass (ECI; %):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0040"></elsevierMultimedia>where Gdwis the weight gain in dry weight.(h) Efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass (ECD; %):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0045"></elsevierMultimedia>(i) Approximate digestibility (AD; %):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0050"></elsevierMultimedia>The variables in fresh and dry weight were compared between treatments (caterpillars fed with leaves from female and male trees) with one-way Anova, transforming the data with arcsenx (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Zar, 1999</a>).GrowthWeight gainWe collected 20 third and fourth instar caterpillars on August 20 and 24, 2002, from both male and female trees. Half of the caterpillars were fed with female tree leaves and the other half with male tree leaves every 2 to 3 days. We therefore had 4 feeding schemes: Ff(caterpillars from female trees fed with leaves of the same tree sex), Fm(caterpillars from female trees fed with leaves from male trees), Mm(caterpillars from male trees fed with leaves of the same tree sex),and Mf(caterpillars from male trees fed with leaves from female trees). Caterpillars were weighed using an analytic balance until reaching pupation.Development timeWe collected 16 and 12 fourth or fifth instar caterpillars on October 28 from female and male trees, respectively. Half of the caterpillars from each tree sex were then fed with female tree leaves, and the other half with male tree leaves. Categories were thus the same as in the previous section: Ff(N= 7), Fm(N= 9), Mf(N= 6) and Mm(N= 6). Caterpillar weight gain and development time were compared according to the sex of the tree from which they were collected and the sex of the tree leaves on which they were fed, using repeated measures Anova.DensityWe recorded the number of caterpillars found on 20 pairs of male and female trees (2 to 5.5 m high) close to each other (distance from 2 to 8 m) every 3 weeks, 4 times (starting on<a name="p175"></a> August 27, 2002). The density of caterpillars per individual tree, per crown cover, and per crown volume, was calculated using these measurements. Crown cover was estimated using the formula<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0055"></elsevierMultimedia>and crown volume estimated with<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0060"></elsevierMultimedia>h, height; d1,maximum diameter of the crown; d2,perpendicular diameter to d1; h, height; hr, height of the first branch. Densities were compared using a paired ttest on each date, correcting data with x+0.5 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Zar, 1999</a>).All statistical analyses were conducted using Statistica software (StatSoft, 1998 ver.6.0). Tukey's posthoc test was performed after significant effects were found with Anova.ResultsFeeding preferencesDue to a differential resource allocation of female and male plants, herbivores tend to feed more on plants of a given sex. In order to determine whether caterpillars of A. mexicanariahad sex-related feeding preferences, we compared the percentage of foliar area consumed of male and female tree leaves. Caterpillars marginally consumed a greater foliar area of female tree leaves than male ones (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig.1</a>) (F1,40= 4.141, p= 0.049). However, the leaf age did not significantly influence the caterpillars’ feeding preferences (F1,40= 1.525, p= 0.224), nor did the plant sex × leaf age interaction (F1,40= 1.887, p= 0.177).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Nutritional ecologyIt is believed that by displaying sex-biased feeding preferences, herbivorous organisms may have a better performance related to the nutritional quality of dioecious plants. To determine the possible effect of the sex of B. cordataon nutritional efficiencies and growth of A. mexicanaria,we compared several nutritional indices between caterpillars fed with either male or female tree leaves. We observed that compared to caterpillars fed with male tree leaves, the relative growth rate (in dry weight; RGRdw), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to biomass (ECI) and the efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass (ECD) were significantly higher in caterpillars fed with leaves from female trees (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). In contrast, the relative consumption rate in fresh weight (RCRfw) of caterpillars fed with male tree leaves was significantly higher than for caterpillars fed with female ones. The other indices (weight gain in dry and fresh weight, relative growth rate in fresh weight, relative consumption rate in dry weight, and approximate digestibility) did not show significant differences between caterpillars fed with leaves of either sex (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>GrowthThe performance of an organism may be influenced by the adjustment of an organism's growth. To identify the possible effects of the sex of tree leaves on the growth of A. mexicanaria, we compared the weight gain and development time of caterpillars collected from and fed with leaves from different tree sexes. Caterpillars did not present differences in weight gain based on the sex of their tree of origin (F1,37= 2.117, p= 0.154) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Neither was weight gain influenced by the sex of the tree leaves used<a name="p176"></a> for feeding (F1,37= 1.078, p= 0.306) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The interaction of origin × sex of the tree leaves used for feeding did not influence weight gain either (F1, 37= 0.677, p= 0.416). In contrast, we found that fifth, but not fourth, instar caterpillars collected from female trees developed faster than caterpillars found on male plants. This was observed in the marginally meaningful effect of origin on instar duration (p= 0.070) and on the meaningful interaction of caterpillar origin × instar (p= 0.017). In addition, the sex of the tree leaves used for feeding marginally influenced the development time of fifth instar caterpillars, as observed in the interaction of leaves used for feeding according to tree sex × instar (p= 0.065) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>DensityIf the sex of the host is an important factor for oviposition selection, different caterpillar densities should be expected on trees of different sexes. We tested this notion by comparing the density of caterpillars on male-female tree pairs over a 3-week period (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). No differences were found between the caterpillar densities on female or male trees on any date of observation.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionMuch still remains to be explored in the field of plant-insect interactions and their ecological consequences. One of these issues is the effect that foraging on male or female plants has on an insect's performance. We found that caterpillars of A. mexicanariaseem to prefer feeding on female plants rather than on male plants of B. cordata,under laboratory conditions.It is thus possible that the nutritional quality of the leaves differs between trees of either sex. If the nutritional quality of leaves is indeed different depending on the sex of the plant, one would expect higher metabolic efficiencies in insects fed with leaves of higher nutritional quality (higher content of nitrogen, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other nutrients) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Slansky Jr., 1993</a>). We found higher nutritional efficiencies (efficiency of conversion of ingested food to biomass and efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass; ECIand ECDrespectively) in caterpillars fed with female tree leaves, thus suggesting that the nutritional quality of female tree leaves may indeed be higher than that of male trees. Similarly, the relative consumption rate in fresh weight (RCRfw) was higher in caterpillars fed with male tree leaves, as would be expected from a poorer nutrient content in leaves of male trees, to which caterpillars respond by consuming more food to compensate the difference. This feeding behavior has been well documented for several caterpillar species (Cano- Santana & Oyama, 1992; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Simpson & Simpson, 1990</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Slansky Jr., 1993</a>). We also found that the relative consumption rate in dry weight (RCRdw) was the same for caterpillars fed with either male or female tree leaves. It is thus likely that if the nutritional quality of leaves differs in a sex-dependent fashion, this difference is caused by a higher nutrient concentration in female leaves. Similarly, we found that fifth instar caterpillars fed with female tree leaves had a higher relative growth rate (RGRdw) than those fed with male tree leaves. This could also reflect the post-metabolic advantage of better nutritional efficiencies (ECIand ECD) when caterpillars feed on female tree leaves.In order to optimize food use, some insects can regulate their metabolism or feeding behavior, in a non-reversible fashion, at a given developmental stage. If sex-based feeding experience modifies the feeding behavior of A. mexicanaria,a preference towards the tree leaves of the same sex the caterpillar was feeding on before collection, would be expected, in a feeding preference assay. However, we found that caterpillars preferred feeding on female tree leaves, no matter the sex of the tree from which they were collected. In addition, we found that caterpillars gained weight equally well when fed with tree leaves of the same or different sex than that of the trees from which they were collected. This result thus suggests that previous feeding experiences of A. mexicanariado not alter the capacity of the caterpillars to convert ingested food to biomass. In contrast, we found that fifth, but not fourth, instar caterpillars collected from female trees grew faster than instars collected from male plants, no matter the sex of the tree leaves used for feeding. It is thus possible that female trees possess compounds perceived by fifth instar caterpillars, capable of accelerating their growth independently of a caterpillar's final biomass.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Slansky Jr.(1993</a>)has reviewed the existence of such instar-specific metabolic differences.We found that the density of caterpillars on male and female trees was the same. It thus appears that the oviposition preferences of A. mexicanariado not depend on the sex of the tree. However, the effects of other factors, such as the presence of other herbivores, predators and parasitoids, or differences in <a name="p177"></a>temperature, levels of light, humidity, and nutrient concentration, etc., on oviposition preferences cannot be ruled out (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Pilson, 1992</a>). It is consequently unclear whether dioecism affects the selection of the tree for oviposition. This issue warrants further investigation.Male plants tend to allocate more resources to growth than to defense against herbivores, whereas female plants assign more resources to self-defense than to growth (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Ågren et al., 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Cepeda & Dirzo, 2002</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Cornelissen & Stiling, 2005</a>). This difference in resource allocation may explain, at least in part, the fact that herbivores usually prefer to feed on male plants, since they can be more nutritious (reviewed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Ågren et al., 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Cepeda & Dirzo, 2010</a>). In contrast, we found that A. mexicanariacaterpillars preferred female plants of B. cordata. Since the caterpillars appear during the flowering season of B. cordata, it is possible that resource assignment to nutritional reserves could be greater in female trees because they will eventually produce fruit. In fact, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Cepeda and Dirzo (2010</a>)found that depending on the reproductive season it is the reproductive allocation (biomass and nutrients) in dioecious plants. Overall, the results presented in this report indicate that the sex of B. cordataaffects the performance of A. mexicanaria.Therefore, differences in the nutritional quality of female and male trees of B. cordatamay explain differences in caterpillar performance. A direct assessment of nutrient content in either sex should be conducted. The study of the causes and effects of sex-biased herbivory will surely bring forth many exciting findings in the future." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres479247" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501524" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres479248" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501525" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Field site and study species" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Feeding preferences" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Nutritional ecology" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Growth" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Weight gain" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Development time" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Density" ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Feeding preferences" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Nutritional ecology" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Growth" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Density" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack146976" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-02-07" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-10-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501524" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Herbivorous insects" 1 => "Insect performance" 2 => "Feeding preferences" 3 => "Nutritional indices" 4 => "Plant dioecy" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501525" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Insectos herbívoros" 1 => "Desempeño de insectos" 2 => "Preferencias alimentarias" 3 => "Índices nutricionales" 4 => "Dioicismo en plantas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Due to differential resource allocation by male and female plants, herbivores tend to feed more on male plants than on female ones. It is believed that the preferred food gives the organism a better performance. Buddleja cordatais an abundant dioicous plant in the “Pedregal de San Ángel”, México City. This plant is the food of the monophagous geometrid Acronyctodes mexicanaria. The objective of this study was to determine if the dioecy of B. cordataaffects nutritional and performance parameters of A. mexicanaria(consumption, metabolic use of the food, growth, and density of caterpillars on male and female trees). Feeding preference, development time of caterpillars, and 5 variables concerning consumption and growth efficiencies were analyzed for caterpillars collected from male and female trees, and which were fed in the laboratory with leaves from trees of each sex. There was no significant difference between caterpillar density on female and male trees; however, we found that caterpillars preferred feeding on female leaves, and they obtained better nutritional efficiencies and grew more quickly when feeding on female leaves than on male leaves." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La distribución de recursos diferenciada entre plantas femeninas y masculinas ocasiona que los herbívoros tiendan a alimentarse más de plantas masculinas. Se cree que el alimento preferido permite un mejor desempeño del herbívoro.Buddleja cordataes una planta dioica abundante en la reserva del Pedregal de San Ángel, en la ciudad de México. Esta especie es el alimento del geométrido monófago Acronyctodes mexicanaria.El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el dioicismo de B. cordataafecta algunos parámetros nutricionales y del desempeño de A. mexicanaria(consumo, uso metabólico del alimento, crecimiento y densidad de orugas en árboles de distinto sexo). Se analizaron las preferencias alimentarias, el tiempo de desarrollo y 5 variables de consumo y eficiencias alimentarias en orugas recolectadas de árboles femeninos y masculinos, y se alimentaron en el laboratorio con hojas de estos árboles. No se encontró diferencia significativa en la densidad de orugas entre árboles de diferente sexo, pero las orugas prefirieron alimentarse de hojas de árboles femeninos y presentaron mejores eficiencias alimentarias y un crecimiento más rápido que al alimentarse de árboles masculinos." ] ] "multimedia" => array:16 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 699 "Ancho" => 928 "Tamanyo" => 48432 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Consumption of foliar area (±s.e.) by fourth and fifth instar of A. mexicanariaat 3, 7, 20 and 24 h on leaves from female and male trees. Different letters denotes meaningful differences with p< 0.05 (repeated measures Anova)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nutritional index</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Feeding sex</th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F</th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">G fw(mg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">547.9±39.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">640.1±72.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.246 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.290 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">G dw(mg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">143.8±10.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">175.9±19.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.044 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.183 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">RGR fw(mg g-1day-1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">46.2±7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">41.8±5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.217 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.651 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">RGR dw(mg g-1day-1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">81.7±6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">41.8±5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21.402 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">RCR fw(mg g-1day-1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">9,017.2±1,840.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">20,670.1±4,837.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.357 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.048 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">RCR dw(mg g-1day-1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">10,464.4±2,123.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">11,805.3±2,681.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.240 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.703 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ECI (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">9.2±1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">5.2±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15.204 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ECD (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">10.2±1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">5.7±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.828 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AD (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">90.7±1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">91.9±1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.370 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.556 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab757472.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Repeated measures Anova evaluating, in fresh weight (fw) and in dry weight (dw), weight gain (G), relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food to biomass (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass (ECD), and approximate digestibility (AD) of fifth instars of A. mexicanariafed with male and female tree leaves during 6 days" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Different letters denote significant differences between male and female source trees for fifth instar caterpillars, with p< 0.05 (Tukey test).NFf= 7, NFm= 9, NMf= 6 and NMm= 6." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Instar</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Duration (days±s.e.)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Ff \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Fm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Mf \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Fourth \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">9.1±1.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">9.7±1.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">7.7±1.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">10.0±1.7a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Fifth \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">14.6±0.7b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">14.3±0.8b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">20.3±1.9a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">16.5±1.9a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab757471.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Duration of fourth and fifth instar of A. mexicanaria(days±s. e.) collected from female and male trees of B. cordata(Fand M) and fed with leaves from male and female trees (mand f)" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Sex of the tree</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Date \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">t<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Aug-27-02 No. caterpillar /ind. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.450±0.400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.200±0.092 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.348 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.732 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.051±0.043 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.029±0.015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.430 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.672 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /m3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.036±0.029 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.024±0.013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.338 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.739 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Sep-21-02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /ind. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.550±0.266 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.300±0.128 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.704 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.490 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.065±0.029 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.039±0.018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.762 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.455 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /m3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.045±0.020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.026±0.013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.813 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.427 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Oct-12-02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /ind. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.500±0.154 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.400±0.152 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.424 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.676 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.050±0.015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.038±0.015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.802 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.432 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /m3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.032±0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.026±0.012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.603 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.554 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Nov-09-02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /ind. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.050±0.050 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.100±0.069 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.330 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.002±0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.007±0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.416 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.173 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No. caterpillar /m3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.001±0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.005±0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.453 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.163 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab757470.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Paired ttest." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of caterpillar density (mean±s.e.) on female and male trees of B. cordata(d.f.= 19)." ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "final weight−initial weight" "Fichero" => "si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1745 "Alto" => 15 "Ancho" => 190 ] ] 5 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "B=∑t=1TWt" "Fichero" => "si2.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1134 "Alto" => 49 "Ancho" => 64 ] ] 6 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0015" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "RGR=G/[(B)(t)×1000]" "Fichero" => "si3.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1727 "Alto" => 16 "Ancho" => 179 ] ] 7 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "RCR=∑t=1Tingested food/[(B) (t)×1000]." "Fichero" => "si4.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3219 "Alto" => 49 "Ancho" => 288 ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0025" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Cfw=fwi−fwr" "Fichero" => "si5.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1114 "Alto" => 14 "Ancho" => 123 ] ] 9 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0030" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "fwr=(fwi×dwre)/dwrc" "Fichero" => "si6.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1606 "Alto" => 16 "Ancho" => 176 ] ] 10 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0035" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Cdw=mean dw of the initial control leaves − mean dw of the remaining leaves after the feeding period" "Fichero" => "si7.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 6147 "Alto" => 15 "Ancho" => 734 ] ] 11 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0040" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "ECI=(Gdw/Cdw)×100" "Fichero" => "si8.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1699 "Alto" => 16 "Ancho" => 176 ] ] 12 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0045" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "ECD=[Gdw/(Cdw−dw of feces)]×100." "Fichero" => "si9.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 2640 "Alto" => 16 "Ancho" => 302 ] ] 13 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0050" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "AD=Cdw-dw of fecesCdw×100." "Fichero" => "si10.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1863 "Alto" => 22 "Ancho" => 194 ] ] 14 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0055" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Cov=πd1+d242" "Fichero" => "si11.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1389 "Alto" => 33 "Ancho" => 121 ] ] 15 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0060" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Vol=43πd1+d2+h−hr63" "Fichero" => "si12.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1931 "Alto" => 33 "Ancho" => 163 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:26 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Ågren et al., 1999" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sexual dimorphism and biotic interactions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J. Ågren" 1 => "K. Danell" 2 => "T. Elmqvist" 3 => "L. Ericson" 4 => "J. Hjältén" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Gender and sexual dimorphism in flowering plants" "paginaInicial" => "217" "paginaFinal" => "246" "serieFecha" => "1999" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Avila-Sakar and Romanow, 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Divergence in defense against herbivores between males and females of dioecious plant species" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G. Avila-Sakar" 1 => "C.A. Romanow" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Evolutionary Biology" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "2012" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "16" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Cano-Santana, 1987" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Z. Cano-Santana" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Ecología de la relación entreWigandia urens (Hydrophyllaceae) y sus herbívoros en el Pedregal de San Ángel D.F.Tesis" "fecha" => "1987" "editorial" => "Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "editorialLocalizacion" => "México D.F." ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "Cano-Santana and Oyama, 1992" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tricomas foliares, calidad del alimento y eficiencias de alimentación y crecimiento de Lophoceramica pyrrha" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Z. Cano-Santana" 1 => "K. Oyama" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Southwest Entomologist" "fecha" => "1992" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "333" "paginaFinal" => "339" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "Carrillo, 1995" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "C. Carrillo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "El Pedregal de San Ángel" "fecha" => "1995" "editorial" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "editorialLocalizacion" => "México D.F." ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "Cepeda and Dirzo, 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intersexual differences in resource allocation, growth and herbivory in dioecious palm species of genus Chamaedorea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "V. Cepeda" 1 => "R. Dirzo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Ecological Society of America 87th Annual Meeting (Summary)" "fecha" => "2002" "editorial" => "Ecological Society of America" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Tucson" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "Cepeda and Dirzo, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sex-related differences in reproductive allocation, growth, defense and herbivory in three dioecious neotropical Palms" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "V. Cepeda" 1 => "R. Dirzo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0009824" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "PLoS ONE" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "e9824" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20352113" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "Cornelissen and Stiling, 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sex-biased herbivory: a meta-analysis of the effects of gender on plant-herbivore interactions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T. Cornelissen" 1 => "P. Stiling" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Oikos" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "111" "paginaInicial" => "488" "paginaFinal" => "500" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "Elizalde, 1995" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "L.C. Elizalde" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Estudio sobre la germinación y plantación de dos especies útiles en la recuperación de suelos:Buddleia cordata yNicotiana glauca. Tesis" "fecha" => "1995" "editorial" => "Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "editorialLocalizacion" => "México, D.F." ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "Fritz et al., 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preference and performance of a gall-inducing sawfly: plant vigor, sex, gall traits and phenology" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R.S. Fritz" 1 => "B.A. Crabb" 2 => "C.G. Hochwender" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Oikos" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "102" "paginaInicial" => "601" "paginaFinal" => "613" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "García-García, 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P.L. García-García" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Desempeño y ecología alimentaria deAcronyctodes mexicanaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) sobreBuddleia cordata (Loganiaceae) de distinto sexo. Tesis" "fecha" => "2004" "editorial" => "Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "editorialLocalizacion" => "México, D.F." ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "González-Cortés and Cano-Santana, 1998a" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efecto del sexo de los tepozanes sobre las alimentarias y la estructura de la comunidad de artrópodos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "C. González-Cortés" 1 => "Z. Cano-Santana" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "XXXIII Congreso Nacional de Entomología (Summary)" "fecha" => "1998" "editorial" => "Sociedad Mexicana de Entomología" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Acapulco" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "González-Cortés and Cano-Santana, 1998b" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tasas de herbivoría en función del sexo en dos especies de tepozanes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "C. González-Cortés" 1 => "Z. Cano-Santana" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "(Buddleia spp.) VII Congreso Mexicano de Botánica (Summary)" "fecha" => "1998" "editorial" => "Sociedad Mexicana de Botánica" "editorialLocalizacion" => "México, D.F." ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "González-Rebeles, 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "G.G. González-Rebeles" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Efecto de cinco años de acciones de restauración sobre la comunidad vegetal y dos poblaciones de artrópodos en el área A11 de la Reserva del Pedregal de San Ángel. Tesis" "fecha" => "2012" "editorial" => "Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "editorialLocalizacion" => "México, D.F." ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "Jolivet, 1998" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. Jolivet" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Interrelationship between insects and plants" "fecha" => "1998" "editorial" => "CRC Press" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Boca Raton" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "Krischik and Denno, 1990" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Patterns of growth, reproduction, defense, and herbivory in the dioecious shrub Baccharis halimifolia(Compositae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "V.A. Krischik" 1 => "R.F. Denno" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/BF00317750" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Oecologia" "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "83" "paginaInicial" => "182" "paginaFinal" => "190" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22160109" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "Meave et al., 1994" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Observaciones fenológicas en el Pedregal de San Ángel" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J. Meave" 1 => "J. Carabias" 2 => "V. Arrigaga" 3 => "A. Valiente-Banuet" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "El Pedregal de San Ángel: ecología, historia natural y manejo (p" "paginaInicial" => "91" "paginaFinal" => "105" "serieFecha" => "1994" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "Pilson, 1992" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Insect distribution patterns and the evolution of host use" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "D. Pilson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens: ecology, evolution and genetics (p" "paginaInicial" => "120" "paginaFinal" => "139" "serieFecha" => "1992" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "Renner and Ricklefs, 1995" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.S. Renner" 1 => "R.E. Ricklefs" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "American Journal of Botany" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "82" "paginaInicial" => "596" "paginaFinal" => "606" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "Rzedowski, 1978" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Rzedowski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Vegetación de México" "fecha" => "1978" "editorial" => "Limusa" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Mexico D.F" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "Simpson and Simpson, 1990" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The mechanisms of nutritional compensation by phytophagous insects" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.J. Simpson" 1 => "C.L. Simpson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:6 [ "editores" => "E.A.Bernays" "paginaInicial" => "111" "paginaFinal" => "160" "serieVolumen" => "V" "serieTitulo" => "Insect-plant interactions" "serieFecha" => "1990" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "Slansky, 1993" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nutritional ecology: the fundamental quest for nutrients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F. Slansky Jr." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Caterpillars, ecological and evolutionary constrains on foraging" "paginaInicial" => "29" "paginaFinal" => "91" "serieFecha" => "1993" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "Strauss, 1990" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The role of plant genotype, environment and gender in resistance to a specialist chrysomelid herbivore" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S.Y. Strauss" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Oecologia" "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "84" "paginaInicial" => "111" "paginaFinal" => "116" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "Vázquez, 1936" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Insectos nocivos a los tepozanes del centro de México.Master thesis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "L. Vázquez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "México D.F.: Facultad de Filosofía y Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "fecha" => "1936" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "Waldbauer, 1968" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The consumption and utilization of food by insects" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "G.P. Waldbauer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Advanced Insect Physiology" "fecha" => "1968" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "229" "paginaFinal" => "288" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "Zar, 1999" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.H. Zar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Biostatistical analysis2.a ed Englewood Cliffs" "fecha" => "1999" "editorial" => "Prentice Hall" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New Jersey" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack146976" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "We thank Julio Arriaga Romero, Alejandro Hunab Molina Vázquez and Esteban Zamorán Pineda for their invaluable help in the field. We thank Xóchitl Ponce Wainer for the insightful English revision and observations. We thank Erick García-García for his valuable observations. We thank Paolo Fontana for his priceless suggestions. Thanks to Marco Antonio Romero-Romero for the technical support. We thank professors Jorge Meave del Castillo, Ma. Teresa Valverde Valdés, Consuelo Bonfil Sanders and Silvia Castillo Arguero for their comments on this study, and Claudia González Cortés, Gabriela Castaño Meneses, Adolfo Ibarra, Ernesto Velázquez Montes, Rosa María Fonseca Juárez, and Eduardo Cuevas Miranda for their suggestions." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18703453/0000008600000001/v1_201504220203/S187034531530018X/v1_201504220203/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "38529" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ecología | Ecology" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18703453/0000008600000001/v1_201504220203/S187034531530018X/v1_201504220203/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S187034531530018X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Ecología nutricional, crecimiento y densidad de Acronyctodes mexicanaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) sobre la planta dioica Buddleja cordata (Scrophulariaceae)

Patricia Lucero García-Garcíaa,

Corresponding author

patricia.lucero.garcia2@gmail.com

Corresponding author

, Zenón Cano-Santanab

a El Colegio de Veracruz, Carrillo Puerto Núm.26, Centro, 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

b Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico

Read

1453

Times
was read the article

715

Total PDF

738

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:23 [
  "pii" => "S187034531530018X"
  "issn" => "18703453"
  "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.44382"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-03-01"
  "aid" => "73071"
  "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2015"
  "documento" => "article"
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2015;86:172-7"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 726
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 29
      "HTML" => 319
      "PDF" => 378
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1870345315300191"
    "issn" => "18703453"
    "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.44620"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-03-01"
    "aid" => "73072"
    "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
    "documento" => "article"
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2015;86:178-87"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 1111
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 31
        "HTML" => 582
        "PDF" => 498
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Variaciones de la comunidad de visitadores florales de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bursera copallifera</span> &#40;Burseraceae&#41; a lo largo de un gradiente de perturbaci&#243;n antropog&#233;nica"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "178"
          "paginaFinal" => "187"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Community of floral visitors variations of</span> Bursera copallifera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Burseraceae&#41; through an anthropogenic disturbance gradient</span>"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0010"
          "etiqueta" => "Figura 2"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 849
              "Ancho" => 1873
              "Tamanyo" => 94736
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proporci&#243;n &#40;expresada como porcentaje&#41; de especies sensibles y tolerantes a Gr&#225;fico del an&#225;lisis can&#243;nico de correspondencia &#40;ACC&#41; que muestra la din&#225;mica de la comunidad de visitadores florales a nivel de orden &#40;tri&#225;ngulos&#41; con respecto a los factores ambientales y de perturbaci&#243;n &#40;vectores&#59; 1&#44; 2&#44; 3 y 4 representan superficie de senderos&#44; n&#250;mero de caminos&#44; evidencia incendios y porcentaje erosi&#243;n&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Sombra Patricia Rivas-Arancibia, Eribel Bello-Cervantes, Hortensia Carrillo-Ruiz, Agustina Rosa Andr&#233;s-Hern&#225;ndez, Dulce Mar&#237;a Figueroa-Castro, Silvia Guzm&#225;n-Jim&#233;nez"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Sombra"
              "apellidos" => "Patricia Rivas-Arancibia"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Eribel"
              "apellidos" => "Bello-Cervantes"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Hortensia"
              "apellidos" => "Carrillo-Ruiz"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Agustina"
              "apellidos" => "Rosa Andr&#233;s-Hern&#225;ndez"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Dulce"
              "apellidos" => "Mar&#237;a Figueroa-Castro"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Silvia"
              "apellidos" => "Guzm&#225;n-Jim&#233;nez"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345315300191?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/18703453/0000008600000001/v1_201504220203/S1870345315300191/v1_201504220203/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1870345315300178"
    "issn" => "18703453"
    "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.43865"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-03-01"
    "aid" => "73070"
    "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
    "documento" => "article"
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2015;86:164-71"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 779
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 39
        "HTML" => 535
        "PDF" => 205
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Braconidae &#40;Hymenoptera&#58; Ichneumonoidea&#41; abundance and richness in four types of land use and preserved rain forest in southern Mexico"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "164"
          "paginaFinal" => "171"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Abundancia y diversidad de brac&#243;nidos &#40;Hymenoptera&#58; Ichneumonoidea&#41; en cuatro usos de suelo y selva conservada en el sureste de M&#233;xico"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0010"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 751
              "Ancho" => 1002
              "Tamanyo" => 80436
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sample-based extrapolation curves &#177; standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; for 4 types of land use and preserved forest in Uxpanapa&#44; Mexico&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Betsab&#233; Ruiz-Guerra, Juan Carlos L&#243;pez-Acosta, Alejandro Zaldivar-River&#243;n, No&#233; Vel&#225;zquez-Rosas"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Betsab&#233;"
              "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Guerra"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Juan Carlos"
              "apellidos" => "L&#243;pez-Acosta"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alejandro"
              "apellidos" => "Zaldivar-River&#243;n"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "No&#233;"
              "apellidos" => "Vel&#225;zquez-Rosas"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345315300178?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/18703453/0000008600000001/v1_201504220203/S1870345315300178/v1_201504220203/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:19 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Nutritional ecology&#44; growth and density of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acronyctodes mexicanaria</span>&#40;Lepidoptera&#58; Geometridae&#41; on a dioecious plant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Buddleja cordata</span>&#40;Scrophulariaceae&#41;"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "172"
        "paginaFinal" => "177"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Patricia Lucero Garc&#237;a-Garc&#237;a, Zen&#243;n Cano-Santana"
        "autores" => array:2 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Patricia"
            "apellidos" => "Lucero Garc&#237;a-Garc&#237;a"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "patricia&#46;lucero&#46;garcia2&#64;gmail&#46;com"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Zen&#243;n"
            "apellidos" => "Cano-Santana"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "El Colegio de Veracruz&#44; Carrillo Puerto N&#250;m&#46;26&#44; Centro&#44; 91000 Xalapa&#44; Veracruz&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Ecolog&#237;a y Recursos Naturales&#44; Facultad de Ciencias&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico&#44; Circuito Exterior s&#47;n&#44; Ciudad Universitaria&#44; 04510 M&#233;xico D&#46;F&#46;&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecolog&#237;a nutricional&#44; crecimiento y densidad de</span> Acronyctodes mexicanaria <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Lepidoptera&#58; Geometridae&#41; sobre la planta dioica</span> Buddleja cordata <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Scrophulariaceae&#41;</span>"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 699
            "Ancho" => 928
            "Tamanyo" => 48432
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consumption of foliar area &#40;&#177;s&#46;e&#46;&#41; by fourth and fifth instar of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>at 3&#44; 7&#44; 20 and 24 h on leaves from female and male trees&#46; Different letters denotes meaningful differences with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60; 0&#46;05 &#40;repeated measures Anova&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction<a name="p173"></a></span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The interest shown in dioecious plant species and their effects on herbivores has grown over the past 20 years&#44; although many issues are still poorly explored&#46; The sex-biased herbivory hypothesis assumes that plant resource allocation between growth&#44; reproduction and defense determines plant-herbivore interactions&#46; Herbivore preferences and performance are thus mediated by nutritional traits&#44; physical characteristics&#44; and chemical defenses of male and female host plants &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fritz&#44; Crabb&#44; &#38; Hochwender&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; In turn&#44; sex-differential herbivory is believed to be one of the selective pressures that drive the evolution of plant dioecy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Avila-Sakar &#38; Romanow&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Most studies have found that herbivores damage male plants more than female plants &#40;reviewed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">&#197;gren&#44; Danell&#44; Elmqvist&#44; Ericson&#44; &#38; Hj&#228;lt&#233;n&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Cepeda &#38; Dirzo&#44; 2002</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Cornelissen &#38; Stiling&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; This is thought to be because females usually allocate more resources toward reproduction and self-defense&#44; and fewer resources toward growth&#44; than male plants &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">&#197;gren et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Cepeda &#38; Dirzo&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Cornelissen &#38; Stiling&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#59; male plants are therefore more edible&#46; Nevertheless&#44; as of yet there is only limited direct evidence for these proximate explanations &#8211; of the 14&#44;620 known dioecious angiosperm species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Renner &#38; Ricklefs&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#44; only about 28 species have been studied &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fritz et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#44; and intersexual differences have not been widely tested &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Avila-Sakar &#38; Romanow&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; the effect that foraging on dioecious plants has on insect performance is poorly explored &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fritz et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; Feeding on plants of a specific sex affects insect performance and fitness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Krischik and Denno &#40;1990</a>&#41;found that females of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trihabda bacharidis</span>&#40;Coleoptera&#58; Chrysomelidae&#41; that fed on male plant leaves of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Baccharis halimifolia</span>had a higher daily fecundity than females that were fed with female plant leaves&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fritz et al&#46;&#40;2003</a>&#41;found that the gall-inducing sawfly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phyllocolpa leavitti</span>&#40;Hymenoptera&#58; Tenthredinidae&#41; had a higher survival probability when fed with female plants than when fed with male plants of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salix discolor</span>&#46; Hendricks and Collier &#40;2003&#41; studied the Mexican harlequin bug&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Murgantia varicolor</span>&#44; on a dioecious tree&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Forchhammeria pallida</span>&#44; and found that adult harlequin bugs occurred more on female than on male plants&#44; although no feeding preferences were observed between plants of different sexes&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Buddleja cordata</span>&#40;Scrophulariaceae&#44; before in Loganiaceae family&#41; is a dioecious tree and it is the dominant tree species in Ciudad Universitaria&#44; in M&#233;xico City &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Gonz&#225;lez-Rebeles&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Gonz&#225;lez-Cort&#233;s and Cano-Santana &#40;1998a</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">b</a>&#41; found different epiphyte insect community compositions on male and female <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>over the course of 1 year&#44; as well as seasonal variations in the rate of herbivory in female trees&#46; In addition&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Gonz&#225;lez-Cort&#233;s and Cano-Santana &#40;1998a</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">b</a>&#41; found that the fourth instar of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acronyctodes mexicanaria</span>&#40;Lepidoptera&#58; Geometridae&#41; preferred feeding on female plants during a feeding trial&#46; These results suggested the possibility of differential performance in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>&#44; depending on the sex of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>used as food source&#46; The objective of this research was to determine whether the sex of this dioecious plant affected the performance of a monophagous caterpillar&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Field site and study species</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study site was located in preserved and gardened areas of the main campus of Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico&#44; in M&#233;xico City &#40;19&#176;19&#8217; N&#44; 99&#176;11&#8217; W&#44; 2&#44;250 m&#41;&#46; The natural reserve inside the campus&#44; the &#8220;Pedregal de San &#193;ngel&#8221; &#40;176&#44;244 ha&#41;&#44; was also sampled&#46; The climate is temperate subhumid with a summer rainy season&#46; Mean temperature is 15&#46;5 &#176;C with an annual rainfall of 870<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;Valiente-Banuet &#38; De Luna&#44; 1990&#41;&#46; The original vegetation of this field site is xerophytic scrub &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Rzedowski&#44; 1978</a>&#41; with a rocky substrate of volcanic origin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Carrillo&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Buddleja cordata</span>Kunth is a dioecious tree measuring 1&#46;5- 6&#46;0 m high&#46; This species presents perfect flowers whose sex appears to be functionally determined by the atrophy of either the gynoceum or androceum &#40;personal observation&#41;&#46; One of its arthropod herbivores is <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acronyctodes mexicanaria</span>Walker &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">V&#225;zquez&#44; 1936</a>&#41;&#46; The caterpillar of this species is reported to be monophagous &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Gonz&#225;lez-Cort&#233;s &#38; Cano-Santana&#44; 1998a</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">b</a>&#41;&#44; and can be observed in the studied area from the last week of June&#44; at the beginning of the rainy season when <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>is flowering &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Elizalde&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#44; to January or February &#40;Garc&#237;a- Garc&#237;a pers&#46;obs&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Gonz&#225;lez-Cort&#233;s &#38; Cano-Santana&#44; 1998a</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">b</a>&#46;&#41;&#44; when the plant is producing fruits &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Meave&#44; Carabias&#44; Arrigaga&#44; &#38; Valiente-Banuet&#44; 1994</a>&#41;&#46; The total larval period of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>lasts about 2 months with 5 instars &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Garc&#237;a-Garc&#237;a&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Feeding preferences</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We collected 6 fourth and fifth instar caterpillars from female trees&#44; and 6 from male trees on October 12&#44; 2002&#46; We recorded the sex of the plant from which the caterpillars were collected because it has been reported that previous feeding experiences can modify food choice &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Jolivet&#44; 1998</a>&#41;&#46; Ten caterpillars were placed inside individual transparent plastic cages measuring 21&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter &#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm deep&#44; and then were deprived of food for 48 h&#46; We collected 12 leaves from 6 different female trees and male trees each&#46; Since it has been reported that young leaves tend to be more nutritious &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Slansky Jr&#46;&#44; 1993</a>&#41;&#44; we controlled leaf age preference by collecting 6 young leaves and 6 older ones from both tree sexes&#46; The leaves were cut into discs measuring 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in diameter&#46; Four discs were pinned equidistantly in a circular arrangement inside each cage&#46; One disc from each of the following categories was placed in every cage&#44; in an alternate fashion&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fy</span>&#40;young leaf from a female tree&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fo</span>&#40;old leaf from a female tree&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">My</span>&#40;young leaf from a male tree&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mo</span>&#40;old leaf from a male tree&#41;&#46; A caterpillar was then placed in the middle of the cage&#44; on a humid piece of cotton&#46; The foliar area remaining after 3&#44; 7&#44; 20 and 24 h was recorded&#46; We calculated the percentage of consumed accumulated foliar area at each time point using a sheet of transparent plastic with dots separated equidistantly by 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Cano-Santana&#44; 1987</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Cano- Santana &#38; Oyama&#44; 1992</a>&#41;&#46; These data were transformed into percentage of consumed accumulated foliar area &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#37; CF</span>&#41; using the formula <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#37; CF</span>&#61; &#40;total foliar area-remaining area&#41; &#215;100&#47;total foliar area&#46; We used repeated measures Anova to compare the consumed foliar area of male and female tree leaves&#44; transforming the data with arcsenx &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Zar&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46;<a name="p174"></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Nutritional ecology</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We collected 12 fifth instar caterpillars on October 28 and 29&#44; 2002&#46; We deprived them of food for 24 h to prevent food from accumulating in their intestines&#46; Six caterpillars were fed every other day with 1 g of leaf from male or female trees over a period of 6 days&#46; We recorded the fresh weight of caterpillars&#44; feces&#44; and leaves using an analytic balance &#40;B300 D&#44; Ohaus&#41;&#46; Water loss was controlled for leaf weight by also recording the weight of 3 uneaten leaves over the same time period&#46; We also recorded the dry weight of the feces and leaves after drying in a 40 &#176;C oven&#46; The dry weight of caterpillars was estimated using a correlation of fresh vs&#46;dry weight&#44; obtained from 46 caterpillars of different instars dried at 40 &#176;C until reaching constant weight&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nutritional indices were obtained according to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Waldbauer&#39;s formulas &#40;1968</a>&#41;with the following modifications&#58;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Weight gain&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;G&#59;</span>mg<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">during the feeding period&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;b&#41; Mean weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span>&#59; mg&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">w</span>is the caterpillar weight at time &#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#8221; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>&#61; number of times the caterpillar is weighed&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;c&#41; Relative growth rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RGR</span>&#59; mg g<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>day<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#61; number of days&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;d&#41; Relative consumption rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RCR</span>&#59; mg g<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>day<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;e&#41; Ingested food in fresh weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cfw&#59;</span>mg&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0025"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fw</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span>is the initial fresh weight of the leaves and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fwr</span>is the remaining fresh weight of the leaves once they have been partially consumed by the caterpillar&#59;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0030"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dwr</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span></span>is the remaining dry weight of the leaves that the caterpillar fed&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dwr</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">c</span>is the dry weight of the control leaves at the end of the feeding period&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;f&#41; Ingested food in dry weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cdw&#59;</span>mg&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0035"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;g&#41; Efficiency of conversion of ingested food to biomass &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ECI</span>&#59; &#37;&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0040"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gdw</span>is the weight gain in dry weight&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;h&#41; Efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ECD</span>&#59; &#37;&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0045"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;i&#41; Approximate digestibility &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AD</span>&#59; &#37;&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0050"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variables in fresh and dry weight were compared between treatments &#40;caterpillars fed with leaves from female and male trees&#41; with one-way Anova&#44; transforming the data with arcsenx &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Zar&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Growth</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Weight gain</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We collected 20 third and fourth instar caterpillars on August 20 and 24&#44; 2002&#44; from both male and female trees&#46; Half of the caterpillars were fed with female tree leaves and the other half with male tree leaves every 2 to 3 days&#46; We therefore had 4 feeding schemes&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ff</span>&#40;caterpillars from female trees fed with leaves of the same tree sex&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; Fm</span>&#40;caterpillars from female trees fed with leaves from male trees&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mm</span>&#40;caterpillars from male trees fed with leaves of the same tree sex&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44;</span>and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mf</span>&#40;caterpillars from male trees fed with leaves from female trees&#41;&#46; Caterpillars were weighed using an analytic balance until reaching pupation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Development time</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We collected 16 and 12 fourth or fifth instar caterpillars on October 28 from female and male trees&#44; respectively&#46; Half of the caterpillars from each tree sex were then fed with female tree leaves&#44; and the other half with male tree leaves&#46; Categories were thus the same as in the previous section&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ff</span>&#40;N&#61; 7&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fm</span>&#40;N&#61; 9&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mf</span>&#40;N&#61; 6&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mm</span>&#40;N&#61; 6&#41;&#46; Caterpillar weight gain and development time were compared according to the sex of the tree from which they were collected and the sex of the tree leaves on which they were fed&#44; using repeated measures Anova&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Density</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recorded the number of caterpillars found on 20 pairs of male and female trees &#40;2 to 5&#46;5 m high&#41; close to each other &#40;distance from 2 to 8 m&#41; every 3 weeks&#44; 4 times &#40;starting on<a name="p175"></a> August 27&#44; 2002&#41;&#46; The density of caterpillars per individual tree&#44; per crown cover&#44; and per crown volume&#44; was calculated using these measurements&#46; Crown cover was estimated using the formula<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0055"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">and crown volume estimated with<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0060"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h</span>&#44; height&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d1&#44;</span>maximum diameter of the crown&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44;</span>perpendicular diameter to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h</span>&#44; height&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span></span>&#44; height of the first branch&#46; Densities were compared using a paired <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>test on each date&#44; correcting data with x&#43;0&#46;5 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Zar&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All statistical analyses were conducted using Statistica software &#40;StatSoft&#44; 1998 ver&#46;6&#46;0&#41;&#46; Tukey&#39;s posthoc test was performed after significant effects were found with Anova&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Results</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Feeding preferences</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to a differential resource allocation of female and male plants&#44; herbivores tend to feed more on plants of a given sex&#46; In order to determine whether caterpillars of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>had sex-related feeding preferences&#44; we compared the percentage of foliar area consumed of male and female tree leaves&#46; Caterpillars marginally consumed a greater foliar area of female tree leaves than male ones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46;1</a>&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1&#44;40</span>&#61; 4&#46;141&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61; 0&#46;049&#41;&#46; However&#44; the leaf age did not significantly influence the caterpillars&#8217; feeding preferences &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1&#44;40</span>&#61; 1&#46;525&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61; 0&#46;224&#41;&#44; nor did the plant sex &#215; leaf age interaction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1&#44;40</span>&#61; 1&#46;887&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61; 0&#46;177&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Nutritional ecology</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is believed that by displaying sex-biased feeding preferences&#44; herbivorous organisms may have a better performance related to the nutritional quality of dioecious plants&#46; To determine the possible effect of the sex of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>on nutritional efficiencies and growth of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria&#44;</span>we compared several nutritional indices between caterpillars fed with either male or female tree leaves&#46; We observed that compared to caterpillars fed with male tree leaves&#44; the relative growth rate &#40;in dry weight&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RGRdw</span>&#41;&#44; the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to biomass &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ECI</span>&#41; and the efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ECD</span>&#41; were significantly higher in caterpillars fed with leaves from female trees &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; the relative consumption rate in fresh weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RCRfw</span>&#41; of caterpillars fed with male tree leaves was significantly higher than for caterpillars fed with female ones&#46; The other indices &#40;weight gain in dry and fresh weight&#44; relative growth rate in fresh weight&#44; relative consumption rate in dry weight&#44; and approximate digestibility&#41; did not show significant differences between caterpillars fed with leaves of either sex &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Growth</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The performance of an organism may be influenced by the adjustment of an organism&#39;s growth&#46; To identify the possible effects of the sex of tree leaves on the growth of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>&#44; we compared the weight gain and development time of caterpillars collected from and fed with leaves from different tree sexes&#46; Caterpillars did not present differences in weight gain based on the sex of their tree of origin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1&#44;37</span>&#61; 2&#46;117&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61; 0&#46;154&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Neither was weight gain influenced by the sex of the tree leaves used<a name="p176"></a> for feeding &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1&#44;37</span>&#61; 1&#46;078&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61; 0&#46;306&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The interaction of origin &#215; sex of the tree leaves used for feeding did not influence weight gain either &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1&#44; 37</span>&#61; 0&#46;677&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61; 0&#46;416&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; we found that fifth&#44; but not fourth&#44; instar caterpillars collected from female trees developed faster than caterpillars found on male plants&#46; This was observed in the marginally meaningful effect of origin on instar duration &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61; 0&#46;070&#41; and on the meaningful interaction of caterpillar origin &#215; instar &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61; 0&#46;017&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the sex of the tree leaves used for feeding marginally influenced the development time of fifth instar caterpillars&#44; as observed in the interaction of leaves used for feeding according to tree sex &#215; instar &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#61; 0&#46;065&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Density</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the sex of the host is an important factor for oviposition selection&#44; different caterpillar densities should be expected on trees of different sexes&#46; We tested this notion by comparing the density of caterpillars on male-female tree pairs over a 3-week period &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; No differences were found between the caterpillar densities on female or male trees on any date of observation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Much still remains to be explored in the field of plant-insect interactions and their ecological consequences&#46; One of these issues is the effect that foraging on male or female plants has on an insect&#39;s performance&#46; We found that caterpillars of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>seem to prefer feeding on female plants rather than on male plants of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata&#44;</span>under laboratory conditions<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>It is thus possible that the nutritional quality of the leaves differs between trees of either sex&#46; If the nutritional quality of leaves is indeed different depending on the sex of the plant&#44; one would expect higher metabolic efficiencies in insects fed with leaves of higher nutritional quality &#40;higher content of nitrogen&#44; proteins&#44; carbohydrates&#44; lipids&#44; and other nutrients&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Slansky Jr&#46;&#44; 1993</a>&#41;&#46; We found higher nutritional efficiencies &#40;efficiency of conversion of ingested food to biomass and efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ECI</span>and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ECD</span>respectively&#41; in caterpillars fed with female tree leaves&#44; thus suggesting that the nutritional quality of female tree leaves may indeed be higher than that of male trees&#46; Similarly&#44; the relative consumption rate in fresh weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RCRfw</span>&#41; was higher in caterpillars fed with male tree leaves&#44; as would be expected from a poorer nutrient content in leaves of male trees&#44; to which caterpillars respond by consuming more food to compensate the difference&#46; This feeding behavior has been well documented for several caterpillar species &#40;Cano- Santana &#38; Oyama&#44; 1992&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Simpson &#38; Simpson&#44; 1990</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Slansky Jr&#46;&#44; 1993</a>&#41;&#46; We also found that the relative consumption rate in dry weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RCRdw</span>&#41; was the same for caterpillars fed with either male or female tree leaves&#46; It is thus likely that if the nutritional quality of leaves differs in a sex-dependent fashion&#44; this difference is caused by a higher nutrient concentration in female leaves&#46; Similarly&#44; we found that fifth instar caterpillars fed with female tree leaves had a higher relative growth rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RGRdw</span>&#41; than those fed with male tree leaves&#46; This could also reflect the post-metabolic advantage of better nutritional efficiencies &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ECI</span>and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ECD</span>&#41; when caterpillars feed on female tree leaves&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to optimize food use&#44; some insects can regulate their metabolism or feeding behavior&#44; in a non-reversible fashion&#44; at a given developmental stage&#46; If sex-based feeding experience modifies the feeding behavior of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria&#44;</span>a preference towards the tree leaves of the same sex the caterpillar was feeding on before collection&#44; would be expected&#44; in a feeding preference assay&#46; However&#44; we found that caterpillars preferred feeding on female tree leaves&#44; no matter the sex of the tree from which they were collected&#46; In addition&#44; we found that caterpillars gained weight equally well when fed with tree leaves of the same or different sex than that of the trees from which they were collected&#46; This result thus suggests that previous feeding experiences of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>do not alter the capacity of the caterpillars to convert ingested food to biomass&#46; In contrast&#44; we found that fifth&#44; but not fourth&#44; instar caterpillars collected from female trees grew faster than instars collected from male plants&#44; no matter the sex of the tree leaves used for feeding&#46; It is thus possible that female trees possess compounds perceived by fifth instar caterpillars&#44; capable of accelerating their growth independently of a caterpillar&#39;s final biomass&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Slansky Jr&#46;&#40;1993</a>&#41;has reviewed the existence of such instar-specific metabolic differences&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found that the density of caterpillars on male and female trees was the same&#46; It thus appears that the oviposition preferences of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>do not depend on the sex of the tree&#46; However&#44; the effects of other factors&#44; such as the presence of other herbivores&#44; predators and parasitoids&#44; or differences in <a name="p177"></a>temperature&#44; levels of light&#44; humidity&#44; and nutrient concentration&#44; etc&#46;&#44; on oviposition preferences cannot be ruled out &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Pilson&#44; 1992</a>&#41;&#46; It is consequently unclear whether dioecism affects the selection of the tree for oviposition&#46; This issue warrants further investigation&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Male plants tend to allocate more resources to growth than to defense against herbivores&#44; whereas female plants assign more resources to self-defense than to growth &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">&#197;gren et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Cepeda &#38; Dirzo&#44; 2002</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Cornelissen &#38; Stiling&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; This difference in resource allocation may explain&#44; at least in part&#44; the fact that herbivores usually prefer to feed on male plants&#44; since they can be more nutritious &#40;reviewed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">&#197;gren et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Cepeda &#38; Dirzo&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; we found that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>caterpillars preferred female plants of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>&#46; Since the caterpillars appear during the flowering season of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>&#44; it is possible that resource assignment to nutritional reserves could be greater in female trees because they will eventually produce fruit&#46; In fact&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Cepeda and Dirzo &#40;2010</a>&#41;found that depending on the reproductive season it is the reproductive allocation &#40;biomass and nutrients&#41; in dioecious plants&#46; Overall&#44; the results presented in this report indicate that the sex of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>affects the performance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria&#46;</span>Therefore&#44; differences in the nutritional quality of female and male trees of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>may explain differences in caterpillar performance&#46; A direct assessment of nutrient content in either sex should be conducted&#46; The study of the causes and effects of sex-biased herbivory will surely bring forth many exciting findings in the future&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:10 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres479247"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501524"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres479248"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501525"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Field site and study species"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Feeding preferences"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Nutritional ecology"
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Growth"
              "secciones" => array:3 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0035"
                  "titulo" => "Weight gain"
                ]
                1 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0040"
                  "titulo" => "Development time"
                ]
                2 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0045"
                  "titulo" => "Density"
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Feeding preferences"
              "secciones" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0060"
                  "titulo" => "Nutritional ecology"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Growth"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Density"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack146976"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-02-07"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-10-13"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501524"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Herbivorous insects"
            1 => "Insect performance"
            2 => "Feeding preferences"
            3 => "Nutritional indices"
            4 => "Plant dioecy"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501525"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Insectos herb&#237;voros"
            1 => "Desempe&#241;o de insectos"
            2 => "Preferencias alimentarias"
            3 => "&#205;ndices nutricionales"
            4 => "Dioicismo en plantas"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Due to differential resource allocation by male and female plants&#44; herbivores tend to feed more on male plants than on female ones&#46; It is believed that the preferred food gives the organism a better performance&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Buddleja cordata</span>is an abundant dioicous plant in the &#8220;Pedregal de San &#193;ngel&#8221;&#44; M&#233;xico City&#46; This plant is the food of the monophagous geometrid <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acronyctodes mexicanaria</span>&#46; The objective of this study was to determine if the dioecy of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>affects nutritional and performance parameters of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>&#40;consumption&#44; metabolic use of the food&#44; growth&#44; and density of caterpillars on male and female trees&#41;&#46; Feeding preference&#44; development time of caterpillars&#44; and 5 variables concerning consumption and growth efficiencies were analyzed for caterpillars collected from male and female trees&#44; and which were fed in the laboratory with leaves from trees of each sex&#46; There was no significant difference between caterpillar density on female and male trees&#59; however&#44; we found that caterpillars preferred feeding on female leaves&#44; and they obtained better nutritional efficiencies and grew more quickly when feeding on female leaves than on male leaves&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La distribuci&#243;n de recursos diferenciada entre plantas femeninas y masculinas ocasiona que los herb&#237;voros tiendan a alimentarse m&#225;s de plantas masculinas&#46; Se cree que el alimento preferido permite un mejor desempe&#241;o del herb&#237;voro&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Buddleja cordata</span>es una planta dioica abundante en la reserva del Pedregal de San &#193;ngel&#44; en la ciudad de M&#233;xico&#46; Esta especie es el alimento del geom&#233;trido mon&#243;fago <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acronyctodes mexicanaria&#46;</span>El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el dioicismo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>afecta algunos par&#225;metros nutricionales y del desempe&#241;o de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>&#40;consumo&#44; uso metab&#243;lico del alimento&#44; crecimiento y densidad de orugas en &#225;rboles de distinto sexo&#41;&#46; Se analizaron las preferencias alimentarias&#44; el tiempo de desarrollo y 5 variables de consumo y eficiencias alimentarias en orugas recolectadas de &#225;rboles femeninos y masculinos&#44; y se alimentaron en el laboratorio con hojas de estos &#225;rboles&#46; No se encontr&#243; diferencia significativa en la densidad de orugas entre &#225;rboles de diferente sexo&#44; pero las orugas prefirieron alimentarse de hojas de &#225;rboles femeninos y presentaron mejores eficiencias alimentarias y un crecimiento m&#225;s r&#225;pido que al alimentarse de &#225;rboles masculinos&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:16 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 699
            "Ancho" => 928
            "Tamanyo" => 48432
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consumption of foliar area &#40;&#177;s&#46;e&#46;&#41; by fourth and fifth instar of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>at 3&#44; 7&#44; 20 and 24 h on leaves from female and male trees&#46; Different letters denotes meaningful differences with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60; 0&#46;05 &#40;repeated measures Anova&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nutritional index</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Feeding sex</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">G <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fw</span>&#40;mg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">547&#46;9&#177;39&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">640&#46;1&#177;72&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;246&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;290&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">G <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dw</span>&#40;mg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">143&#46;8&#177;10&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">175&#46;9&#177;19&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;044&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;183&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RGR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fw</span>&#40;mg g<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>day<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">46&#46;2&#177;7&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">41&#46;8&#177;5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;217&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;651&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RGR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dw</span>&#40;mg g<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>day<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">81&#46;7&#177;6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">41&#46;8&#177;5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#46;402&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RCR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fw</span>&#40;mg g<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>day<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">9&#44;017&#46;2&#177;1&#44;840&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">20&#44;670&#46;1&#177;4&#44;837&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;357&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;048&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RCR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dw</span>&#40;mg g<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>day<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">10&#44;464&#46;4&#177;2&#44;123&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">11&#44;805&#46;3&#177;2&#44;681&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;240&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;703&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECI &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">9&#46;2&#177;1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">5&#46;2&#177;0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;204&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECD &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">10&#46;2&#177;1&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">5&#46;7&#177;0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;828&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">AD &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">90&#46;7&#177;1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">91&#46;9&#177;1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;370&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;556&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab757472.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Repeated measures Anova evaluating&#44; in fresh weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fw</span>&#41; and in dry weight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dw</span>&#41;&#44; weight gain &#40;G&#41;&#44; relative growth rate &#40;RGR&#41;&#44; relative consumption rate &#40;RCR&#41;&#44; efficiency of conversion of ingested food to biomass &#40;ECI&#41;&#44; efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass &#40;ECD&#41;&#44; and approximate digestibility &#40;AD&#41; of fifth instars of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>fed with male and female tree leaves during 6 days</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Different letters denote significant differences between male and female source trees for fifth instar caterpillars&#44; with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60; 0&#46;05 &#40;Tukey test&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ff</span></span>&#61; 7&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fm</span></span>&#61; 9&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mf</span></span>&#61; 6 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mm</span></span>&#61; 6&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Instar</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Duration &#40;days&#177;s&#46;e&#46;&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Ff&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Fm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Mf&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fourth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">9&#46;1&#177;1&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">9&#46;7&#177;1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">7&#46;7&#177;1&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">10&#46;0&#177;1&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Fifth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">14&#46;6&#177;0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">14&#46;3&#177;0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">20&#46;3&#177;1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">16&#46;5&#177;1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab757471.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Duration of fourth and fifth instar of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; mexicanaria</span>&#40;days&#177;s&#46; e&#46;&#41; collected from female and male trees of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#41; and fed with leaves from male and female trees &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span>and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span>&#41;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Sex of the tree</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Date&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">t<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Aug-27-02 No&#46; caterpillar &#47;ind&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;450&#177;0&#46;400&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;200&#177;0&#46;092&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;348&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;732&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;051&#177;0&#46;043&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;029&#177;0&#46;015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;430&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;672&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;036&#177;0&#46;029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;024&#177;0&#46;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;338&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;739&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sep-21-02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;ind&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;550&#177;0&#46;266&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;300&#177;0&#46;128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;704&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;490&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;065&#177;0&#46;029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;039&#177;0&#46;018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;762&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;455&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;045&#177;0&#46;020&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;026&#177;0&#46;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;813&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;427&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Oct-12-02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;ind&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;500&#177;0&#46;154&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;400&#177;0&#46;152&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;424&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;676&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;050&#177;0&#46;015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;038&#177;0&#46;015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;802&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;432&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;032&#177;0&#46;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;026&#177;0&#46;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;603&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;554&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Nov-09-02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;ind&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;050&#177;0&#46;050&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;100&#177;0&#46;069&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;330&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;002&#177;0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;007&#177;0&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;416&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;173&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&#46; caterpillar &#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;001&#177;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;005&#177;0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;453&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;163&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab757470.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Paired <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>test&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of caterpillar density &#40;mean&#177;s&#46;e&#46;&#41; on female and male trees of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; cordata</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d&#46;f&#46;</span>&#61; 19&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0005"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "final&#8201;weight&#8722;initial&#8201;weight"
          "Fichero" => "si1.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1745
          "Alto" => 15
          "Ancho" => 190
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0010"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "B&#61;&#8721;t&#61;1TWt"
          "Fichero" => "si2.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1134
          "Alto" => 49
          "Ancho" => 64
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0015"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "RGR&#61;G&#47;&#91;&#40;B&#41;&#40;t&#41;&#215;1000&#93;"
          "Fichero" => "si3.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1727
          "Alto" => 16
          "Ancho" => 179
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0020"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "RCR&#61;&#8721;t&#61;1Tingested&#8201;food&#47;&#91;&#40;B&#41;&#8201;&#40;t&#41;&#215;1000&#93;&#46;"
          "Fichero" => "si4.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 3219
          "Alto" => 49
          "Ancho" => 288
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0025"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "Cfw&#61;fwi&#8722;fwr"
          "Fichero" => "si5.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1114
          "Alto" => 14
          "Ancho" => 123
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0030"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "fwr&#61;&#40;fwi&#215;dwre&#41;&#47;dwrc"
          "Fichero" => "si6.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1606
          "Alto" => 16
          "Ancho" => 176
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0035"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "Cdw&#61;mean&#8201;dw&#8201;of&#8201;the&#8201;initial&#8201;control&#8201;leaves&#8201;&#8722;&#8201;mean&#8201;dw&#8201;of&#8201;the&#8201;remaining&#8201;leaves&#8201;after&#8201;the&#8201;feeding&#8201;period"
          "Fichero" => "si7.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 6147
          "Alto" => 15
          "Ancho" => 734
        ]
      ]
      11 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0040"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "ECI&#61;&#40;Gdw&#47;Cdw&#41;&#215;100"
          "Fichero" => "si8.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1699
          "Alto" => 16
          "Ancho" => 176
        ]
      ]
      12 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0045"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "ECD&#61;&#91;Gdw&#47;&#40;Cdw&#8722;dw&#8201;of&#8201;feces&#41;&#93;&#215;100&#46;"
          "Fichero" => "si9.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 2640
          "Alto" => 16
          "Ancho" => 302
        ]
      ]
      13 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0050"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "AD&#61;Cdw-dw&#8201;of&#8201;fecesCdw&#215;100&#46;"
          "Fichero" => "si10.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1863
          "Alto" => 22
          "Ancho" => 194
        ]
      ]
      14 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0055"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "Cov&#61;&#960;d1&#43;d242"
          "Fichero" => "si11.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1389
          "Alto" => 33
          "Ancho" => 121
        ]
      ]
      15 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0060"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "Vol&#61;43&#960;d1&#43;d2&#43;h&#8722;hr63"
          "Fichero" => "si12.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1931
          "Alto" => 33
          "Ancho" => 163
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:26 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "&#197;gren et al&#46;&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sexual dimorphism and biotic interactions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46; &#197;gren"
                            1 => "K&#46; Danell"
                            2 => "T&#46; Elmqvist"
                            3 => "L&#46; Ericson"
                            4 => "J&#46; Hj&#228;lt&#233;n"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Gender and sexual dimorphism in flowering plants"
                        "paginaInicial" => "217"
                        "paginaFinal" => "246"
                        "serieFecha" => "1999"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "Avila-Sakar and Romanow&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Divergence in defense against herbivores between males and females of dioecious plant species"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Avila-Sakar"
                            1 => "C&#46;A&#46; Romanow"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "International Journal of Evolutionary Biology"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "2012"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "16"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Cano-Santana&#44; 1987"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Z&#46; Cano-Santana"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ecolog&#237;a de la relaci&#243;n entre</span>Wigandia urens <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Hydrophyllaceae&#41; y sus herb&#237;voros en el Pedregal de San &#193;ngel D&#46;F&#46;</span>Tesis"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "editorial" => "Facultad de Ciencias&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "M&#233;xico D&#46;F&#46;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "Cano-Santana and Oyama&#44; 1992"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tricomas foliares&#44; calidad del alimento y eficiencias de alimentaci&#243;n y crecimiento de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lophoceramica pyrrha</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Z&#46; Cano-Santana"
                            1 => "K&#46; Oyama"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Southwest Entomologist"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "333"
                        "paginaFinal" => "339"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Carrillo&#44; 1995"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Carrillo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "El Pedregal de San &#193;ngel"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "editorial" => "Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "M&#233;xico D&#46;F&#46;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "Cepeda and Dirzo&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Intersexual differences in resource allocation&#44; growth and herbivory in dioecious palm species of genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chamaedorea</span>"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Cepeda"
                            1 => "R&#46; Dirzo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Ecological Society of America 87th Annual Meeting &#40;Summary&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "editorial" => "Ecological Society of America"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Tucson"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "Cepeda and Dirzo&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sex-related differences in reproductive allocation&#44; growth&#44; defense and herbivory in three dioecious neotropical Palms"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Cepeda"
                            1 => "R&#46; Dirzo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0009824"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PLoS ONE"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e9824"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20352113"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "Cornelissen and Stiling&#44; 2005"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sex-biased herbivory&#58; a meta-analysis of the effects of gender on plant-herbivore interactions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Cornelissen"
                            1 => "P&#46; Stiling"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Oikos"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "111"
                        "paginaInicial" => "488"
                        "paginaFinal" => "500"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "Elizalde&#44; 1995"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "L&#46;C&#46; Elizalde"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estudio sobre la germinaci&#243;n y plantaci&#243;n de dos especies &#250;tiles en la recuperaci&#243;n de suelos&#58;</span>Buddleia cordata <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span>Nicotiana glauca&#46; Tesis"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "editorial" => "Facultad de Ciencias&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "M&#233;xico&#44; D&#46;F&#46;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "Fritz et al&#46;&#44; 2003"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Preference and performance of a gall-inducing sawfly&#58; plant vigor&#44; sex&#44; gall traits and phenology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;S&#46; Fritz"
                            1 => "B&#46;A&#46; Crabb"
                            2 => "C&#46;G&#46; Hochwender"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Oikos"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "601"
                        "paginaFinal" => "613"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "Garc&#237;a-Garc&#237;a&#44; 2004"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46;L&#46; Garc&#237;a-Garc&#237;a"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Desempe&#241;o y ecolog&#237;a alimentaria de</span>Acronyctodes mexicanaria <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Lepidoptera&#58; Geometridae&#41; sobre</span>Buddleia cordata <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Loganiaceae&#41; de distinto sexo&#46; Tesis</span>"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "editorial" => "Facultad de Ciencias&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "M&#233;xico&#44; D&#46;F&#46;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "Gonz&#225;lez-Cort&#233;s and Cano-Santana&#44; 1998a"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Efecto del sexo de los tepozanes sobre las alimentarias y la estructura de la comunidad de artr&#243;podos"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Gonz&#225;lez-Cort&#233;s"
                            1 => "Z&#46; Cano-Santana"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "XXXIII Congreso Nacional de Entomolog&#237;a &#40;Summary&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "editorial" => "Sociedad Mexicana de Entomolog&#237;a"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Acapulco"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "Gonz&#225;lez-Cort&#233;s and Cano-Santana&#44; 1998b"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tasas de herbivor&#237;a en funci&#243;n del sexo en dos especies de tepozanes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Gonz&#225;lez-Cort&#233;s"
                            1 => "Z&#46; Cano-Santana"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "&#40;Buddleia spp&#46;&#41; VII Congreso Mexicano de Bot&#225;nica &#40;Summary&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "editorial" => "Sociedad Mexicana de Bot&#225;nica"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "M&#233;xico&#44; D&#46;F&#46;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "Gonz&#225;lez-Rebeles&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46;G&#46; Gonz&#225;lez-Rebeles"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Efecto de cinco a&#241;os de acciones de restauraci&#243;n sobre la comunidad vegetal y dos poblaciones de artr&#243;podos en el &#225;rea A11 de la Reserva del Pedregal de San &#193;ngel&#46; Tesis"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "editorial" => "Facultad de Ciencias&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "M&#233;xico&#44; D&#46;F&#46;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "Jolivet&#44; 1998"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Jolivet"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Interrelationship between insects and plants"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "editorial" => "CRC Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Boca Raton"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "Krischik and Denno&#44; 1990"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patterns of growth&#44; reproduction&#44; defense&#44; and herbivory in the dioecious shrub <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Baccharis halimifolia</span>&#40;Compositae&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "V&#46;A&#46; Krischik"
                            1 => "R&#46;F&#46; Denno"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/BF00317750"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Oecologia"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "83"
                        "paginaInicial" => "182"
                        "paginaFinal" => "190"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22160109"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "Meave et al&#46;&#44; 1994"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Observaciones fenol&#243;gicas en el Pedregal de San &#193;ngel"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Meave"
                            1 => "J&#46; Carabias"
                            2 => "V&#46; Arrigaga"
                            3 => "A&#46; Valiente-Banuet"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "El Pedregal de San &#193;ngel&#58; ecolog&#237;a&#44; historia natural y manejo &#40;p"
                        "paginaInicial" => "91"
                        "paginaFinal" => "105"
                        "serieFecha" => "1994"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "Pilson&#44; 1992"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Insect distribution patterns and the evolution of host use"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Pilson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens&#58; ecology&#44; evolution and genetics &#40;p"
                        "paginaInicial" => "120"
                        "paginaFinal" => "139"
                        "serieFecha" => "1992"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "Renner and Ricklefs&#44; 1995"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46;S&#46; Renner"
                            1 => "R&#46;E&#46; Ricklefs"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "American Journal of Botany"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "82"
                        "paginaInicial" => "596"
                        "paginaFinal" => "606"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "Rzedowski&#44; 1978"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Rzedowski"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Vegetaci&#243;n de M&#233;xico"
                        "fecha" => "1978"
                        "editorial" => "Limusa"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Mexico D&#46;F"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "Simpson and Simpson&#44; 1990"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The mechanisms of nutritional compensation by phytophagous insects"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46;J&#46; Simpson"
                            1 => "C&#46;L&#46; Simpson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:6 [
                        "editores" => "E&#46;A&#46;Bernays"
                        "paginaInicial" => "111"
                        "paginaFinal" => "160"
                        "serieVolumen" => "V"
                        "serieTitulo" => "Insect-plant interactions"
                        "serieFecha" => "1990"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "Slansky&#44; 1993"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nutritional ecology&#58; the fundamental quest for nutrients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Slansky Jr&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Caterpillars&#44; ecological and evolutionary constrains on foraging"
                        "paginaInicial" => "29"
                        "paginaFinal" => "91"
                        "serieFecha" => "1993"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "Strauss&#44; 1990"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The role of plant genotype&#44; environment and gender in resistance to a specialist chrysomelid herbivore"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "S&#46;Y&#46; Strauss"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Oecologia"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "84"
                        "paginaInicial" => "111"
                        "paginaFinal" => "116"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "V&#225;zquez&#44; 1936"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Insectos nocivos a los tepozanes del centro de M&#233;xico&#46;</span>Master thesis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "L&#46; V&#225;zquez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "M&#233;xico D&#46;F&#46;&#58; Facultad de Filosof&#237;a y Estudios Superiores&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
                        "fecha" => "1936"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "Waldbauer&#44; 1968"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The consumption and utilization of food by insects"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46;P&#46; Waldbauer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Advanced Insect Physiology"
                        "fecha" => "1968"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "229"
                        "paginaFinal" => "288"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "Zar&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;H&#46; Zar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biostatistical analysis</span>2&#46;a ed Englewood Cliffs"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "editorial" => "Prentice Hall"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New Jersey"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack146976"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We thank Julio Arriaga Romero&#44; Alejandro Hunab Molina V&#225;zquez and Esteban Zamor&#225;n Pineda for their invaluable help in the field&#46; We thank X&#243;chitl Ponce Wainer for the insightful English revision and observations&#46; We thank Erick Garc&#237;a-Garc&#237;a for his valuable observations&#46; We thank Paolo Fontana for his priceless suggestions&#46; Thanks to Marco Antonio Romero-Romero for the technical support&#46; We thank professors Jorge Meave del Castillo&#44; Ma&#46; Teresa Valverde Vald&#233;s&#44; Consuelo Bonfil Sanders and Silvia Castillo Arguero for their comments on this study&#44; and Claudia Gonz&#225;lez Cort&#233;s&#44; Gabriela Casta&#241;o Meneses&#44; Adolfo Ibarra&#44; Ernesto Vel&#225;zquez Montes&#44; Rosa Mar&#237;a Fonseca Ju&#225;rez&#44; and Eduardo Cuevas Miranda for their suggestions&#46;</p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/18703453/0000008600000001/v1_201504220203/S187034531530018X/v1_201504220203/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "38529"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "es" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Ecolog&#237;a &#124; Ecology"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18703453/0000008600000001/v1_201504220203/S187034531530018X/v1_201504220203/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S187034531530018X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 18703453
Original language: English

DOI:10.7550/rmb.44382

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	1	3
2024 October	16	1	17
2024 September	7	6	13
2024 August	19	5	24
2024 July	10	1	11
2024 June	9	2	11
2024 May	4	1	5
2024 April	7	4	11
2024 March	8	5	13
2024 February	5	6	11
2024 January	8	4	12
2023 December	9	9	18
2023 November	9	7	16
2023 October	5	3	8
2023 September	4	3	7
2023 August	6	3	9
2023 July	2	2	4
2023 June	7	4	11
2023 May	6	7	13
2023 April	8	1	9
2023 March	9	3	12
2023 February	7	4	11
2023 January	8	12	20
2022 December	11	4	15
2022 November	7	8	15
2022 October	9	7	16
2022 September	11	7	18
2022 August	5	5	10
2022 July	12	11	23
2022 June	6	4	10
2022 May	12	4	16
2022 April	7	8	15
2022 March	13	9	22
2022 February	7	3	10
2022 January	7	9	16
2021 December	10	10	20
2021 November	5	6	11
2021 October	10	9	19
2021 September	6	7	13
2021 August	6	12	18
2021 July	2	6	8
2021 June	8	8	16
2021 May	9	5	14
2021 April	8	14	22
2021 March	8	7	15
2021 February	6	11	17
2021 January	3	17	20
2020 December	6	7	13
2020 November	2	5	7
2020 October	3	10	13
2020 September	7	7	14
2020 August	5	2	7
2020 July	4	4	8
2020 June	3	0	3
2020 May	5	5	10
2020 April	9	2	11
2020 March	9	8	17
2020 February	6	4	10
2020 January	5	18	23
2019 December	7	3	10
2019 November	4	3	7
2019 October	0	1	1
2019 September	4	3	7
2019 August	4	0	4
2019 July	2	18	20
2019 June	17	23	40
2019 May	48	41	89
2019 April	21	12	33
2019 March	2	5	7
2019 February	8	10	18
2019 January	6	9	15
2018 December	4	6	10
2018 November	2	4	6
2018 October	1	14	15
2018 September	0	3	3
2018 August	0	3	3
2018 July	3	1	4
2018 June	0	2	2
2018 May	3	5	8
2018 April	2	5	7
2018 March	4	3	7
2018 February	2	0	2
2018 January	5	0	5
2017 December	7	1	8
2017 October	3	5	8
2017 September	7	8	15
2017 August	2	15	17
2017 July	5	3	8
2017 June	9	1	10
2017 May	5	2	7
2017 April	8	15	23
2017 March	15	91	106
2017 February	13	1	14
2017 January	7	2	9
2016 December	9	7	16
2016 November	16	9	25
2016 October	16	8	24
2016 September	15	12	27
2016 August	11	4	15
2016 July	14	0	14

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter