Taxonomy and systematics
First studies on Patagonian immature Mycetophilidae: description of the larva and pupa, redescription and comments on the biology of Mycomya chilensis
Primeros estudios de estadios inmaduros Mycetophilidae: descripción de la larva y pupa, redescripción y comentarios sobre la biología de Mycomya chilensis
Read
3689
Timeswas read the article
715
Total PDF
2974
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:24 [ "pii" => "S1870345317301999" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmb.2017.10.022" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-12-01" "aid" => "2329" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2017" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2017;88:815-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 878 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 53 "HTML" => 654 "PDF" => 171 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345317302154" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmb.2017.10.037" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-12-01" "aid" => "2345" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2017;88:820-3" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 829 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 51 "HTML" => 664 "PDF" => 114 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Taxonomy and systematics</span>" "titulo" => "Description of a new <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plusiotis</span> jewel scarab species from Oaxaca, Mexico (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae)" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "820" "paginaFinal" => "823" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Descripción de un nuevo escarabajo gema de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plusiotis</span> de Oaxaca, México (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae)" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3355 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 1503487 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a–h) Habitus and genitalia of holotype of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plusiotis cosijoezai</span> sp. n. (a) Habitus in dorsal view, (b) habitus en ventral view, (c) habitus in lateral view, (d) parameres in ventral view with detail of ventral plates, (e) parameres in dorsal view, (f) parameres in distal view, (g) parameres in lateral view, (h) genital plates of allotype. (i–j) Male genitalia of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. lacordairei</span>; (i) parameres in dorsal view, (j) parameres in ventra view.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Andrés Ramírez-Ponce, Daniel J. Curoe" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Andrés" "apellidos" => "Ramírez-Ponce" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Daniel J." "apellidos" => "Curoe" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345317302154?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008800000004/v1_201712160642/S1870345317302154/v1_201712160642/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S187034531730218X" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmb.2017.10.040" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-12-01" "aid" => "2348" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2017;88:807-14" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 879 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 55 "HTML" => 675 "PDF" => 149 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Taxonomy and systematics</span>" "titulo" => "New species of waterbear <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Minibiotus pentannulatus</span> (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from Colombia" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "807" "paginaFinal" => "814" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Nueva especie de osito de agua <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Minibiotus pentannulatus</span> (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae) de Colombia" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1936 "Ancho" => 1400 "Tamanyo" => 345907 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Egg of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Minibiotus pentannulatus</span> sp. nov. (A) General view (scale bar 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm). (B) Detail of the cuticle of the embryo, arrow indicates a multi-lobated pore (scale bar 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm). (C) Detail of the smooth eggshell and the processes with 5 annulations (scale bar 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Rosana Londoño, Anisbeth Daza, Oscar Lisi, Sigmer Quiroga" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rosana" "apellidos" => "Londoño" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Anisbeth" "apellidos" => "Daza" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Oscar" "apellidos" => "Lisi" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sigmer" "apellidos" => "Quiroga" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S187034531730218X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008800000004/v1_201712160642/S187034531730218X/v1_201712160642/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:21 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Taxonomy and systematics</span>" "titulo" => "First studies on Patagonian immature Mycetophilidae: description of the larva and pupa, redescription and comments on the biology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span>" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "815" "paginaFinal" => "819" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Pablo Pessacq, Guillermo Omad, Peter H. Kerr, Cristian Pardo" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Pablo" "apellidos" => "Pessacq" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "pablopessacq@yahoo.com.ar" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Guillermo" "apellidos" => "Omad" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Peter H." "apellidos" => "Kerr" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cristian" "apellidos" => "Pardo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Investigaciones Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónicas, Roca 780, 9200 Esquel, Chubut, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Plant Pest Diagnostic Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832-1448, USA" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Primeros estudios de estadios inmaduros Mycetophilidae: descripción de la larva y pupa, redescripción y comentarios sobre la biología de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span>" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figures 1–4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2913 "Ancho" => 2083 "Tamanyo" => 414866 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span>, male adult. (1) Wings; (2) terminalia, ventral view; (3) terminalia, dorsal view; (4) terminalia, lateral views. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: Aed: aedeagus; Gst: gonostylus; Proc: central processus; Sla: sternal lateral appendages; S9: sternite 9; Tla: tergal lateral appendages; T9: tergite 9.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mycetophilidae, commonly known as “fungus gnats”, are a diverse and cosmopolitan family of Diptera containing more than 4,000 species described in more than 150 extant genera (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Oliveira & Amorim, 2014</a>). In the Neotropical region, including the Subantarctic forests of Patagonia (these forests actually belong to the Andean region, not the Neotropical region, see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Morrone, 2015</a>), Mycetophilidae are one of the most diverse dipteran families, with 1,145 species described in 54 genera (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Oliveira & Amorim, 2014</a>). Taxonomic knowledge of the family in South America is mainly due to the work of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">Duret (e.g., 1976, 1978</a>), <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">Lane (e.g., 1956, 1962</a>), <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">Freeman (1951, 1954)</a>, and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Edwards (e.g., 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1940</a>). Recent additions to the taxonomy and phylogeny of the group include, among others, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Amorim, Oliveira, and Balbi (2008)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Amorim and Oliveira (2008)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Oliveira (2013)</a>, and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">Oliveira and Amorim (2010a, 2010b)</a>. Knowledge of the biology and immature stages of the group, however, is almost nonexistent in South America, being restricted to larval description and biological observations of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neoempheria puncticoxa</span> Edwards in Brazil (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Oliveira, Albertoni, Borkent, & Amorim, 2015</a>).</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span> Rondani and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Noempheria</span> Osten Sacken are the largest genera and possess the widest distribution in the subfamily Mycomyinae (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Väisänen, 1984</a>). For the Neotropical region, 86 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span> species are recognized of which 31 are known from the Patagonian Subantarctic forest and the Malvinas Islands in Argentina and Chile. The fauna of this region was mainly described by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Freeman (1951)</a>. A number of papers have been published on the biology of immature stages of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span> larvae but most are from the Nearctic, Palearctic, or Holarctic regions (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">Krivosheina & Zaitzev, 2008; Madwar, 1937; Ševčík, 2010</a>). For the Neotropical region, larval stages of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span> are unknown, as are its biological aspects. In this paper, we describe the immature stages (larva and pupa) of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span> for the first time and we redescribe the adult male. We also include comments on the biology of the larva and pupa.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specimens were collected in the months of November and December, 2015 in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus</span> forest of Central Chubut (Argentinean Patagonia). Mushroom fruiting bodies were separated together with part of the substrate (a piece of log) and taken into laboratory. Fungi were placed in jars with humid sand covered with a mesh, and moistened 3–4 times a week or as needed. Larvae were observed on a daily basis. Larvae and adults were fixed in 70% ethanol. Larval head and mouthparts were observed under microscope after being cleared with 10% KOH solution then neutralized with a weak solution of glacial acetic acid. Specimens were observed using a Leica DM 500 microscope equipped with a Leica EC3 camera. Measurements were taken using a Leitz Wetzlar Dialux compound microscope equipped with a micrometer. Drawings were prepared with a drawing mirror on a Leica MZ6 at 40× magnification. General terminology for Diptera follows that of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">McAlpine (1981)</a>, while specific morphological terminology for Mycetophilidae follows <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Väisänen (1984)</a> for adults and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Courtney, Sinclair, and Meier (2000)</a> for larvae.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Material studied:</span> 7 larvae, Argentina, Chubut Province, “Los Alerces” National Park, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus</span> forest near Arrayanes campsite, path to the “Lahuan”, 42°44′41″ S, 71°44′33″ W, Leg. P. Pessacq & C. Pardo, 14.xi.2015; 2 male adults, reared in laboratory, same data as above, pupated on 27.xi.2015 and emerged on 3.xii.2015; 3 pupae reared in laboratory, same data as above, pupated on 18.xi.2015, 24.xi.2015, and 28.xi.2015, but were partially eaten by Coleoptera larvae.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Description</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Blanchard, 1852</a>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1–8</a>)</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sciophila chilensis</span> Blanchard in Gay, 1852: 533–534 (male description, type locality: Coquimbo, Chile); <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Philippi, 1865</a>: 624 (record for Coquimbo, Chile); <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Bigot, 1888</a>: DV. 13 (first record for Tierra del Fuego); <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Lynch-Arribálzaga, 1892</a>: 421 (male redescription); <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Johannsen, 1909</a>: 38 (mentions that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. chilensis</span> could belong to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span>).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Freeman, 1951</a>: 32, Figs. 10, 12, 75 (male redescription, genitalia figures, new records for Argentina in Río Negro and Neuquén provinces, and Chile in X Region); <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Oliveira & Amorim, 2014</a>: 27 (included in Neotropical catalog).</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adult male.</span> Head: vertex brownish, with small scattered setae. Two clearly visible ocelli located in middle of vertex. Frons and clypeus yellowish. Palpus yellowish, with 5 segments, first 2 very short, last palpomere longer than remaining ones, approximately 2× longer than fourth palpomere. Antenna with scape and pedicel rounded, shorter than first flagellomere, both with ring of small setae on basal margin. Flagellum brownish, with 14 flagellomeres, each slightly longer than wide; last flagellomere thinner than remaining ones. Antenna 2× longer than thorax. Thorax: pronotum pale yellow, with long setae over its surface. Scutum light brown, covered with small setae and long bristles scattered at the sides and organized in a mid-dorsal line and 2 lateral lines on dorsum. Proepisternum bare, yellowish; proepimeron bare, light brown; proepisternum bare, pale yellow; anepisternum bare, light yellow, turning brownish at the central portion; katepisternum bare, dorsal half pale yellow turning light brown at the ventral portion; mesepimeron bare, pale yellow; laterotergite bare, light brown; mediotergite bare, pale yellow; scutellum yellowish, with a few bristles and several small setae. Legs pale yellow, fore coxa with scattered bristles and small setae on its anterior margin, with a row of apical small setae; mid coxa with scattered bristles and small setae on anterior side of distal half; hind coxae with a lateral row of small setae and a few bristles and scattered small setae on its posterior margin. Trochanter with scattered small setae. Femur with a row of thick short setae on flexor margin and scattered small setae on its surface. Tibiae with 2 rows of thick short setae on extensor margin and several rows of longitudinal setae on its surface. Wing venation and color pattern as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>. Abdomen: Tergites brownish, sternites light yellow. Terminalia (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figs. 2–4</a>): tergite 9 well developed, processus short and relatively wide, with triangular apex (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 2</a>); tergal lateral appendages with rounded apex and a comb-like row of small teeth at the inner margin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 2</a>); sternite 9 well developed, gonocoxite wide, with 4 or 5 setae at gonostylus base; gonostylus bifid, each lobe slender, with acute apex (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 3</a>); aedeagus bifid, slender, longer than gonostylus (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 3</a>). Sternal lateral appendages slightly curved (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figs. 3 and 4</a>), with rounded and spatulated apex.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mature larva description</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs. 5–8</a>). Probably fourth instar larva, length: 13.87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>: 5), general body shape cylindrical, with no projections, creamy white in color, with 12 segments, segments 5–8 wider and longer than remaining ones. Head capsule (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 5</a>) bare, well sclerotized, ovoid. Ecdysial suture V-shaped, lightly sinuous (forming a very shallow “S”). Frontoclypeal apoteme almost reaching the posterior border of the head capsule. Eye postero-lateral to the antenna (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 5</a>). Mouthparts well-sclerotized, occupying 1/3 of anterior head capsule in ventral view. Labrum broad and fleshy, ventrally with 3 small, rounded sensory papillae on each side (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 6</a>), clypeum with acute anterolateral margins and medial “V” emargination (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 5</a>). Premandible with row of poorly sclerotized teeth (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 6</a>). Mandible (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 7</a>) semicircular, with 2 rows of teeth, 1 apical, with 7 wide teeth, the central ones larger than the remaining ones; second row dorsal, subapical, with 5 teeth, smaller than those of the first row, in a few specimens an additional outer small tooth or an additional small tooth basal to the innermost tooth, prostheca with many seta, the apical ones short and acute, progressively longer and with bifurcated apex (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 7</a>). Maxilla (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 8</a>) with inner border bearing 13 small teeth; outer border straight, without teeth, with 3 sensory papillae.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body with 1 pair of prothoracic, and 7 pairs of abdominal spiracles; prothoracic spiracle slightly larger than abdominal ones. Locomotor pads translucent, slightly visible.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pupa.</span> Body nearly cylindrical, light brown, free. Antenna curved over eyes, reaching middle of the wing. Wing sheath extending beyond half of abdomen. Legs held together along ventral part of the body. Seven pairs of small lateral abdominal spiracles; ten apparent abdominal segments. Entire body bare.</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Taxonomic summary</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Biology</span>. Fourth stage larvae pupated after 4–14 days in the laboratory. Five specimens reached the stage of pupa, but only 2 emerged as adults. The remaining ones were killed by within-sample predatory coleopteran larvae. Adults emerged after 6 days. Larvae of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span> were observed in the field on the ventral surface of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trametes versicolor</span> fresh fruiting bodies and are thus categorized as macromycobionts, as designated by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Krivosheina and Zaitzev (2008)</a>. In the laboratory they were found both in the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the fungus, sometimes hiding deep between adjacent fructiferous bodies. No production of silk or tubules was observed in the field or laboratory. Larvae were observed free on the surfaces of the fruiting bodies, moving over the substrate sometimes along slime strands. Larvae pupated on the dorsal surface of mushrooms or in the sand used as substrate, without any kind of silk associated to it.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Distribution. Nothofagus</span> forests at both slopes of the Andes, in the provinces of Chubut, Río Negro, Neuquén, and Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) and the X Region of Chile (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Freeman, 1951</a>). This is the first record for the species in Chubut province.</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Remarks</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The original description of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Blanchard, 1852</a>) is very brief and does not include figures. Fortunately, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Freeman (1951)</a> includes figures of the genitalia of this species in ventral and dorsal view. In order to improve species recognition, we have included the description of the thoracic sclerites, figures of the wings, and other characters that were missing in the original and subsequent descriptions.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The major contribution of our study, however, is the description of the immature stages and their biological aspects. The larva of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span>, with a few exceptions, inhabit the fruiting bodies of bark fungi or the mycelia under bark, spinning slimy webs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Jakovlev, 2011</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Krivosheina and Zaitzev (2008)</a> also mention <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span> as epibionts living in the surface of fruiting bodies inside slime or silk tubules. These tubules are also reported by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Madwar (1937)</a> in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya marginata</span>, a species which lives under bark covered by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Poria vaporaria</span> and attached by silk threads. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Madwar (1937)</a> also reported silk threads suspending the pupae, mentioning that these threads probably provide moisture from the substrate, and that removal of them is fatal for the pupa. However, in our study no webs of silk or the construction of slime tubules were observed associated with larvae or pupa and the larvae moved freely on the substrate, sometimes over a slime strand. Regarding this, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Krivosheina and Zaitzev (2008)</a> mention <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neoempheria</span> as living in the open and not inside tubes and states that “the choice between living in the open or inside the slime tubules appears to depend not on the taxonomic group but rather on substrate moisture” and that “the larvae of some Limoniidae species live inside the tubules only on insufficiently moistened substrates”.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Krivosheina and Zaitzev (2008)</a>, based on literature, attribute a mixed feeding habitat for the genus (zoophages or mycophages), but conclude that most epibiontic species, including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span>, are micromycophages or sporomycophages. The mouthparts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. chilensis</span> larvae resemble those of other Mycomyiini, such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neoempheria puncticoxa</span> Edwards and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. marginata</span> Meigen. These species bear wide and slightly curved mandibles, carrying 6 or 7 massive teeth on the outer margin, with a second row of smaller dorsal teeth. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Krivosheina and Zaitzev (2008)</a> the structure of mandibles in this group is closest to Mycetophilinae (but differs in the number of marginal teeth), and this indicate that, in the case of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span>, larvae are more likely to feed on mycelium rather than other microorganisms.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Larval descriptions of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span> are rare and therefore, there are few useful characters to facilitate species identification. Nevertheless, the larva of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span> shows notable differences with other larva of the genus, mainly in the head structures. In <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. chilensis</span> the ecdysial suture is approximately V-shaped and sinuous, forming a very shallow “S”, while in two other species (e.g., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. marginata</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. wankowiczii</span> (Dziedzicki)), the suture is straight or slightly concave. Also, the shape of the sclerotized portion of the labrum seems to be variable among species. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span> has acute anterolateral margins and a medial “V” emargination, different from other known congenerics. The relative size of the eyes and their position also seems to be variable. In <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. chilensis</span>, the eyes are comparatively larger with a more posterior position. On the other hand, other head structures such as the mandible and maxilla, seem to only vary slightly in morphology.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres956577" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec928028" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres956576" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec928027" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Description" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Taxonomic summary" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Remarks" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack323928" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-08-23" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-07-24" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec928028" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Biodiversity" 1 => "Fungus gnat" 2 => "Fungivore" 3 => "Biology" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec928027" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Biodiversidad" 1 => "Moscas de los hongos" 2 => "Fungívoros" 3 => "Biología" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Immature stages of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span> were laboratory-reared from material associated with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trametes versicolor</span>, from a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus</span> forest in Argentinean Patagonia (Chubut province). The adult male is redescribed and the larva and pupa are described for the first time. This is the first association between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span> and its host in South America, and the first description of immature Mycetophilidae in Patagonia. Notes on the biology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. chilensis</span> are also provided.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se criaron en laboratorio los estadios inmaduros de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span>, provenientes de material asociado a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trametes versicolor</span>, que fueron colectados en un bosque de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nothofagus</span> de la Patagonia Argentina (provincia de Chubut). Se redescribe el macho, en tanto la larva y pupa son descritas por primera vez. Ésta es la primera asociación entre una especie de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span> y su huésped para América del Sur, y la primera descripción de un estadio inmaduro de Mycetophilidae de la Patagonia. Se incluyen además notas sobre la biología de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M. chilensis</span>.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer Review under the responsibility of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figures 1–4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2913 "Ancho" => 2083 "Tamanyo" => 414866 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span>, male adult. (1) Wings; (2) terminalia, ventral view; (3) terminalia, dorsal view; (4) terminalia, lateral views. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: Aed: aedeagus; Gst: gonostylus; Proc: central processus; Sla: sternal lateral appendages; S9: sternite 9; Tla: tergal lateral appendages; T9: tergite 9.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figures 5–8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2313 "Ancho" => 2092 "Tamanyo" => 367750 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya chilensis</span>, larva. (5) Head, dorsal view; (6) detail of mouthparts, ventral view; (7) mandible, dorsal view; (8) maxilla, dorsal view. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: Ant: antenna; Cly: clypeus; Ecdy su: ecdysial suture; Ey: stemmata; Frcly ap: frontoclypeal apotome; Lbr: labrum; Md: mandible; Md prsth: prostheca; Mx: maxilla; Mx plp: maxilary palp; Pmd: premandible.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Amorim and Oliveira, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Eleven new species of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cluzobra</span> Edwards (Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Sciophilinae) from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.S. Amorim" 1 => "S.S. Oliveira" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Zootaxa" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "1920" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "28" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Amorim et al., 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Azana atlantica</span>, n. sp., with reduced mouthparts and two ocelli: first record of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Azana</span> for the Neotropical region (Diptera: Mycetophilidae: Sciophilinae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D.S. Amorim" 1 => "S.S. Oliveira" 2 => "M.I.P.A. Balbi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Zootaxa" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "1789" "paginaInicial" => "57" "paginaFinal" => "65" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Bigot, 1888" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, Zoologie, II Insectes, Diptères" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.M.F. Bigot" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ministères de la Marine et de l’Instruction Publique 1882–1883, Paris" "fecha" => "1888" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "45" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "Blanchard, 1852" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "In Claude Gay Historia física y política de Chile" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "E. Blanchard" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Zoologia" "fecha" => "1852" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "344" "paginaFinal" => "349" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "Courtney et al., 2000" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Morphology and terminology of Diptera larvae" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G.W. Courtney" 1 => "B.J. Sinclair" 2 => "R. Meier" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:6 [ "editores" => "L.PappB.Darvas" "paginaInicial" => "85" "paginaFinal" => "161" "serieVolumen" => "Vol. 1" "serieTitulo" => "Contributions to a manual of palaearctic Diptera" "serieFecha" => "2000" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "Duret, 1976" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Notas sobre el género <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinopodium</span> Freeman, 1951 en Chile, con la descripción de catorce especies nuevas (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.P. Duret" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Physis, Buenos Aires" "fecha" => "1976" "volumen" => "35" "paginaInicial" => "173" "paginaFinal" => "195" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "Duret, 1978" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "El género <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dziedzickia</span> Johannsen. 1909, en la Patagonia (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.P. Duret" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina" "fecha" => "1978" "volumen" => "37" "paginaInicial" => "89" "paginaFinal" => "106" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0140673610613542" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01406736" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "Edwards, 1931" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "New neotropical nematocerous Diptera" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F.W. Edwards" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Annals and Magazine of Natural History" "fecha" => "1931" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "255" "paginaFinal" => "261" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "Edwards, 1932" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "New Brazilian Mycetophilidae (Diptera)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F.W. Edwards" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista de Entomologia" "fecha" => "1932" "volumen" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "138" "paginaFinal" => "149" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "Edwards, 1933" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "New neotropical Mycetophilidae (II). (Diptera)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F.W. Edwards" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista de Entomologia" "fecha" => "1933" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "303" "paginaFinal" => "322" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "Edwards, 1934" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "New neotropical Mycetophilidae (III) (Diptera)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F.W. Edwards" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista de Entomologia" "fecha" => "1934" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "354" "paginaFinal" => "372" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S1699258X09000412" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "1699258X" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "Edwards, 1940" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "New neotropical Mycetophilidae (IV). (Diptera)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F.W. Edwards" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista de Entomologia" "fecha" => "1940" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "440" "paginaFinal" => "465" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "Freeman, 1951" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "8" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mycetophilidae" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. Freeman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ "titulo" => "Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile based mainly on material in the British Museum (Natural History)" "fecha" => "1951" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "13" "editorial" => "British Museum of Natural History" "editorialLocalizacion" => "London" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "Freeman, 1954" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Los insectos de las Islas Juan Fernández. 13. Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae Cecidomyiidae and Scatopsidae (Diptera)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. Freeman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista Chilena de Entomologia" "fecha" => "1954" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "23" "paginaFinal" => "40" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "Jakovlev, 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fungus gnats (Diptera, Mycetophiloidea) associated with dead wood and wood growing fungi: new rearing data from Finland and Russian Karelia and general analysis of known larval microhabitats in Europe" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Jakovlev" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Entomologica Fennica" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "157" "paginaFinal" => "189" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "Johannsen, 1909" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "O.A. Johannsen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:8 [ "titulo" => "Diptera, Fam. Mycetophilidae" "tituloSerie" => "Genera Insectorum" "fecha" => "1909" "volumen" => "93" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "141" "editores" => "P.Wytsman" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S003383381300115X" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00338338" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "Krivosheina and Zaitzev, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Trophic relationships and main trends in morphological adaptations of larval mouthparts in Sciaroid dipterans (Diptera, Sciaroidea). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "N.P. Krivosheina" 1 => "A.I. Zaitzev" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Seriya Biologicheskaya" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "703" "paginaFinal" => "712" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "Lane, 1956" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "New Mycetophilidae from the neotropics (Diptera Mycetophilidae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Lane" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" "fecha" => "1956" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "147" "paginaFinal" => "160" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "Lane, 1962" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mycetophilidae from Chile (Diptera, Nematocera)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Lane" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Studia Entomologica" "fecha" => "1962" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "527" "paginaFinal" => "548" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "Lynch-Arribálzaga, 1892" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dipterología argentina (Mycetophilidae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F. Lynch-Arribálzaga" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias" "fecha" => "1892" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "377" "paginaFinal" => "3436" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "Madwar, 1937" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Biology and morphology of the immature stages of Mycetophilidae" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S. Madwar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London" "fecha" => "1937" "volumen" => "227" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "110" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "McAlpine, 1981" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Monograph 27" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Morphology and terminology-adults" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.F. McAlpine" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:6 [ "editores" => "J.F.McAlpineB.V.PetersonG.E.ShewellH.J.TeskeyJ.R.VockerothD.M.Wood" "paginaInicial" => "9" "paginaFinal" => "63" "serieVolumen" => "Vol. 1" "serieTitulo" => "Manual of Nearctic Diptera" "serieFecha" => "1981" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "Morrone, 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.J. Morrone" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Zootaxa" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "3936" "paginaInicial" => "207" "paginaFinal" => "236" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25947431" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "Oliveira, 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Oliveira, S. S. (2013). <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Filogenia de Leiinae (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) com uma nova proposta de classificação para a subfamília (Ph.D. thesis)</span>. Ribeirão Preto: Universidade de São Paulo." ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "Oliveira et al., 2015" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "First record of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neoempheria</span> Osten Sacken (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) biology in the Neotropical region, with associations between its larvae and fungi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S.S. Oliveira" 1 => "F.F. Albertoni" 2 => "C.J. Borkent" 3 => "D.S. Amorim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biodiversity Data Journal" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "17" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "Oliveira and Amorim, 2010a" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Four new species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paratrizygia</span> Tonnoir from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Sciophilinae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.S. Oliveira" 1 => "D.S. Amorim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Zootaxa" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "2629" "paginaInicial" => "2946" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "Oliveira and Amorim, 2010b" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phthinia</span> Winnertz (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) in the Neotropical region, with the first records from Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.S. Oliveira" 1 => "D.S. Amorim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Zootaxa" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "2350" "paginaInicial" => "22" "paginaFinal" => "34" ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "Oliveira and Amorim, 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.S. Oliveira" 1 => "D.S. Amorim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neotropical Diptera" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "87" ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "Philippi, 1865" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Aufzählung der Chilenischen Dipteren. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.A. Philippi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Verhandlungen der Zoologisches-botanisches Gesellschaft" "fecha" => "1865" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "595" "paginaFinal" => "782" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2145" "etiqueta" => "Ševčík, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Czech and Slovak Diptera associated with fungi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Ševčík" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2010" "editorial" => "Sleské zemské Museum" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Opava, Czech Republic" ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "Väisänen, 1984" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A monograph of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycomya</span> Rondani in the Holarctic region (Diptera Mycetophilidae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Väisänen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Acta Zoologica Fenica" "fecha" => "1984" "volumen" => "177" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "346" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack323928" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the “Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas” (CONICET-Argentina). This is the contribution number 88 of the LIESA.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18703453/0000008800000004/v1_201712160642/S1870345317301999/v1_201712160642/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "44150" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Taxonomía y sistemática/Taxonomy and systematics" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18703453/0000008800000004/v1_201712160642/S1870345317301999/v1_201712160642/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345317301999?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2024 September | 21 | 6 | 27 |
| 2024 August | 22 | 11 | 33 |
| 2024 July | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2024 June | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2024 May | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2024 April | 17 | 26 | 43 |
| 2024 March | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2024 February | 19 | 3 | 22 |
| 2024 January | 22 | 3 | 25 |
| 2023 December | 30 | 7 | 37 |
| 2023 November | 39 | 3 | 42 |
| 2023 October | 59 | 4 | 63 |
| 2023 September | 35 | 3 | 38 |
| 2023 August | 27 | 5 | 32 |
| 2023 July | 48 | 5 | 53 |
| 2023 June | 51 | 3 | 54 |
| 2023 May | 89 | 11 | 100 |
| 2023 April | 54 | 2 | 56 |
| 2023 March | 72 | 6 | 78 |
| 2023 February | 36 | 8 | 44 |
| 2023 January | 41 | 5 | 46 |
| 2022 December | 51 | 12 | 63 |
| 2022 November | 56 | 10 | 66 |
| 2022 October | 47 | 10 | 57 |
| 2022 September | 41 | 9 | 50 |
| 2022 August | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2022 July | 37 | 14 | 51 |
| 2022 June | 54 | 12 | 66 |
| 2022 May | 37 | 10 | 47 |
| 2022 April | 44 | 16 | 60 |
| 2022 March | 71 | 14 | 85 |
| 2022 February | 40 | 7 | 47 |
| 2022 January | 70 | 8 | 78 |
| 2021 December | 45 | 14 | 59 |
| 2021 November | 45 | 11 | 56 |
| 2021 October | 47 | 11 | 58 |
| 2021 September | 42 | 17 | 59 |
| 2021 August | 60 | 9 | 69 |
| 2021 July | 19 | 7 | 26 |
| 2021 June | 37 | 8 | 45 |
| 2021 May | 46 | 12 | 58 |
| 2021 April | 121 | 21 | 142 |
| 2021 March | 56 | 7 | 63 |
| 2021 February | 47 | 17 | 64 |
| 2021 January | 33 | 17 | 50 |
| 2020 December | 36 | 11 | 47 |
| 2020 November | 43 | 15 | 58 |
| 2020 October | 40 | 11 | 51 |
| 2020 September | 34 | 13 | 47 |
| 2020 August | 48 | 14 | 62 |
| 2020 July | 33 | 18 | 51 |
| 2020 June | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2020 May | 33 | 14 | 47 |
| 2020 April | 31 | 2 | 33 |
| 2020 March | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2020 February | 36 | 11 | 47 |
| 2020 January | 32 | 5 | 37 |
| 2019 December | 43 | 15 | 58 |
| 2019 November | 32 | 7 | 39 |
| 2019 October | 48 | 5 | 53 |
| 2019 September | 46 | 9 | 55 |
| 2019 August | 16 | 4 | 20 |
| 2019 July | 24 | 5 | 29 |
| 2019 June | 37 | 12 | 49 |
| 2019 May | 68 | 18 | 86 |
| 2019 April | 68 | 16 | 84 |
| 2019 March | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2019 February | 22 | 12 | 34 |
| 2019 January | 23 | 3 | 26 |
| 2018 December | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2018 November | 20 | 8 | 28 |
| 2018 October | 21 | 18 | 39 |
| 2018 September | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2018 August | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| 2018 July | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2018 June | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2018 May | 15 | 0 | 15 |
| 2018 April | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2018 March | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2018 February | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2018 January | 17 | 2 | 19 |
| 2017 December | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2017 November | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Show all