A comparative study of fatigue resistance of NiTi archwires from three commercial brands
Estudio comparativo de resistencia a la fatiga de arcos de níquel-titanio de tres marcas
* Graduate from the Orthodontics. Department Postgraduate Studies and Research Division (DEPeI).
§ Professor of the Orthodontics. Department Postgraduate Studies and Research Division (DEPeI).
‖ Dental Materials Professor. Department Postgraduate Studies and Research Division (DEPeI).
¶ Resident of the Orthodontics. Department Postgraduate Studies and Research Division (DEPeI).
Read
2537
Timeswas read the article
719
Total PDF
1818
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:24 [ "pii" => "S2395921516301556" "issn" => "23959215" "doi" => "10.1016/S2395-9215(16)30155-6" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-10-01" "aid" => "73712" "copyright" => "Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "copyrightAnyo" => "2014" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia. 2014;2:e247-50" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 966 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 36 "HTML" => 655 "PDF" => 275 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2395921516301568" "issn" => "23959215" "doi" => "10.1016/S2395-9215(16)30156-8" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-10-01" "aid" => "73713" "copyright" => "Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia. 2014;2:e251-60" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2006 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 32 "HTML" => 1760 "PDF" => 214 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Open bite correction through molar intrusion with mini-implants" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e251" "paginaFinal" => "e260" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Corrección de mordida abierta mediante intrusión de molares con mini-implantes" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 551 "Ancho" => 2103 "Tamanyo" => 246748 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Treatment progress. Open bite correction.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Adriana García Argumedo, Patricia Shirley Castro Prado, Enrique Grageda Núñez" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Adriana" "apellidos" => "García Argumedo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Patricia Shirley" "apellidos" => "Castro Prado" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Enrique" "apellidos" => "Grageda Núñez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2395921516301568?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/23959215/0000000200000004/v2_201610190115/S2395921516301568/v2_201610190115/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2395921516301544" "issn" => "23959215" "doi" => "10.1016/S2395-9215(16)30154-4" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-10-01" "aid" => "73711" "copyright" => "Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia. 2014;2:e239-46" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1265 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 40 "HTML" => 1029 "PDF" => 196 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Comparison between two techniques for registering mandibular position in patients with hemifacial microsomia of the Federico Gomez Children’s Hospital" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e239" "paginaFinal" => "e246" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Comparación de dos técnicas para el registro de posición mandibular en pacientes con microsomía hemifacial del Hospital Infantil de México «Federico Gómez»" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: HIMFG 2012." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 682 "Ancho" => 1002 "Tamanyo" => 92614 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Centric relation record: power centric technique, anterior segment.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Manuel Tomas Valdez Fierro, Luis Lombard Romero, Claudia Gutiérrez Camacho, Joaquín Federico Canseco Jiménez, Vicente Cuairán Ruidíaz" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Manuel Tomas" "apellidos" => "Valdez Fierro" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luis" "apellidos" => "Lombard Romero" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Claudia" "apellidos" => "Gutiérrez Camacho" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joaquín Federico" "apellidos" => "Canseco Jiménez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vicente" "apellidos" => "Cuairán Ruidíaz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2395921516301544?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/23959215/0000000200000004/v2_201610190115/S2395921516301544/v2_201610190115/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "A comparative study of fatigue resistance of NiTi archwires from three commercial brands" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e247" "paginaFinal" => "e250" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Gissela Serrano Hernández, Gabriel Sáez Espínola, Carlos Álvarez Gayosso, Hatta Kaori Furuki" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gissela" "apellidos" => "Serrano Hernández" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Gabriel" "apellidos" => "Sáez Espínola" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "gopito@yahoo.com.mx" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">§</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Álvarez Gayosso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">‖</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hatta" "apellidos" => "Kaori Furuki" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¶</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Graduate from the Orthodontics. Department Postgraduate Studies and Research Division (DEPeI)." "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Professor of the Orthodontics. Department Postgraduate Studies and Research Division (DEPeI)." "etiqueta" => "§" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Dental Materials Professor. Department Postgraduate Studies and Research Division (DEPeI)." "etiqueta" => "‖" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Resident of the Orthodontics. Department Postgraduate Studies and Research Division (DEPeI)." "etiqueta" => "¶" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estudio comparativo de resistencia a la fatiga de arcos de níquel-titanio de tres marcas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 615 "Ancho" => 1001 "Tamanyo" => 81541 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Typical fracture of a GAC archwire.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within the main materials in orthodontics archwires have proved to be of great interest, since they cause the necessary biomechanical forces to create tooth movement when working with brackets. It is recommended to use lighter forces so as not to damage the periodontum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It has been suggested that the forces applied to teeth must be between 0.015 and 5 N.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Therefore, the specialist who was interested in obtaining better results began using nickel-titanium wires which were introduced in the 70’s. NiTi archwires contributed significantly to the evolution of orthodontic treatment. One of their main properties is the super elasticity when they are bent and the minimal plastic deformation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–8</span></a> They produce continuous and light forces for a period of weeks or months with memory capacity thus producing tooth movements, without causing damage to the periodontum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a> About that matter, Gurgel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> et al recommended to select the ideal archwire depending on the degree of crowding that the patient presents to avoid any injury, both to the soft and hard tissues.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NiTi archwires are subjected to loads and deflections during chewing with the risk of a fracture or a plastic deformation, that is why Farnaz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> et al., Eggeler<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> et al. and Tabanli<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> et al recommend not to force the archwires in areas where crowding is severe, since the over-deflecting the wire beyond their elastic limit will cause fracture.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">That is why when using these arches it is recommended that the wire is high quality with a<a name="p2"></a> good limit deflection and that does not deform under chewing loads. When an archwire begins deteriorating, this buildup causes fatigue and is generally associated with a cracked surface and subsequent growth of the crack. If there is a good wire finishing surface, the wires expected duration increases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13-17</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to consider what Torstein<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> mentions about the metallurgical substrate for super elasticity and about NiTi arcwhwire memory that has the ability to easily switch from martensite to austenite phase. This transformation may occur by means of a force or by temperature changes. Torstein stated that in the martensite phase, the archwire tends to be more flexible; however, with a rise in temperature, it will begin to recover its original shape.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Due to these properties, Tabanli<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> et al., considered that these phases alter the wire’s life when subjected to cyclical forces (fatigue). When subjected to a certain force, archwires begin to show changes (martensite to austenite) that deteriorate NiTi archwires.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When analyzing the contributions of the authors mentioned above, a curiosity to find out more about the behavior of the NiTi arches, to observe the behavior of the fatigue and to establish the number of cycles required to produce a fracture emerges. When the archwires are inserted in the bracket’s slot, a clinical system that suffers fatigue fractures is represented. This is a phenomenon caused by cyclical forces that occur during mastication and that limit the wire’s lifespan.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Masticatory force is approximately 756 N (170 lb); this range varies between individuals and the area of the oral cavity. In the molar area, masticatory forces are between 400 and 890 N (90 to 200 lb), in the incisor area between 89 and 111 N (20-55 lb) and in the premolar region between 133 and 334 N (30-75 lb)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> therefore when food is chewed and such forces are produced, with time, imperfections occur causing archwire fracture. This may be a risk since the wire might be swallowed by the patient and it also alters treatment phases thus delaying its finishing. Due to these circumstances, the aim of our study was to determine the number of cycles that a group of nickel- titanium wires endured in a three-point flexural test.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hypothesis poses that there are statistically significant differences in the number of cycles for fracture in a flexural fatigue test between Ormco, 3M and GAC archwires.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Methods</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sixty NiTi superelastic, round, 0.016” caliber archwires were selected, twenty per brand (3M: batch P5556, ORMCO: batch 06H280H and GAC: batch 06122101). For all the archwires, the side where the load was applied simulated dental movements at a 7 mm interbracket distance between the upper right second premolar and the first molar. This interbracket distance derived from the typical dimensions of permanent dentition maxillary teeth.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The samples were placed in a typodont with acrylic teeth in which Roth system (0.022 x 0.025”) brackets were bonded with methyl cyanoacrylate. Brackets were placed on the axial axis of the typodont teeth and the archwires were held within the bracket’s slot with ligature wire (0.010”, GAC). The flexural fatigue test was performed in a universal testing machine (Instron model 5567, Canton, Mass) with a speed of 80 mm/ minutes to produce a 1 mm deflection <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figure 1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">).</span></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This speed simulated an adult patient’s 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 bites per minute. The test was carried out in a temperature- controlled chamber with an infrared light lamp (Heat ray Philips 250 W. Infrared, made in the U.S.A.) at 37°<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 °C, to simulate the conditions of the oral cavity. The archwire was flexed 1 mm, which by spring action of the same returned to its original position. This cyclical movement was repeated until fracture occurred.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fracture pattern was observed under a metallographic microscope (Leitz Wetzlar) at 125X. The cycles that each sample endured were recorded.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A one-way ANOVA and a Tukey test were used to determine the statistical differences between archwires.<a name="p3"></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">table I</span></a> shows the average values and the standard deviation of the cycles that each sample endured. ORMCO archwires showed statistically significant differences with regard to GAC and 3M (p < 0.001);whilebetween GAC and 3M thebehavior was similar. ORMCO archwires endured more cycles than GAC (42%) and the 3M (54%). GAC supports more cycles than 3M (21%) when flexed cyclically 1mm at a 37 °C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 °C temperature.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When observed under the metallographic microscope at 125X, it was found that the surface of the fractured archwires exhibited dented edges, roughness and color changes. The fractures features are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figures 2 to 4</span></a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was found that NiTi archwires when flexed with constant forces fractured by the wear that the wire suffered. The deterioration due to friction wear in stainless steel wires has been investigated by Zhang et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Zhou<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and Neyman<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> et al. who determined that the useful life of stainless steel wire subjected to fatigue is inversely proportional to the damage that they suffer from being worn by friction. Therefore, the more the steel wire wears, the more likely it will be that it suffers premature fracture.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to mention that steel wires have a greater fatigue resistance than NiTi archwires.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The temperature used in this study was the same as the one in the oral cavity (37 °C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 °C), which was also applied by Wilkinson et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> They refer that in many studies conducted by leading researchers such as Nakano et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Mullins et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>and Filleul et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> the temperature used was 37 °C, since it is the temperature of the oral cavity. Moore et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> preferred a temperature of 35.5 °C since he considered it more appropriate for in vitro wire testing in orthodontics.<a name="p4"></a></p><p id="par1085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The behavior presented in this study by 0.016” caliber NiTi round archwires was that they possessed super elasticity property as referred by several authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Upon observation under metallographic microscope, the nickel-titanium archwires, showed serrated surfaces at the site where fracture occurred; Primack<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> et al. mention that «fatigue accumulation» generally produces a crack originated in the surface that causes failure under a low number of cycles and then grows up to produce fracture. These events were identified by observing their samples under a microscope, which showed serrated surfaces with cracks and ridges that spread across the fracture site.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This finding is consistent with what we found in the 3M, GAC and ORMCO samples <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figures 2 to 4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">).</span></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="par1105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are statistical significant differences between the three archwire commercial brands analyzed such as stated by our hypothesis.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was determined that Ormco archwires have more elasticity than the ones from GAC and 3M.</p></li></ul></p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres741868" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec746097" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres741867" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec746096" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec746097" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "NiTi archwires" 1 => "super elasticity" 2 => "fracture" 3 => "fatigue" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec746096" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Arcos de NiTi" 1 => "superelasticidad" 2 => "fractura" 3 => "fatiga" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) archwires have been widely used for initial alignment in order to produce light continuous forces and help reduce the risk of damage to the periodontal ligament. The objective of this study was to obtain the number of cycles that NiTi archwires withstand in flexural fatigue. Sixty circular 0.016” archwires from ORMCO (20), GAC (20) and 3M (20) were tested at 37 °C. Roth brackets (0.022x0.025”) were bonded to acrylic teeth. A universal testing machine (Instron 5567) was used until fracture occurred. A report of cycles fatigue was made for each sample. The results were statistically tested using the one-way ANOVA Test and a Tukey Test (p < 0.001). The fractured surfaces were observed with a metallographic microscope (125X) to evaluate the fracture type. ORMCO archwires showed more elasticity than 3M and GAC archwires.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los alambres de níquel-titanio han sido los arcos de elección para la nivelación dental provocando fuerzas ligeras para crear movimientos sin daño al periodonto. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el número de ciclos que soportó un alambre de níquel-titanio a la fatiga en un ensayo de flexión. Se probaron 60 arcos redondos de 0.016” de ORMCO (20), GAC (20) y 3M (20) a 37 °C. Se usaron brackets Roth (0.022x0.025”) adheridos a dientes de acrílico de un tipodonto para sujetar los arcos. Una máquina universal de pruebas mecánicas fue usada para hacer la prueba de fatiga hasta obtener la fractura del arco. Se reportan los ciclos que cada muestra soportó. Los resultados requirieron de un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de una vía con prueba de Tukey (p < 0.001). Las superficies fracturadas fueron examinadas en un microscopio metalográfico a 125X para observar el patrón de fractura. Se encontró que los arcos ORMCO presentan mayor elasticidad que los arcos de 3M y GAC.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1028 "Ancho" => 1058 "Tamanyo" => 108267 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Test in progress with the archwire placed on the typodont and tied to the bracket.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 615 "Ancho" => 1001 "Tamanyo" => 81541 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Typical fracture of a GAC archwire.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 918 "Ancho" => 1003 "Tamanyo" => 144681 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Typical fracture of an ORMCO archwire.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 660 "Ancho" => 1005 "Tamanyo" => 117463 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Typical fracture of a 3M archwire.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table I" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Brand \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cycles \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">GAC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2268(1469) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1788(868) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ORMCO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3922(899) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1226370.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Number of cycles of the tested materials. Between parentheses the standard deviations are shown.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The load/deflection characteristics of thermally activated orthodontic archwires" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "P. Farnaz" 1 => "W.P. Rock" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "European Journal of Orthodontics" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "417" "paginaFinal" => "421" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12938849" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Rock WP. Wilson HJ. Forces exerted by orthodontic aligning archwires. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">British Journal of Orthodontics</span>. 15: 255-259." ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Evolution of flexural rigidity according to the cross-sectional dimension of a superelastic nickel titanium orthodontic wire" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Garrec" 1 => "B. Tavernier" 2 => "L. Jordan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Europan Journal of Orthodontics" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "402" "paginaFinal" => "407" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Stiffness in bending of a superelastic Ni- Ti Orthodontic wire as a function of cross sectional diemension" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "P. Garrec" 1 => "L. Jordan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1043/0003-3219(2004)074<0691:SIBOAS>2.0.CO;2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Angle Orthod" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "74" "paginaInicial" => "691" "paginaFinal" => "696" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15529506" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chinese NiTi wire-a new orthodontic alloy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C.J. Burstone" 1 => "B. Qin" 2 => "J.Y. Morton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "American Journal of Orthodontics" "fecha" => "1985" "volumen" => "87" "paginaInicial" => "445" "paginaFinal" => "452" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3890554" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The super-elastic property of the Japanese NiTi alloy wire for use in orthodontics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "F. Miura" 1 => "M. Mogi" 2 => "Y. Ohura" 3 => "H. Hamanaka" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics" "fecha" => "1986" "volumen" => "90" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "10" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3460342" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanical properties of several nickel-titanium alloy wires in three-point bending tests" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "H. Nakano" 1 => "K. Satoh" 2 => "R. Norris" 3 => "T. Jin" 4 => "T. Kamegai" 5 => "F. Isshikawa" 6 => "H. Katsura" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "115" "paginaInicial" => "390" "paginaFinal" => "394" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10194282" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nickel-titanium spring properties in a simulates oral environment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S. Han" 1 => "D. Quick" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1043/0003-3219(1993)063<0067:NSPIAS>2.0.CO;2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "The Angle Orthodontist" "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "63" "paginaInicial" => "67" "paginaFinal" => "72" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8507034" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Force/deflection comparison of superelastic nickel-titanium archwires" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C.D. Mallory" 1 => "D. Jeryl" 2 => "M.J. Powers" 3 => "W.A. Brantley" 4 => "H.I. Bussa" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0889540604002100" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "126" "paginaInicial" => "110" "paginaFinal" => "112" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15224067" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ortodoncia principios fundamentales y práctica" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Mayoral" 1 => "G. Mayoral" 2 => "P. Mayoral" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:5 [ "fecha" => "1983" "paginaInicial" => "409" "paginaFinal" => "410" "editorial" => "Edit. Labor" "editorialLocalizacion" => "España" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "11." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "646-648" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "La ciencia de los materiales dentales" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Phillips" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ "edicion" => "9a ed." "fecha" => "1993" "paginaInicial" => "89" "paginaFinal" => "94" "editorial" => "Edit. Mc Graw Hill" "editorialLocalizacion" => "México" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "12." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Force- deflection properties of superelastic nickel-titanium archwires" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J. Gurgel" 1 => "S. Kerr" 2 => "J. Powers" 3 => "V. Le Crone" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "120" "paginaInicial" => "378" "paginaFinal" => "382" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11606962" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Structural and functional fatigue of NiTi shape memory alloys" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "G. Eggeler" 1 => "E. Hornbogen" 2 => "A. Yawny" 3 => "A. Heckmann" 4 => "M. Wagner" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Materials Science and Engineering A" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "378" "paginaInicial" => "24" "paginaFinal" => "33" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "14." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "644-648" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mean stress on fatigue of NiTi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Tabanlí" 1 => "N. Simha" 2 => "B. Berg" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Materials Science and Engineering A" "fecha" => "1999" "paginaInicial" => "273" "paginaFinal" => "275" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "15." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Short-term temperature changes influence the force exerted by superelastic nickel-titanium archwires activated in orthodontic bending" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T. Meling" 1 => "J. Odgaard" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1067/mod.2001.112451" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "119" "paginaInicial" => "263" "paginaFinal" => "273" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11244421" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "16." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Proffi t W. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ortodoncia contemporánea</span>. 3a edición. España: Edit.Harcourt. pp. 327-328." ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "17." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Advances in the fatigue assessment of wire ropes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A. Paton" 1 => "Casey Neil" 2 => "J. Fairbairn" 3 => "W. Banks" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ocean Engineering" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "491" "paginaFinal" => "518" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "18." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Dauskasdt R, Duerig T, Ritchie R. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Porceedings of the materials research Society International Meeting on Advanced Material shape memory materials</span>. Pittsburg: 1989. p. 243." ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "19." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Research on the fatigue and fracture behavior due to the fretting wear of steel wire in hoisting rope" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D. Zhang" 1 => "R. Ge" 2 => "Y. Qiang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Wear Elsevier" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "255" "paginaInicial" => "1233" "paginaFinal" => "1237" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "20." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recent development in fretting research" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Z. Zhou" 1 => "W. Luo" 2 => "J. Liu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Tribiology" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "3" "numero" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "272" "paginaFinal" => "280" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "21." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "531-536" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mixed fretting regime" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Z. Zhou" 1 => "L. Vincent" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Wear" "fecha" => "1995" "paginaInicial" => "181" "paginaFinal" => "183" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "22." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "939-943" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Research on fretting wear dependence of hardness ratio and friction coeficient of fretted couple" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A. Neyman" 1 => "O. Olszewski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Wear" "fecha" => "1993" "paginaInicial" => "102" "paginaFinal" => "104" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "23." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fatigue of orthodontic nickel-yitanium (NiTi) wires in different fluids under constant mechanical stress" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "O. Primak" 1 => "A. Klocke" 2 => "B. Kahl-Nieke" 3 => "M. Epple" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Materials Science and Engineering A" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "378" "paginaInicial" => "110" "paginaFinal" => "114" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "24." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Load-deflection characteristics of superelastic nickel-titanium orthodonctic wires" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "P. Wilkinson" 1 => "P. Dysart" 2 => "J. Hood" 3 => "P. Herbison" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "AmJ Orthod Dentofacial Orthop" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "121" "paginaInicial" => "483" "paginaFinal" => "495" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "25." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanical behavior of thermoresponsive orthodontic archwires" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "W. Mullins" 1 => "M. Bagby" 2 => "T. Norman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Dent Mat" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "308" "paginaFinal" => "314" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "26." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Torsional properties of Ni-Ti and cooper Ni- Ti wires: the effect of temperature on physical properties" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. Filleul" 1 => "L. Jordan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Orthod" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "637" "paginaFinal" => "646" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9458597" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "27." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intra-oral temperature variation over 24 hours" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R. Moore" 1 => "J.T.F. Watts" 2 => "J.A.A. Hood" 3 => "D.J. Burritt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Orthod" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "13" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10191573" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/23959215/0000000200000004/v2_201610190115/S2395921516301556/v2_201610190115/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "48966" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original research" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/23959215/0000000200000004/v2_201610190115/S2395921516301556/v2_201610190115/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2395921516301556?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 26 | 4 | 30 |
| 2024 September | 33 | 6 | 39 |
| 2024 August | 24 | 9 | 33 |
| 2024 July | 24 | 2 | 26 |
| 2024 June | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2024 May | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2024 April | 38 | 8 | 46 |
| 2024 March | 44 | 4 | 48 |
| 2024 February | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2024 January | 35 | 11 | 46 |
| 2023 December | 27 | 6 | 33 |
| 2023 November | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2023 October | 23 | 13 | 36 |
| 2023 September | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2023 August | 32 | 3 | 35 |
| 2023 July | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2023 June | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2023 May | 30 | 9 | 39 |
| 2023 April | 25 | 5 | 30 |
| 2023 March | 25 | 6 | 31 |
| 2023 February | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 2023 January | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2022 December | 18 | 11 | 29 |
| 2022 November | 35 | 17 | 52 |
| 2022 October | 22 | 19 | 41 |
| 2022 September | 24 | 7 | 31 |
| 2022 August | 17 | 9 | 26 |
| 2022 July | 16 | 18 | 34 |
| 2022 June | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2022 May | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2022 April | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2022 March | 27 | 11 | 38 |
| 2022 February | 16 | 8 | 24 |
| 2022 January | 25 | 9 | 34 |
| 2021 December | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2021 November | 7 | 13 | 20 |
| 2021 October | 12 | 12 | 24 |
| 2021 September | 8 | 15 | 23 |
| 2021 August | 14 | 8 | 22 |
| 2021 July | 11 | 11 | 22 |
| 2021 June | 15 | 6 | 21 |
| 2021 May | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2021 April | 45 | 11 | 56 |
| 2021 March | 45 | 8 | 53 |
| 2021 February | 20 | 7 | 27 |
| 2021 January | 7 | 8 | 15 |
| 2020 December | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2020 November | 20 | 8 | 28 |
| 2020 October | 16 | 6 | 22 |
| 2020 September | 10 | 11 | 21 |
| 2020 August | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2020 July | 17 | 7 | 24 |
| 2020 June | 21 | 7 | 28 |
| 2020 May | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2020 April | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2020 March | 14 | 2 | 16 |
| 2020 February | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2020 January | 13 | 9 | 22 |
| 2019 December | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2019 November | 16 | 4 | 20 |
| 2019 October | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2019 September | 22 | 9 | 31 |
| 2019 August | 9 | 0 | 9 |
| 2019 July | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2019 June | 30 | 28 | 58 |
| 2019 May | 69 | 51 | 120 |
| 2019 April | 32 | 29 | 61 |
| 2019 March | 5 | 6 | 11 |
| 2019 February | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2019 January | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2018 December | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2018 November | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2018 October | 3 | 14 | 17 |
| 2018 September | 20 | 14 | 34 |
| 2018 August | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2018 July | 29 | 2 | 31 |
| 2018 June | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2018 May | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2018 April | 60 | 1 | 61 |
| 2018 March | 91 | 0 | 91 |
| 2018 February | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2018 January | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2017 December | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2017 November | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2017 October | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2017 September | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2017 August | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2017 July | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2017 June | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2017 May | 12 | 13 | 25 |
| 2017 April | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2017 March | 8 | 25 | 33 |
| 2017 February | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2017 January | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2016 December | 16 | 0 | 16 |
| 2016 November | 9 | 0 | 9 |
| 2016 October | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Show all