ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Comparison of marginal fit of zirconia copings manufactured with the use of two CAD/CAM systems Cerec InLab (Sirona®) CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn®) and Zirkograph 025 ECO pantographic system (manual milling system) (Zirkonzahn®)
Comparación de la precisión marginal de cofias de zirconia entre los sistemas CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona®), CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn®) y sistema pantográfico Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn®)
María José Jiménez Suárez1, Fernando Sandoval Vernimmen
, Estefanía Alexandra Rodríguez Merchán
Corresponding author
School of Dentistry, San Francisco University, Quito, Ecuador
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Clinical case report" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e242" "paginaFinal" => "e248" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Neutropenia cíclica. Reporte de un caso" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 769 "Ancho" => 1503 "Tamanyo" => 90359 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bone resorption. Periodontitis data.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Karla Ivette Oliva Olvera, Violeta Magaña Barrios, Rodolfo Fragoso Ríos, Vicente Cuairán Ruidíaz" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Karla Ivette Oliva" "apellidos" => "Olvera" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Violeta Magaña" "apellidos" => "Barrios" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rodolfo Fragoso" "apellidos" => "Ríos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vicente Cuairán" "apellidos" => "Ruidíaz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870199X15000531?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/1870199X/0000001900000004/v1_201511290022/S1870199X15000531/v1_201511290022/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870199X15000518" "issn" => "1870199X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rodmex.2015.10.013" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01" "aid" => "31" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Odont Mex. 2015;19:e228-35" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1444 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 36 "HTML" => 1036 "PDF" => 372 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ORIGINAL RESEARCH</span>" "titulo" => "Effect of tooth-bleaching agents on phosphate concentration in dental enamel by means of Raman spectroscopy" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e228" "paginaFinal" => "e235" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efecto de agentes de blanqueamiento dental sobre la concentración de fosfato en el esmalte dental por medio de espectroscopia Raman" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 650 "Ancho" => 1495 "Tamanyo" => 101435 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Left panel shows specimen's storage. Right panel shows marking undertaken in the preparation of a specimen prior to gel application.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Tatiana Vargas-Koudriavtsev, Randall Durán-Sedó, Paola Sáenz-Bonilla, Vivian Bonilla-Mora, Milena Guevara-Bertsch, Rodrigo Antonio Jiménez-Corrales, Oscar Andrey Herrera-Sancho" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tatiana" "apellidos" => "Vargas-Koudriavtsev" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Randall" "apellidos" => "Durán-Sedó" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Paola" "apellidos" => "Sáenz-Bonilla" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vivian" "apellidos" => "Bonilla-Mora" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Milena" "apellidos" => "Guevara-Bertsch" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rodrigo Antonio" "apellidos" => "Jiménez-Corrales" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Oscar Andrey" "apellidos" => "Herrera-Sancho" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870199X15000518?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/1870199X/0000001900000004/v1_201511290022/S1870199X15000518/v1_201511290022/en/main.assets" ] "asociados" => array:1 [ 0 => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870199X15000439" "issn" => "1870199X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rodmex.2015.10.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01" "aid" => "23" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Odont Mex. 2015;19:240-5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2546 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 38 "HTML" => 1946 "PDF" => 562 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">TRABAJO ORIGINAL</span>" "titulo" => "Comparación de la precisión marginal de cofias de zirconia entre los sistemas CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>), CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) y sistema pantográfico Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>)" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "240" "paginaFinal" => "245" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Comparison of marginal fit of zirconia copings manufactured with the use of two CAD/CAM systems Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and Zirkograph 025 ECO pantographic system (manual milling system) (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>)" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figura 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 839 "Ancho" => 1604 "Tamanyo" => 113948 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Box plot</span> que representa la distribución de las dimensiones obtenidas de discrepancia marginal horizontal (x), vertical (y), absoluta (z) y espesor marginal (w) para los sistemas analizados. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Imagen en color en:</span><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="http://www.medigraphic.com/facultadodontologiaunam"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">www.medigraphic.com/facultadodontologiaunam</span></span>.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "María José Jiménez Suárez, Fernando Sandoval Vernimmen, Estefanía Alexandra Rodríguez Merchán" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María José Jiménez" "apellidos" => "Suárez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fernando Sandoval" "apellidos" => "Vernimmen" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Estefanía Alexandra Rodríguez" "apellidos" => "Merchán" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870199X15000439?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/1870199X/0000001900000004/v1_201511290022/S1870199X15000439/v1_201511290022/es/main.assets" ] ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ORIGINAL RESEARCH</span>" "titulo" => "Comparison of marginal fit of zirconia copings manufactured with the use of two CAD/CAM systems Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and Zirkograph 025 ECO pantographic system (manual milling system) (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>)" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e236" "paginaFinal" => "e241" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "María José Jiménez Suárez, Fernando Sandoval Vernimmen, Estefanía Alexandra Rodríguez Merchán" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "María José Jiménez" "apellidos" => "Suárez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "fn0010" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Fernando Sandoval" "apellidos" => "Vernimmen" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "fsandoval@usfq.edu.ec" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "preGrado" => "Professor" "nombre" => "Estefanía Alexandra Rodríguez" "apellidos" => "Merchán" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "School of Dentistry, San Francisco University, Quito, Ecuador" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Comparación de la precisión marginal de cofias de zirconia entre los sistemas CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>), CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) y sistema pantográfico Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>)" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 294 "Ancho" => 1074 "Tamanyo" => 30133 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Copings of all analyzed systems.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esthetic concerns have fostered the creation of ceramic dental materials used to manufacture metalfree crowns. Presently, due to its hardness and resistance, zirconium dioxide is used to manufacture copings for partial fixed prostheses. Zirconia can be used in CAD/CAM and pantographic systems<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> CAD/CAM systems operate by scanning a physical object transformed into a 3D image through a graphic design software. The design is sent to a robotic drilling device in order to obtain the final product.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manufacture of restorations by means of pantographic systems consists on the making of a replica that can be used as a guide; this device can be replicated in the desired material.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a rule, presintered zirconia is used in its porous initial state. Later sintering produces a 20-30%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> polymerization contraction, and it can be associated to defects in the resulting marginal precision.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Zirconia is used as yttrium partially stabilized (Y-TZP) tetragonal zirconia, with excellent biocompatible, mechanical and esthetic properties.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Resistance to fracture is associated to the zirconia hardness transformation phenomenon. This hardness was acquired during the change of tetragonal to monoclinic phase.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the manufacture of fixed prostheses, marginal precision is a factor of the utmost importance, since marginal fit defects produce long term failure of the rehabilitating treatment. Presence of space between coping and stump contributes to bio-film formation. As a consequence, gingival inflammation occurs as well as development of secondary caries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> A study conducted on zirconia restorations after five year cementation determined the presence of secondary caries in 22% of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Marginal lack of precision increases bacterial prevalence in the mouth, incrementing thus periodontal disease incidence. Micro-leakage can produce endodontic problems.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Cement dissolution and later de-cementation of the restoration are also possible.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Very thick cement layers increase tension strength in crown surfaces, producing porcelain wear.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Acceptable space between coping and tooth must be under 120 μm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of the present study was to compare marginal precision of zirconia copings with use of the following systems: CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>), CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and Zirkograph 025 ECO pantographic system (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>). The project's hypothesis was that marginal fit of zirconia copings manufactured with the pantographic system Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>).</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">METHOD</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> explicative, experimental and comparative study was conducted. A Cr-Co master model was fabricated, based on an ivorine preparation for zirconia crown of an upper premolar. Proximal shaping consisted on a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm lingual and vestibular proximal reduction, and 1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in occlusal direction, with a rounded-shoulder gingival margin. This same carving was replicated in a Cr-Co master model, with aluminum based cubic design supporting structure <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figure 1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span>. All samples were manufactured on that model.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ten copings were manufactured for each system according to manufacturers’ instructions. Four groups were established, one for each of the following systems: CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>), CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>), Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) as well as one control group formed by metallic copings <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figure 2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span>. Pre-sintered zirconia was used, which later completed sintering according to instructions for each system. Control group was formed by ten metallic copings manufactured following the lost wax system.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Copings were disinfected with 70% ethanol, this procedure was followed by an ultrasonic disinfection in water for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Internal impressions of each coping were taken following replication technique. To this end light weight polyvinyl siloxane was used.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elite HD+ Super Light Body Fast Set (Zhermack<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) was used as well as heavy weight polyvinyl siloxane elite HD+ Putty Soft Normal Set (Zhermack<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>). A constant 50N force device was designed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1I</span></a> This device was gauged at the Ecuador Institute of Normalization (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización</span> [INEN]), in order to control settling force of each coping on the master stump. This procedure was conducted under the supervision of Dr. Fernando Sandoval, at the Research Area of the School of Dentistry of the San Francisco de Quito University.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stored samples were kept in a dry environment, 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours after taking the impression longitudinal sections were executed for observation under stereoscopic microscope Meiji Techno EMZ-13TR (Meiji Techno<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) at a 50x magnification.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One point per side in each coping was analyzed at marginal level. Marginal width (w) was measured in microns, and absolute marginal discrepancy was determined (z). To this effect, the method standardized by Holmes et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> was used: this method measures horizontal (x) and vertical (y) marginal discrepancy. Measurements photographs were taken with Infinity 1 software (Lumera<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figure 3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span>. Said photographs were approved by Dr. Fernando Sandoval, Dean of the School of Dentistry, University San Francisco de Quito. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS IBM<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> software. Obtained data and significance were executed with t test.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">RESULTS</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean absolute marginal discrepancy and mean marginal thickness were 92.14 ± 38.59 and 78.62 ± 31.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm for CAD/Cam Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) system; 38.71 ± 12.62 and 36.91 ± 13.56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm for CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>); 77.92 ± 38.01 and 69.42 ± 33.23 μm for pantographic system Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and 44.11 ± 15.36 and 43.74 ± 15.70 μm for the metallic copings control group <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figure 4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span>. The CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn group (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) presented lower values of absolute mean marginal discrepancy and mean marginal thickness; it was followed by the control group of metallic copings, with an error in standard deviations lesser than 5% (3.17%). The group with greater mean marginal discrepancy (vertical, horizontal and absolute) and mean marginal thickness was Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figure 5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span>. With t test, statistically significant differences were recorded at the absolute marginal discrepancy (y) and marginal thickness (w) between groups Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>), in comparison with the control group of metallic copings (p = 0.0009) (p < 0.001). No statistically significant results were observed between CAD/CAM groups Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and control group (p > 0.001).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">DISCUSSION</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study, copings manufactured with CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> system proved to be the most precise. Copings manufactured with CAD/CAM Cerec InLab system (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) exhibited greatest marginal discrepancy, with maximum values above clinically accepted values in literature. Therefore, the hypothesis offered for the present study was partially accepted, since copings manufactured with CAD/CAM system Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> exhibited the greatest marginal precision.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistically significant differences between both assessed CAD/CAM groups could be due to factors related to the digitization of each system. Both systems are subject to limitations related to the scanning finite resolution. According to Reich et al,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> marginal precision errors are due to the formation or rounded angles or peaks formed due to the scanning optical system. Moreover, the use of opacifying spray for scanning might inhibit refl ection during the process, causing increase of the marginal thicknesses. Studies conducted by Beuer et al,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Grenade et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and Kohorst et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> also determined the fact that CAD/CAM elaboration processes (drilling and sintering) significantly affect marginal discrepancy. Influence of operator and dental clinican<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> establish the high sensitivity of the CAD/CAM technique.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reich et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> determined a 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm marginal discrepancy for zirconia copings of Cerec InLab system (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>). The study of Caparroso, Marín and Velásquez<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> established a 47.34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm marginal thickness, Bindl and Mormann<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> established 43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm, Beuer et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> established 57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm. When comparing the aforementioned values with those obtained in the present study, it can be established that the obtained mean marginal discrepancy value (78.62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm) was greater than that reported in scientific literature.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marginal discrepancy values of the Zirkograph 025 ECO system (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) were above those obtained with the CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn system, but below to those achieved with the CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) system. Santamaría, Aldana and Martín<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> assessed the systems CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) systems; in their pantographic study they found a greater marginal discrepancy of 121.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm than that obtained in the present study. Park et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> established statistically significant differences between CAD/CAM and pantographic systems, and determined that the pantographic system exhibited better coping marginal precision. This concurs with findings of the present study which compared CAD/CAM Cerec InLab<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> and Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) groups.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistically significant differences were established between Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) pantographic system and the metallic copings control group. In the present study as well as in other assessed studies found in scientific literature, mean marginal discrepancy was found to be below 120 μm, and therefore, was clinically accepted. The greater marginal discrepancy of pantographic systems is due to the greater influence exerted by applied manual procedures.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Caparroso, Marín and Velásquez<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> determined that metallic copings exhibited better marginal adaptation than zirconia copings manufactured with the CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) system. This result concurs with the result obtained among CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) groups and the control group. Bindl et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> stated there was no statistically significant difference in precision margin when comparing CAD/CAM systems and the metallic copings conventional technique. This concurs with results obtained in the present study of CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn groups (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and control group. Reich et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> established that resulting marginal discrepancy of Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) system was similar to that obtained in metallic copings. This result does not concur with data of our study for the same CAD/CAM system, but it does concur for the CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) system.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vodjani et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> established that metal-porcelain crowns manufactured with conventional technique exhibited better marginal precision than CAD/CAM system crowns. This assertion in true among Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) systems and the control group, but is not applicable to CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) system and the control group.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the contraction of the siloxane polyvinyl used in the replication technique, marginal discrepancy measures could indeed be lower than real measurements. In later research projects it is suggested to additionally conduct other marginal fit determination techniques such as cementation crosssectioned techniques.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">CONCLUSIONS</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn system (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) exhibited the lowest absolute marginal discrepancy, it was followed by the metallic copings groups; no statistically significant differences were found between these two groups. The less precise system was CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>), which exhibited statistically significant differences in all studied groups. Marginal precision of CAD/CAM systems depended on the manufacturing processes of each separate system. In all groups mean values of absolute discrepancy and marginal thickness were lower than 120 μm, therefore, they were clinically acceptable.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres583728" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec599917" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres583729" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec599918" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "METHOD" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "RESULTS" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "DISCUSSION" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "CONCLUSIONS" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-11-30" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-02-28" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec599917" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "CAD/CAM" 1 => "marginal discrepancy" 2 => "zirconia" 3 => "pantograph (milling) systems." ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec599918" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "CAD/CAM" 1 => "discrepancia marginal" 2 => "zirconia" 3 => "sistemas pantográficos." ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To compare marginal fit of zirconia copings manufactured following two different systems: CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) as well as a Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) pantograph system.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A master Cr-Co model stump was manufactured; it was prepared for the zirconia crown of an upper premolar. Ten zirconia copings were manufactured for each group following manufacturer's instructions. Control group consisted on ten metallic copings. A replication technique was followed using elite HD+ polyvinyl siloxane (Zhermack<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>). Measurements were taken using a stereomicroscope at 50x magnification so as to obtain marginal width in microns and thus determine absolute marginal discrepancy of each coping. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> software. T-test study was conducted in order to compare obtained data.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean marginal absolute discrepancy and marginal width were as follows: 92.14 ± 38.59 and 78.62 ± 31.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm for Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) CAD/CAM system, 38.71 ± 12.62 and 36.91 ± 13.56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm for Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) CAD/CAM system, 77.92 ± 38.01 and 69.42 ± 33.23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm for Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) pantograph system. Control group made of metal copings exhibited 44.11 ± 15.36 and 43.74 ± 15.70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm. With respect to absolute marginal discrepancy and marginal width, significant differences were observed when comparing Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) with control group. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed between Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) CAD/CAM system and the control group. Overall level of statistical significance was p > 0.001.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> CAD/CAM system was the most accurate system of all. CAD/CAM Cerec InLab system (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) proved to be the less precise system.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparar la precisión marginal de cofias de zirconia elaboradas empleando dos sistemas CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) y Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) y un sistema pantográfico Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>).</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se elaboró un muñón maestro de Cr-Co con preparación para corona de zirconia de un premolar superior. Se fabricaron 10 cofias de zirconia por grupo siguiendo los parámetros de cada sistema. El grupo control consistió en 10 cofias metálicas. Se ejecutó una técnica de réplica, utilizando polivinilsiloxano elite HD+ (Zhermack<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>). Mediante observación estereomicroscópica con aumento de 50x, se determinó, en micras, la discrepancia marginal absoluta y el espesor marginal de un punto por cara de cada cofia. El análisis estadístico se ejecutó con el software IBM SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>. Para comparar los datos obtenidos se realizó el test t.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La discrepancia marginal absoluta media y el espesor marginal fue 92.14 ± 38.59 y 78.62 ± 31.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm para el sistema CAD/CAM Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>), 38.71 ± 12.62 y 36.91 ± 13.56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm para el sistema CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>), 77.92 ± 38.01 y 69.42 ± 33.23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm para el sistema pantográfico Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) y 44.11 ± 15.36 y 43.74 ± 15.70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm para el grupo control. Existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los sistemas Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) y Zirkograph 025 ECO (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) en comparación con el grupo control para la discrepancia marginal absoluta y el espesor marginal. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los sistemas CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) y el grupo control. El nivel de significancia fue p significance was p > 0.001.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El sistema más preciso fue CAD/CAM Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>). El sistema que mostró menor precisión marginal fue Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>).</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">This article can be read in its full version in the following page: http://www.medigraphic.com/facultadodontologiaunam</p>" "identificador" => "fn0010" ] 1 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1I" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Esteban Egüez Jara, Mechanical Engineer, Mechanic Engineering Faculty, University of San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador.</p>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 855 "Ancho" => 877 "Tamanyo" => 84930 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chrome cobalt master stump.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 294 "Ancho" => 1074 "Tamanyo" => 30133 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Copings of all analyzed systems.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 689 "Ancho" => 1072 "Tamanyo" => 84267 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determination of absolute (z), horizontal (x) vertical (y) marginal discrepancy and marginal width (w). Magnification of 50x, Meiji Techno EMZ-13TR stereomicroscope/(Meiji Techno<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 855 "Ancho" => 1608 "Tamanyo" => 117404 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Box plot representing distribution of horizontal (x), vertical (y) absolute (z) and marginal thickness (w) dimensions obtained in all analyzed systems. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Color images can be found at:</span><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="http://www.medigraphic.com/facultadodontologiaunam">www.medigraphic.com/facultadodontologiaunam</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>Colors: purple Cerec InLab (Sirona<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) CAD/CAM system; red: Zirkonzahn (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) system; orange: Zirkograph (Zirkonzahn<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) system; green: metallic copings.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1035 "Ancho" => 1023 "Tamanyo" => 112959 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Graph showing mean values of absolute (z) marginal discrepancy and marginal width (w) of all systems used.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparación de la desadaptación marginal de cofias de zirconio (Y-TZP) realizadas con dos sistemas diferentes: CAD/CAM (Cerec) y pantográfico (Zirkonzahn), mediante estereomicroscopio" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2024 October | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2024 September | 22 | 10 | 32 |
| 2024 August | 24 | 7 | 31 |
| 2024 July | 31 | 1 | 32 |
| 2024 June | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2024 May | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| 2024 April | 25 | 5 | 30 |
| 2024 March | 19 | 4 | 23 |
| 2024 February | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2024 January | 35 | 2 | 37 |
| 2023 December | 27 | 9 | 36 |
| 2023 November | 27 | 7 | 34 |
| 2023 October | 38 | 2 | 40 |
| 2023 September | 24 | 0 | 24 |
| 2023 August | 26 | 6 | 32 |
| 2023 July | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2023 June | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2023 May | 34 | 8 | 42 |
| 2023 April | 47 | 8 | 55 |
| 2023 March | 17 | 9 | 26 |
| 2023 February | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2023 January | 16 | 4 | 20 |
| 2022 December | 24 | 13 | 37 |
| 2022 November | 21 | 12 | 33 |
| 2022 October | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| 2022 September | 36 | 8 | 44 |
| 2022 August | 33 | 10 | 43 |
| 2022 July | 30 | 7 | 37 |
| 2022 June | 40 | 7 | 47 |
| 2022 May | 40 | 10 | 50 |
| 2022 April | 56 | 15 | 71 |
| 2022 March | 112 | 12 | 124 |
| 2022 February | 109 | 6 | 115 |
| 2022 January | 70 | 7 | 77 |
| 2021 December | 48 | 13 | 61 |
| 2021 November | 64 | 9 | 73 |
| 2021 October | 22 | 13 | 35 |
| 2021 September | 21 | 12 | 33 |
| 2021 August | 32 | 5 | 37 |
| 2021 July | 43 | 8 | 51 |
| 2021 June | 26 | 7 | 33 |
| 2021 May | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2021 April | 39 | 25 | 64 |
| 2021 March | 20 | 8 | 28 |
| 2021 February | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2021 January | 16 | 16 | 32 |
| 2020 December | 12 | 7 | 19 |
| 2020 November | 12 | 6 | 18 |
| 2020 October | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2020 September | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2020 August | 21 | 9 | 30 |
| 2020 July | 18 | 11 | 29 |
| 2020 June | 20 | 10 | 30 |
| 2020 May | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2020 April | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2020 March | 17 | 7 | 24 |
| 2020 February | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2020 January | 15 | 10 | 25 |
| 2019 December | 22 | 19 | 41 |
| 2019 November | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2019 October | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2019 September | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2019 August | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2019 July | 23 | 16 | 39 |
| 2019 June | 36 | 42 | 78 |
| 2019 May | 98 | 67 | 165 |
| 2019 April | 63 | 21 | 84 |
| 2019 March | 4 | 13 | 17 |
| 2019 February | 9 | 10 | 19 |
| 2019 January | 16 | 5 | 21 |
| 2018 December | 10 | 12 | 22 |
| 2018 November | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2018 October | 13 | 12 | 25 |
| 2018 September | 23 | 2 | 25 |
| 2018 August | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2018 July | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2018 June | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2018 May | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2018 April | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2018 March | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2018 February | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2018 January | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2017 December | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2017 November | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2017 October | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2017 September | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2017 August | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2017 July | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2017 June | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2017 May | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2017 April | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2017 March | 9 | 36 | 45 |
| 2017 February | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2017 January | 16 | 1 | 17 |
| 2016 December | 29 | 3 | 32 |
| 2016 November | 26 | 4 | 30 |
| 2016 October | 41 | 2 | 43 |
| 2016 September | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2016 August | 21 | 6 | 27 |
| 2016 July | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2016 June | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2016 May | 22 | 16 | 38 |
| 2016 April | 18 | 11 | 29 |
| 2016 March | 50 | 15 | 65 |
| 2016 February | 31 | 15 | 46 |
| 2016 January | 27 | 15 | 42 |
| 2015 December | 27 | 10 | 37 |
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