metricas
covid
Buscar en
Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition)
Toda la web
Inicio Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) Gender-based violence against women the Aymara ethnic in northern Chile
Información de la revista
Vol. 5. Núm. 3.
Páginas 167-172 (julio - septiembre 2012)
Visitas
2930
Vol. 5. Núm. 3.
Páginas 167-172 (julio - septiembre 2012)
Original article
Acceso a texto completo
Gender-based violence against women the Aymara ethnic in northern Chile
Violencia de género en mujeres con ascendencia étnica aymara en el extremo norte de Chile
Visitas
2930
Pamela Zapata-Sepúlvedaa, Paula Fernández-Dávilaa,
Autor para correspondencia
paula.ferda@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M. Cruz Sánchez-Gómezb
a Departamento de Filosofía y Psicología (Unidad Interdisciplinaria de Investigaciones Psicosociales y Jurídicas), Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
b Departamento de Didáctica, Organización y Métodos de Investigación, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Texto completo
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Tablas (4)
Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of Aymara and non-Aymara women.
Table 2. Regression coefficients for the presence of physical violence as measured on the ISA scale.
Table 3. Regression coefficients for the presence of non-physical violence as measured on the ISA scale.
Table 4. Regression coefficients for the presence of abuse as measured on the WAST scale.
Mostrar másMostrar menos
Abstract
Introduction

We analyse the gender-based violence against women considering the Aymara ethnic ascendance as a casual factor.

Materials and methods

We applied the Spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) Scales and Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST) on 400 women, who currently live in the region of Arica and Parinacota, Chile.

Results

The individuals show that non-physical violence is the predominant behaviour in couples and higher rate of violence is present in women with Aymara ancestry than others.

Conclusions

We conclude that social constructions of gender may be a risk factor in violence against women because of its influence in social inequalities and abuses of power against women.

Keywords:
Gender violence
Relationship
Women
Ethnic aymara
Resumen
Introducción

Se describe la presencia de violencia de género en mujeres con ascendencia étnica aymara, analizando la presencia de diferencias con mujeres de ascendencia no originaria.

Material y métodos

Participaron 400 mujeres residentes en la región de Arica y Parinacota-Chile. Se utilizó la versión en español de las escalas Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) y Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST).

Resultados

Los resultados evidencian un predominio de violencia no física hacia la mujer en la relación de pareja, hallando diferencias significativas entre las participantes en función de la ascendencia étnica, siendo mayores los índices de violencia en las mujeres con ascendencia aymara.

Conclusiones

Se concluye que las construcciones sociales respecto al género presentes en la cultura aymara constituyen un factor de riesgo para la violencia de género, debido a su influencia en la emergencia de asimetrías sociales y condiciones de abuso de poder hacia la mujer.

Palabras clave:
Violencia de género
Relación de pareja
Mujer
Etnia aymara
Texto completo
Introduction

Gender violence is defined as all abusive actions against women that can bring about physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm, including threats of such actions and coercion or deprivation of liberty.1–4 It is framed in an abusive relationship dynamic, in which the partner exercises power and control; an interaction pattern emerges that produces harm and affects the woman's autonomy and liberty, functioning as means to achieve discipline.2,5,6

Studies by the World Health Organisation (WHO) indicate that between 10% and 69% of women have been physically attacked by their partners at some moment in their lives.7 In Chile, studies at a national level indicated that the police reports of violence within the family have been growing in the last few years, reaching 108,538 reports in 2007; 90.5% of these corresponded to abuse against women.8

The emphasis in the approach to gender violence has been put on the consequences derived from the abuse actions, with the goal of repairing the traumatic experiences.2,3,6,9–15 However, current advances in the matter point out the importance of considering the influence of cultural aspects in the presence of aggression against women, which are barely dealt with in the intervention strategies used by the health services and public policies in Chile.16–18

From a psychosocial viewpoint, gender violence would be inserted in a form of social organisation and in a system of beliefs and cultural values that determine practices, behaviours and styles of relationships between the genders. Consequently, the way that people build social reality is studied, emphasising the setting out of roles and expectations for men and women. These form a catalogue of socially constructed roles, which define the ways of being, feeling and acting.19–23 Within this scenario, the family—as an institution that reproduces culture and transmits values, beliefs, behaviour guidelines and styles of relationships—would be the primary spot where unequal relationships between the genders are expressed, favouring the emergence of abuse in intimate partner relationships.24,25

From this viewpoint, it is interesting to examine the particularities of the Aymara ethnic group. The Aymara are an indigenous people settled in the highland areas in the extreme north of Chile, principally dedicated to activities related to agriculture and livestock. This ethnic group is characterised by a special worldview that limits the relationship between man and woman as a system of complementarity, with the family being the key organisational unit of their culture.26–28

With respect to the family unit, in the Aymara worldview men and women should consolidate as a duality by means of the matrimonial bond called Chacha-Warmi, along with establishing their family unit (represented by the spouses and their descendents), promoting social, cultural and economic reproduction. In this sense, the man and the woman acquire a social position through the prestige that consolidation as a numerous, stable family implies.28,29

Both spouses are considered responsible for the family unit in the family dynamics, assuming the fulfilment of various domestic, commercial and social activities. However, there is a distribution of work based on gender, in which women takes on principally childcare and household chores, lacking participation in the economic and social spheres. In contrast, men dedicate themselves to productive, economic and social activities (due to their condition as head of the household), becoming active agents in the social organisation of their people.26–30 Although asymmetries are evident in the social roles with respect to gender, in the Aymara worldview, women constitute an essential complement that makes the consolidation and permanence of the family unit possible; in turn, this favours reproduction of their culture.30 It is, however, worth considering that this rigidity in schematising sexual roles and functions can generate episodes of abuse against women by promoting situation of abuse and power and of vulnerability.26–29

The characteristics themselves of the Aymara ethnic group and the differences associated with gender roles are part of this people's worldview. They make it necessary to investigate the transmission of cultural patterns and behavioural guidelines that favour the emergence of forms of violence against women, based on the social constructs characteristic of their culture.26–30

Considering that culture and social environment can establish significant differences in the presence of gender violence, our objective was to diagnose the presence of gender violence in women of Aymara ascendancy in the regions of Arica and Parinacota, Chile.

MethodSubjects

The study included the participation of 400 adult women divided into 2 groups: Aymara ethnic group (n=198) and non-indigenous ethnic group (n=202). We considered the women who described themselves as being Aymara as having Aymara ethnic ascendancy; they constituted 48% of the total sample. The socio-demographic characteristics of both groups are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Socio-demographic characteristics of Aymara and non-Aymara women.

Ethnic group  Aymara (n=198)Non-Aymara (n=202)
Socio-demographic variables
Age  33.19 years (SD 12.10)30.41 years (SD 10.24)
Marital status
Married  42  22%  46  22.8% 
Single  102  53.4%  117  57.9% 
Separated  15  7.9%  18  8.9% 
Widow  2.6%  0.5% 
Living together  26  13.6%  20  9.9% 
Education level
Basic  32  16.8%  4.5% 
Middle  75  39.3%  72  35.6% 
Higher  37  19.4%  59  29.2% 
Technical  46  24.1%  62  30.7% 
Occupation
Employed  136  71.2%  143  70.8% 
Commerce    20%    70.8% 
Agriculture    51.2%     
Not employed  54  28.3%  59  29.2% 
Religion
Catholic  128  67%  145  71.8% 
Other  40  20.9%  36  17.8% 
No religion  22  11.5%  21  10.4% 
Children
No children  83  43.5%  83  41.1% 
1–3 children  87  45.5%  106  52.5% 
3–5 children  18  9.4%  4.5% 
More than 5 children  1%  2% 
Partner relationship
No partner  34  17.8%  34  16.8% 
Partner  156  81.7%  168  83.2% 
InstrumentsSpanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse31

The usefulness of this instrument lies in evaluating the presence of violence against women within the intimate partner relationship. It is composed of 30 items, being divided into 2 subscales: physical violence subscale (8 items that evaluate the presence of physical violence) and the non-physical violence subscale (22 items that evaluate the presence of non-physical violence). The response scale for each subscale corresponds to a 5-point Likert-type scale, which goes from “never” to “very frequently”.

This instrument possesses appropriate psychometric properties, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.85 and 0.94 for the physical violence and the non-physical violence subscales, respectively.

Short version in Spanish of the “WAST”.32

The usefulness of this instrument stems from the identification of women abused by their intimate partners. It consists of 2 items that ask about the degree of tension and of difficulties existing in the intimate partner relationship. Its response scale corresponds to an agreement scale that goes from: 1=“strongly disagree” to 2=“strongly agree”.

This instrument possesses appropriate psychometric properties, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.91.

Procedure

The criteria for inclusion in the study specified that the participants were adult women of ethnic ascendancy and without ethnic ascendancy, residents of the city of Arica. The following were criteria for exclusion: not being an adult and the presence of any type of sensorial or cognitive disorder.

Before the instruments were administered, the women evaluated received a document indicating the study goals, the fact that participation was voluntary, the confidentiality of their data and the criteria for inclusion. If the woman wished to participate, an informed consent was requested, fulfilling the ethical standards for social science research. After that, we recorded the socio-demographic data and administered the questionnaires in the following order: ISA scale and then WAST questionnaire. The mean time of assessment was approximately 30min. Collaborators administered both instruments in the workplace of the women evaluated.

Results

The mean result of the Aymara women in the WAST scale was 1.4 (SD=1.2; range=0–2). The mean result for the women who did not have indigenous ascendancy was 0.84 (SD=0.89; range=0–2). The total score for the scale indicated that 43.5% of Aymara women presented intimate partner violence, 32.7% of non-Aymara women presented intimate partner abuse.

With respect to the forms of violence measured with the ISA, the results corresponding to the Aymara women showed a mean of 5.63 (SD=12.80; range=0–88) in the physical violence subscale and an average of 11.95 (SD=17.04; range=0–107) for the non-physical violence subscale. In contrast, the ISA results for the women lacking indigenous ascendancy showed an average of 2.17 (SD=9.8; range=0–94) in the physical violence subscale and a mean of 6.6 (SD=12.7; range=0–97) in the non-physical subscale.

There were significant differences in the forms of violence measured by the ISA in function of the ethnical ascendancy of the participants. These differences between the Aymara and non-Aymara women appeared in both physical violence (F=0.000) and in non-physical violence (F=0.003). Differences were also found in the Presence of abuse measured by the WAST, based on ethnic group ascendancy (F=0.02).

To analyse the relationship between the socio-demographic variables and the dimensions of physical and non-physical violence on the ISA scale, we applied a regression analysis with the successive steps method. Physical violence was related to the variables children, ethnic group, level of education and current partner relationship status. Non-physical violence showed a relationship to the variables children, ethnic group and current partner relationship status. In turn, Presence of abuse using the WAST instrument was related to the variables current partner relationship status, level of education and marital status (Tables 2–4).

Table 2.

Regression coefficients for the presence of physical violence as measured on the ISA scale.

Model  R  R squared  Adjusted R squared  Standard error of the estimate 
0.230a  0.053  0.051  11.130 
0.274b  0.075  0.070  11.014 
0.299c  0.089  0.082  10.942 
0.319d  0.102  0.093  10.879 

Dependent variable: presence of physical violence (ISA scale).

a

Predictor variables: (constant), children.

b

Predictor variables: (constant), children, ethnic group.

c

Predictor variables: (constant), children, ethnic group, level of education.

d

Predictor variables: (constant), children, ethnic group, level of education, current partner.

Table 3.

Regression coefficients for the presence of non-physical violence as measured on the ISA scale.

Model  R  R squared  Adjusted R squared  Standard error of the estimate 
0.255a  0.065  0.063  15.230 
0.311b  0.096  0.092  14.990 
0.354c  0.126  0.119  14.766 

Dependent variable: presence of non-physical violence (ISA scale).

a

Predictor variables: (constant), children.

b

Predictor variables: (constant), children, ethnic group.

c

Predictor variables: (constant), children, ethnic group, current partner.

Table 4.

Regression coefficients for the presence of abuse as measured on the WAST scale.

Model  R  R squared  Adjusted R squared  Standard error of the estimate 
0.352a  0.124  0.121  0.845 
0.378b  0.143  0.139  0.837 
0.395c  0.156  0.149  0.832 

Dependent variable: presence of violence (WAST scale).

a

Predictor variables: (constant), current partner.

b

Predictor variables: (constant), current partner, education.

c

Predictor variables: (constant), current partner, education, marital status.

Discussion

The subjects constituting the sample analysed in this study presented a predominance of non-physical violence, principally in reference to psychological abuse, measured as control and threats from the partner. This is associated with significant sequelae in the victims’ physical, emotional and sexual health, affecting their subjective well-being.25,33

Likewise, the participants presented high rates of physical violence, in reference to the presence of blows and sexual aggressions, both also associated with deterioration in health and well-being. Although types of violence against women were found, these tended to coexist in the intimate partner relationship, linked to the repetition of a behavioural pattern called cycle of violence. This behaviour is characterised by the fact that the victim continues to live with the abuser, in an alternating succession of violent episodes followed by reconciliation, which progress in a spiral of ever greater violence.2,9,11,33,35

With respect to the existence of significant differences in the presence of violence between Aymara and non-Aymara women, higher rates of both physical and non-physical abuse were found in the former. It would be good to consider whether these differences are related to the rigidity of the gender-role sexual differentiation present in the Aymara worldview that attributes authority to the man in the social and family spheres, placing the women in conditions of vulnerability.26–30

As to the influence of psychosocial factors in the presence of violence against women, the results make it clear that the abuse episodes are strongly related to the level of education, child care, the status of the current intimate partner relationship and ethnic ascendancy.33–35 With respect to the level of education, there is evidence that a higher educational level is associated with greater opportunities for work, support networks and spaces for interaction outside the family dynamics. All of these favour the woman's independence and personal autonomy, as they operated as media that facilitate the rupture of the circles of violence.2,33,35 Turning to the upbringing of children, this is associated with the presence of abusive actions; this is due to the fact that the woman continues to live with the intimate partner based on the absence of the economic means needed to take on the care of the home, so the episodes of abuse perdure.33,36,37

It can be seen that the ethnic group variable shows significant associations with both physical and non-physical violence. This is explained by the influence played by the cultural patterns and the forms of social and family organisation characterising the Aymara ethnic group in the emergency of asymmetrical interactions between the genders, which make the acts of abuse against women possible.36–38 There is evidence that the greater the rigidity in the demarcation of the sexual roles and functions, the greater the risk of episodes violence against women in intimate partner relationships.30,36,37

Our results highlight the importance of considering the influence of cultural aspects and social constructs in the presence of abusive actions against women.39–41 Specifically, in the case of the Aymara ethnic group, few studies have been carried out on the situation raised; multidisciplinary studies are needed, which will make it possible to conceptualise the phenomenon of gender violence from the worldview of this ethnic group itself.30,37

Despite the interest of the data supplied, this study has certain limitations: (1) the difficulty in contacting women of Aymara ascendancy; (2) some of the women (10%) did not agree to take part in the study during our data collection (the sensitivity of the subject to be treated probably influenced their willingness to participate); and (3) the limited number of measurement instruments for collecting data validated in the local context.

Future studies should centre their research on the construction of gender identity characteristic of the Aymara culture and its influence in the assimilation of abusive practices within the relationship dynamics in function of the gender-assigned social roles, designing new modalities of prevention and intervention.

Ethical disclosuresProtection of humans and animals

The authors declare that no experiments on human beings or animals were carried out for this study.

Data confidentiality

The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Funding

This study was funded by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation for Development (AECID): Project A/027816/09.

Conflict of interests

The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.

Acknowledgements

This study was carried out in the Interdisciplinary Unit of Legal and Psychosocial Research at the Department of Philosophy and Psychology, with the support of the Universidad de Tarapacá-Mineduc Performance Agreement.

References
[1]
S. Alhabib, U. Nur, R. Jones.
Domestic violence against women: systematic review of prevalence studies.
J Fam Viol, 25 (2010), pp. 369-382
[2]
SERNAM Servicio Nacional de la Mujer Detección y análisis de la Violencia Intrafamiliar en la Región Metropolitana y La Araucanía; [Online] 2009 [accessed September 2011]. Available from: www.sernam.cl.
[3]
SERNAM Servicio Nacional de la Mujer Análisis y Evaluación de la Ruta Crítica en Mujeres Afectadas por Violencia en la Relación de Pareja; [Online] 2006 [accessed September 2011]. Available from: www.sernam.cl.
[4]
Y. Fontanil, E. Ezama, R. Fernández, P. Gil, J. Herrero, D. Paz.
Prevalencia del maltrato de pareja contra las mujeres.
Psicothema, 17 (2005), pp. 90-95
[5]
A. Amber, S. Dial, D. Ivey, D. Smith.
Gender and violence in dyadic relationships.
Am J Fam Ther, 39 (2011), pp. 242-254
[6]
I. Ruíz-Pérez, J. Plazaola-Castaño.
Intimate partner violence and mental health consequences in women attending family practicing in Spain.
Psychosom Med, 67 (2005), pp. 791-797
[7]
Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Estudio multipaís de la OMS sobre salud de la mujer y violencia doméstica contra la mujer: primeros resultados sobre prevalencia, eventos relativos a la salud y respuestas de las mujeres a dicha violencia.
OMS, (2005),
[8]
INE Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas Indicadores sociales y marcos conceptuales para la medición social; [Online] 2008 [accessed August 2011]. Available from: http://www.ine.cl.
[9]
E. Illanes, L. Bustos, M. Vizcarra, S. Muñoz.
Violencia y factores sociales en mujeres de la ciudad de Temuco.
Rev Med Chile, 135 (2007), pp. 326-334
[10]
M. García-Linares, S. Sánchez-Llorente, C. Coe, M. Martínez.
Intimate male partner violence impairs immune control over herpes simplex virus type 1 in physically and psychologically abused women.
Psychosom Med, 66 (2004), pp. 965-972
[11]
J. Campbell.
Health consequences of intimate partner violence.
Lancet, 359 (2002), pp. 1331-1336
[12]
A. Escudero, C. Polo, M. López, L. Aguilar.
La persuasión coercitiva, modelo explicativo del mantenimiento de las mujeres en una situación de violencia de género: las emociones y las estrategias de la violencia.
Rev Asoc Esp Neuropsiquiatr, 25 (2005), pp. 59-91
[13]
Escudero A. Factores que influyen en la prolongación de una situación de maltrato a la mujer: un análisis cualitativo. Tesis Doctoral. Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 2004.
[14]
A. Montero.
Síndrome de adaptación paradójica a la violencia doméstica: una propuesta teórica.
Clín Salud, 12 (2001), pp. 5-31
[15]
Polo C. Maltrato a la mujer en relación de pareja. Factores relacionales implicados. Tesis Doctoral. Departamento de Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá; 2001.
[16]
J.M. Alonso, J.L. Castellanos.
Towards a comprehensive approach of family violence.
Interv Psicosoc, 15 (2006), pp. 253-274
[17]
L. Casique, A. Furegato.
Violencia contra mujeres: reflexiones teóricas.
Rev Latino Am Enfermagem, 14 (2006),
[18]
G. Fernández.
Salud e Interculturalidad en América Latina. Perspectivas Antropológicas.
Ediciones Abya-Yala, (2004),
[19]
A. Boykins, A. Alvanzo, S. Carson, J. Forte, M. Leisey, S. Plichta.
Minority women victims of recent sexual violence: disparities in incident history.
J Womens Health, 19 (2010), pp. 453-461
[20]
M.A. Soria.
La conducta de acoso en maltratadores y homicidas domésticos.
Interv Psicosoc, 14 (2005), pp. 177-188
[21]
E. López.
La figura del agresor en la violencia de género: características personales e intervención.
Pap Psicól, 25 (2004), pp. 31-38
[22]
C. Cardenas, M. Brackley.
Men who experienced violence or trauma as children or adolescents and who used violence in their intimate relationships.
Issues Ment Health Nurs, 31 (2010), pp. 498-506
[23]
A. Moore.
Types of violence against women and factors influencing intimate partner violence in Togo (West Africa).
J Fam Viol, 23 (2008), pp. 777-783
[24]
M. Bringiotti.
Las familias en «situación de riesgo» en los casos de violencia familiar y maltrato infantil.
Texto Contexto Enferm Florianópolis, 14 (2005), pp. 78-85
[25]
I. Ruíz-Pérez, J. Plazaola-Castaño, P. Blanco-Prieto, J. Gonzáles-Barranco, P. Ayuso-Martín, M. Montero-Piñar, et al.
Intimate partner violence. A survey conducted in the primary care setting.
Gac Sanit, 20 (2006), pp. 202-208
[26]
K. De Munter.
Tejiendo reciprocidades: John Murra y el contextualizar entre los aymara contemporáneos en Chungará.
Chungará Rev Antropol Chilena, 42 (2010), pp. 243-251
[27]
A. Carrasco, V. Gavilán.
Representaciones del cuerpo, sexo y género entre los aymara del norte de Chile.
Chungará Rev Antropol Chilena, 41 (2009), pp. 83-100
[28]
V. Gavilán.
Identidades étnicas en Tarapacá a inicios del siglo XXI.
Rev Dialectol Tradic Pop, 60 (2005), pp. 77-102
[29]
M. Mamani.
Chacha-Warmi paradigma e identidad matrimonial aymara en la provincia de Parinacota.
Chungará Rev Antropol Chilena, 31 (1999), pp. 307-317
[30]
A.M. Carrasco.
Violencia conyugal entre los aymaras del altiplano chileno: Antecedentes para comprender las relaciones de género en el matrimonio.
Rev Cienc Soc, 3 (2001), pp. 85-96
[31]
J. Plazaola-Castaño, I. Ruíz-Pérez, V. Escriba-Aguir, J. Jiménez-Martín, E. Hernández-Torres.
Validation of the Spanish versión of the index of spouse abuse.
J Womens Health, 18 (2009), pp. 499-506
[32]
J. Plazaola-Castaño, I. Ruíz-Pérez, E. Hernández-Torres.
Validación de la versión corta del Woman Abuse Screening Tool para su uso en atención primaria en España.
Gac Sanit, 22 (2008), pp. 415-420
[33]
I. Ruíz-Pérez, J. Plazaola-Castaño, C. Vives-Cases.
Violencia contra la mujer en la pareja: determinantes y respuestas sociosanitarias.
Gac Sanit, 18 (2004), pp. 4-12
[34]
M. Bertely-Busquets, J. Alfonseca.
Para una historiografía de la feminización de la enseñanza en México.
Rev Mex Invest Educ, 13 (2008), pp. 981-997
[35]
R. Guerrero-Gómez, J. García-Martínez.
Ensayo clínico de la eficacia de la terapia constructivista-sistémica en casos de violencia contra las mujeres.
Apuntes Psicol, 26 (2008), pp. 269-280
[36]
R. Araújo, G. Díaz.
Un enfoque teórico-metodológico para el estudio de la violencia.
Rev Cubana Salud Pública, 24 (2000), pp. 85-90
[37]
Carrasco AM. Diferencias de género en las ideas y en las prácticas a través del curso de la vida entre los aymaras del norte de Chile. Taller de Estudios Andinos, Documentos de Trabajo: Arica; 2003.
[38]
A.M. Alarcón, A. Vidal, J. Neira.
Salud intercultural: elementos para la construcción de sus bases conceptuales.
Rev Med Chile, 131 (2003), pp. 1061-1065
[39]
C. Carmona.
Pueblos indígenas y la tolerancia occidental: Los derechos humanos como forma sublimada de asimilación.
Polis Rev Univ Bolivariana, 8 (2009), pp. 301-321
[40]
Pequeño A. Violencia de género y mecanismos de resolución comunitaria en comunidades indígenas de la sierra ecuatoriana, en Miriam Lang y Anna Kucia, comp., Mujeres indígenas y justicia ancestral. UNIFEM-Quito; 2009.
[41]
L. Raya-Ortega, I. Ruíz-Pérez, J. Plazaola-Castaño, S. Brun, D. Rueda-Lozano, L. García de Vinuesa, et al.
La violencia contra la mujer en la pareja como factor asociado a una mala salud física y psíquica.
Aten Primaria, 34 (2004), pp. 117-124

Please cite this article as: Zapata-Sepúlveda P, et al. Violencia de género en mujeres con ascendencia étnica aymara en el extremo norte de Chile. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Barc.). 2012;5:167–72.

Copyright © 2011. SEP y SEPB
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos