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Vol. 6. Issue 2.
Pages 53-63 (June 2005)
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Vol. 6. Issue 2.
Pages 53-63 (June 2005)
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Compromiso de grandes vasos en arteritis de células gigantes
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Federico Ceccato, Sergio O. Paira
Sección Reumatología. Hospital J.M. Cullen. Santa Fe. Argentina
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Resumen

La arteritis de células gigantes es la vasculitis más frecuente en ancianos, y afecta predominantemente a arterias de mediano y gran calibre. El espectro clínico de la arteritis de células gigantes es amplio, y abarca desde las manifestaciones clásicamente descritas, como cefalea, claudicación mandibular, alteraciones visuales y polimialgia reumática, hasta un creciente número de manifestaciones denominadas atípicas. En un 10-15%, la arteritis de células gigantes afecta a la aorta y sus ramas; la región del cayado aórtico y la aorta torácica son las zonas más afectadas. Clínicamente puede manifestarse por insuficiencia aórtica, disnea de esfuerzo y dolor torácico, síndrome del arco aórtico o muerte súbita por disección de la aorta. Este subgrupo afecta en mayor medida a mujeres, más jóvenes que los pacientes con arteritis de células gigantes clásica, con menos síntomas craneales y una mayor frecuencia de biopsias de arteria temporal negativas.

Las diferentes técnicas de diagnóstico por imágenes son de gran importancia para el diagnóstico y permitirían evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento.

Si bien el tratamiento de elección son los glucocorticoides, no existe consenso acerca de si estos pacientes deben recibir estos fármacos solos o asociados, ni tampoco sobre la dosis de éstos.

El mejor conocimiento de lo que sucede en la pared de los vasos en los pacientes con arteritis de células gigantes podrá conducirnos a un mejor enfoque terapéutico, donde el único objetivo no sólo sea reducir los riesgos de la terapia a largo plazo de los glucocorticoides sino también poder tratar de forma eficaz la actividad persistente de la enfermedad.

Palabras clave:
Arteritis de células gigantes extracraneal
Aneurismas/disección aórtica
Síndrome del arco aórtico
Abstract

Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), the most common form of vasculitis in the elderly, preferentially involves large and mediumsized arteries. The classic manifestations are headache, jaw claudication, polymyalgia rheumatica and visual symptoms, but some patients present a wide range of clinical manifestations called occult manifestations.

Published data indicate that 10% to 15% of GCA cases involve large vessels, most commonly the root of the aorta and its branches. The clinical features are chest pain, aortic regurgitation, disnea, aortic arch syndrome and sudden death. Large vessel GCA emerges as a different variant of this vasculitis, which is more frequently in women with a lack of cranial symptoms and high rate of negative findings on temporal artery biopsy.

Imaging procedures are playing an increasingly important role in the evaluation of patients with giant-cell arteritis.

Although Giant-cell arteritis can be effectively treated with corticosteroids, there are no established report whether these patients should receive steroids alone or in combination with other drugs.

A better understanding of the events that occur in the blood vessel wall of patient diagnosed with GCA might lead to the design of more sophisticated therapeutic approaches. These new approaches to GCA would have the goal of reducing the feared complications of insufficiently treated disease, while reducing the risk associated with longstanding corticosteroids therapy in elderly patients.

Key words:
Extracranial giant cell arteritis
Aortic arch syndrome
Aortic aneurysm/dissection
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Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Reumatología
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