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Vol. 6. Núm. 2.
Páginas 43-52 (junio 2005)
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Vol. 6. Núm. 2.
Páginas 43-52 (junio 2005)
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El ranelato de estroncio en el tratamiento de la osteoporosis
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8535
Antonio Torrijos Eslavaa, Cristina Bohórquez Herasb, D. Peiteado Lópezb
a Unidad Metabólica Ósea. Servicio Reumatología. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid. España
b Servicio de Reumatología. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid. España
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Resumen

El estroncio es el elemento quimico numero 38, su contenido en la dieta normal es de 0,022-0,046 mmol/dia y sus valores fisiologicos estan entre 0,11-0,31 mmol/l. Se comporta de forma parecida al calcio. Se distribuye en el plasma, el liquido extracelular y los tejidos blandos y el esqueleto. Se une a proteinas sericas y se elimina por la orina y las heces. Se absorbe el 25-30% si se administra solo, absorcion que disminuye si se administra con calcio o con alimentos. Su absorcion es activa y pasiva, la activa es dependiente de la vitamina D. El estroncio, como cation divalente, no se metaboliza.

En estudios realizados en animales se comprobo que no tiene efectos toxicos en las celulas oseas o en la mineralizacion, si las dosis son menores del 1% en la dieta (dosis baja ≤ 4 mmol/kg/dia). Una dosis alta de estroncio induce anormalidades esqueleticas (raquitismo, defectos de mineralizacion) sobre todo en animales con baja dieta en calcio.

En estudios realizados el estroncio inhibe la resorcion osea y aumenta la replicacion de celulas preosteoblasticas y, secundariamente, la sintesis de matriz colagena.

El ranelato de estroncio se compone de una parte organica (acido ranelico) y de 2 atomos de estroncio, se absorbe por via oral y su biodisponibilidad absoluta es del 20-25%. El estroncio se une poco a proteinas y posee una gran afinidad por el tejido óseo.

El ranelato de estroncio tiene efectos in vitro sobre las celulas oseas, e incrementa la sintesis de ADN y la sintesis de proteinas colagenas y no colagenas. Ademas, inhibe la resorcion osea al disminuir la diferenciacion de los preosteoclastos, e incrementa la replicacion de celulas preosteoblasticas y la formacion ósea.

En los estudios en fase II con diferentes dosis de ranelato de estroncio, frente a placebo, para valorar las dosis y los efectos secundarios, se ha observado que la dosis minima de ranelato de estroncio efectiva para prevenir la perdida osea seria de 1 g/dia y la que ofrece una mejor combinacion de eficacia es de 2 g/dia. Los estudios en fase III, uno de prevencion de fracturas vertebrales (SOTI) y otro de fracturas periferias (TROPOS), realizados con 2 g/dia de ranelato de estroncio frente a placebo encuentran una reduccion de las fracturas vertebrales del 49% en el primer ano y del 41% a los 3 anos, con un incremento de la densidad mineral osea del +6,8 y del +8,1%, ya ajustadas, frente a las cifras basales y placebo, respectivamente.

Respecto a las fracturas no vertebrales (TROPOS) en mujeres con alto riesgo de fracturas (mujeres ≥ 74 anos y densidad mineral osea en el cuello de femur con T ≤ -3) se asocia a una reduccion del riesgo de fracturas de cadera del 36%. El incremento de la densidad mineral osea para el cuello de femur del +2,85 y el +4,1% y para la cadera total del +3,58 y el +4,9%, tambien corregidos, frente a las cifras basales y con placebo, respectivamente.

Se produce un incremento de la fosfatasa alcalina osea y una disminucion del telopeptido C.

Los episodios adversos fueron escasos y el mas frecuente fue la diarrea (6,1%), que desaparecia despues de los primeros 3 meses.

El ranelato de estroncio induce la reduccion de fracturas vertebrales y no vertebrales, es bien tolerado y puede ser un tratamiento util para la prevencion de fracturas osteoporoticas en mujeres con osteoporosis.

Palabras clave:
Ranelato de estroncio
Osteoporosis
Abstract

Strontium (Sr), chemical element number 38, has a content in normal diets of 0.022-0.046 mmol/day and its physiological levels are between 0.11-0.31 mmol/l. Its behaviour is similar to that of calcium. It is distributed in plasma, extracellular liquid, soft tissues and skeleton. It binds to serum proteins and is eliminated through urine and faeces. If administered alone, 25-30% is absorbed and this absorption is diminished if it is administered with calcium or food. Although absorbed both actively and passively, active absorption is vitamin-D dependent. As a divalent cation, Sr is not metabolized.

In studies carried out with animals, it was shown not to have toxic effects on bone cells or on mineralization, if the doses are less than 1% of the diet (low dose ≤ 4 mmol Sr/Kg/day). A high dose of Sr induces skeletal abnormalities (rickets, mineralization defects) especially in animals with a calciumpoor diet.

In studies performed, Sr inhibits bone resorption and increases the replication of pre-osteoblastic cells and secondarily the synthesis of collagen matrix.

Strontium ranelate (rSr) comprises an organic part (ranelic acid) and two atoms of strontium, is absorbed orally and its absolute bioavailability is 20-25%. Sr binds little to proteins and has a great affinity for bone tissue. rSr has “in vitro” effects on bone cells, increasing DNA synthesis and the synthesis of collagen and non-collagen proteins.

rSr inhibits bone resorption as it diminishes the differentiation of pre-osteoclasts and increases the replication of pre-osteoblastic cells, thus increasing bone formation.

The Phase II studies with different doses of rSr versus placebo, in order to assess the dose and side effects, it can be summarized by saying that the minimum effective dose of rSr to prevent serious bone loss is 1 g/day and a dose of 2 g/day offers the best combination of efficacy.

Two Phase III placebo-controlled studies conducted with 2 g/day of rSr, one into the prevention of vertebral fractures (SOTI) and the other into peripheral fractures (TROPOS), have found vertebral fractures to be reduced by 49% in the first year and by 41% after three years, with BMD increased by +6.8% and +8.1%, already adjusted, versus the baseline values and placebo, respectively.

With respect to non-vertebral fractures (TROPOS) in women at high risk of fractures (women ≥ 74 years of age and femoral neck BMD of T ≤ -3), it is associated with a 36% reduction in the risk of hip fractures. The increase, compared with baseline values and placebo respectively, is +2.85% and +4.1% in femoral neck BMD and +3.58% and +4.9% in total hip, all figures also corrected.

Bone alkaline phosphatase is increased and C-telopeptide diminished.

Adverse events were scant and the most frequent was diarrhoea (6.1%), which disappeared after the first three months.

rSr induces to the reduction in vertebral and non-vertebral fractures, is well tolerated and can be a useful therapy for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in women with osteoporosis.

Key words:
Strontium ranelate
Osteoporosis
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Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Reumatología
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