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Genetic identification as a tool in research of irregular adoptions and abduction of newborns in Spain: National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Science (Department of Barcelona) experience
La identificación genética como herramienta en la investigación de adopciones irregulares y sustracción de recién nacidos en España: experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses (Departamento de Barcelona)
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"en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Genetic identification as a tool in research of irregular adoptions and abduction of newborns in Spain: National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Science (Department of Barcelona) experience" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "4" "paginaFinal" => "9" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Manuel Crespillo-Márquez, Miguel Rafael Paredes-Herrera, Pedro Alberto Barrio-Caballero, Juan Antonio Luque-Gutiérrez, Santiago Crespo-Alonso, Juan Luis Valverde-Villarreal, Albert Vingut-López" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Manuel" "apellidos" => "Crespillo-Márquez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "manuel.crespillo@justicia.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Miguel Rafael" "apellidos" => "Paredes-Herrera" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Pedro Alberto" "apellidos" => "Barrio-Caballero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juan Antonio" "apellidos" => "Luque-Gutiérrez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Santiago" "apellidos" => "Crespo-Alonso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juan Luis" "apellidos" => "Valverde-Villarreal" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Albert" "apellidos" => "Vingut-López" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Barcelona, Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Patología Forense, Instituto de Medicina Legal de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La identificación genética como herramienta en la investigación de adopciones irregulares y sustracción de recién nacidos en España: experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses (Departamento de Barcelona)" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In late 2010, victims associations lodged a claim with the General State Prosecutor's Office regarding 400 cases of abductions of newborns and irregular adoptions that took place in Spain from the 60s to the 90s. In recent years, these types of cases have been of great social interest. Resolving these types of cases involves two possible scenarios. In one, people who are alive (progenitor[s] and/or descendants) request to be reunited with other people who are also alive. In the other, relatives (usually progenitor[s], and to a lesser degree siblings) request a kinship investigation with human bone remains or clinical samples (biopsies, histological preparations) from a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post-mortem</span> analysis.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several public and private Spanish laboratories are participating (at the request of individuals or on court orders) in the family reunification studies. The lack of coordination between the various laboratories and the fact that there is not a single shared database for the matching studies has resulted in part of the genetic information generated in the various laboratories not being submitted for comparison, with the subsequent loss of information. The Ministry of Justice has made a commitment to the various victims associations to implement certain measures to respond to the victims’ demands and needs. Thus Ministerial Order JUS/2146/2012 of 1 October set forth a procedure whereby all of the genetic profiles that had thus far been generated by the various state laboratories (both public and private) could be recorded in a centralised manner in File 120 “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DNA profiles of persons affected by kidnappings of newborns</span>”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in order to help make comparisons and detect any genetic compatibilities in the people in the file, and with the National Toxicology and Forensic Sciences Institute (INTCF) being responsible for managing the database.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conducting genetic studies of bone remains from exhumations or clinical samples is a crucial tool for being able to provide an answer in these types of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Yet these types of situations also present major analytical challenges. First, the high degree of deterioration and affectation in a large part of the exhumed remains or clinical samples makes it necessary to use analytical tools and strategies that will offer the best results.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> Second, there is a limitation due to the type and degree of kinship of the relatives who are available to undergo the genetic identification (total or partial absence of progenitors). And lastly, there is a limitation related to the scant amount of exhumed remains available in some cases.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, in these types of cases, the quantity and quality of the genetic material that is recovered is often poor. This entails the appearance of analytical artefacts (allele loss, false alleles, etc.), and a higher propensity towards the appearance of contaminants. These circumstances make it necessary for laboratories to use validated methods and to be certified for conducting these types of analyses, in accordance with standard UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025, as recommended by the National Commission for the Forensic Use of DNA (CNUFADN) in the document “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Recommendations on genetic identification studies in cases of irregular adoptions and abductions of newborns</span>”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The reproducibility of the results that have been issued as far as possible, the use of maximum results strategies, and measures aimed at isolating the contamination of samples are the measures that are necessary in these types of forensic cases for ensuring the reliability and validity of the results and final conclusions.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also crucial before the genetic study to have the participation of specialists from other fields, such as forensic or criminal anthropology. These studies provide valuable information on whether there are bone remains, their condition, the number of individuals and their estimated age. The data from these types of studies will make it possible to orient the genetic study, while also helping interpret the final results.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly, achieving the utmost scientific rigour when exhuming the bone remains is a key aspect for the entire process in order to prevent contaminations and ensure the quality and certainty of the final results. To this end, the Ministry of Justice has published a standard operating procedure for conducting exhumations in these types of cases, the “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Guide of recommendations for performing exhumations in cases of possible abductions of newborns</span>”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> This guide includes aspects related to preliminary steps focusing on studying the documents related to the case (documents from hospitals, civil registries, interviews with relatives, etc.); the participation of the forensic physician on the scene, distinguishing between confined spaces and spaces underground; procedures in pathology and anthropology laboratories; and how to issue a final report.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study is to explain the experience of the Barcelona Department of the INTCF in genetic identification of samples submitted from kinship studies, from alleged cases of irregular adoptions and abductions of newborns.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Samples</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From 2011 to 2014, the Barcelona Department of the INTCF received a total of 58 investigation requests, from court orders (19%) or from investigation proceedings initiated by prosecutors’ offices (81%), from the autonomous communities of Catalonia (51.7%), Valencia (39.7%), Aragon (5.2%), Navarre (1.7%) and the Balearic Islands (1.7%).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In most cases, bone remains that were exhumed in the course of the investigation were submitted as inconclusive evidence (84.5%). On the other hand, to a lesser degree clinical samples were also submitted (biopsies and histological preparations) (15.5%) that came from pathological studies performed on newborns born in various hospitals.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Also, in order to establish kinship relationships, conclusive evidence (oral mucosa) was submitted from relatives with various degrees of kinship. 64.1% of these cases had samples from both progenitors, while in 28.2% there was just one progenitor. In some cases, due to the absence of both progenitors, it was necessary to request conclusive samples from other types of relatives (siblings) (7.7%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Methods</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before conducting the genetic analysis of the bone remains, they were sent to the Criminology Service of the Madrid Department of the INTCF for an anthropology study. Based on this study, the remains that were most suitable were selected taking into account their state of preservation and the number of pieces retained. In cases where there were clinical samples, a pathological study was conducted before the genetic study to confirm the real attribution of the samples.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the extraction of the genetic material from the bone remains (long bones, cranial vault), a quantity of bone dust was taken that ranged from 0.2 to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g, depending on the affectation and preservation of the samples. DNA was extracted from the bone remains and clinical samples by performing an organic extraction, followed by a final supplemental purification phase in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">QIAquick</span>™ <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(QIAGEN Inc.)</span> columns. The DNA extracts were quantified using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Polymerase Chain Reaction</span> (PCR) in real time with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quantifiler</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">®</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duo kit (Life Technologies Corporation)</span>.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The genetic marker type that was used (nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]) depended on how well the submitted samples were preserved and on the type of relative that was available. Various commercial kits were used to study the autosomal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">short tandem repeat</span> (STR) markers (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MiniFile</span>r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Identifiler</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NGM</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>–<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Life Technologies Corporation</span>–), following the usage and amplification conditions recommended by the manufacturer. In some cases, changes were made to the amplification reaction (increasing the final amplification volume, adding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bovine serum albumin</span>–BSA) and/or subsequently treating the amplified products (purification with ultrafilter columns). When an mtDNA study was necessary, the HVSI II and III regions were studied jointly, individually or even in fractions, depending on the foreseeable degradation of the DNA (down to a minimum amplicon fragment of 167 base pairs) following the protocols and primers described by Wilson et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and Lutz et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The fragments were detected using an ABI PRISM<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> 310 sequencer <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(Applied Biosystems Inc</span>.) and for the subsequent editing, the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GeneMapper</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> ID v3.2 programme was used to study the STR markers, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SeqScape</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> v2.1.1 for the mtDNA study.</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Quality control of results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results were ensured by means of the reproducibility of the analyses using independent studies of extractions of two or more specimens from the cadaver, or in some cases, from various blocks or clinical samples from the same cadaver. Secondly, the negative controls and extraction buffers used in the various analysis phases were checked and confirmed. Thirdly, the results were mapped independently by two specialists, and in some cases the results were reproduced and confirmed by an external laboratory. Cases of parent/child incompatibility were confirmed independently for each progenitor, where they were both available. Lastly, all of the results were contrasted against a discard database, comprised by the personnel from the laboratory itself or others involved in the sample processing phases.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Paternity studies</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 39 cases (67.2%) it was possible to obtain a valid genetic profile that could be contrasted. In 34 of the cases (87.2%) a parent/child kinship relationship could be defined between the remains that were analysed and the relatives who had requested the kinship study. On the other hand, in 5 cases (12.8%) the results were incompatible for the requested kinship study. Lastly, in 19 cases (32.8%) the quality of the results was not sufficient for issuing a conclusion, mainly due to the presence of various factors (sample scarcity, affectation of the sample, or unsuitability of the available relatives) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the cases where compatibility was established between the bone remains (or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post mortem</span> clinical samples) and the relatives who requested the study, in view of the scientific recommendations,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,10,11</span></a> the compatibility was assessed by using the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">likelihood ratio</span> (LR) statistical parameter, which ranged from 1.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> to 5.95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>. The LR value that was obtained depended on the number of available progenitors and the number of STR markers with valid results (from 8 to 21). In 25 of the cases of parent/child compatibility (64.1%), it was possible to use both progenitors, while in 11 cases (28.2%) only one could be used. In another 3 cases (7.7%) another type of relative (sibling) was used (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In all cases where the analysis of the autosomal polymorphism markers was negative, an mtDNA study was performed. Yet using this tool was not successful, in spite of making changes to the analysis in order to improve the results (double volume amplification reactions, double purifications of the DNA extract, increasing the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Taq</span> polymerase quantity). In each case, even where the DNA extracts were submitted to a double purification process, the internal positive control (IPC) included in the quantification kit (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quantifiler</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">®</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duo</span>) yielded <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">threshold cycle</span> (Ct) values over 31, thus showing the presence of PCR inhibitors in the quantified extract.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflictive cases</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to these case studies in the study, two other cases were also submitted that incorrectly had remains from more than one individual in them; in another case bone fragments were submitted from an adult. Conducting the anthropometric and criminological study prior to the genetic study of the bone remains turned out to be absolutely crucial for revealing errors in the exhumation phase.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore, in one of the cases under analysis there was a false exclusion because the clinical remains that were analysed (paraffin blocks) did not match those which the hospital attributed to a newborn that needed to be identified. Subsequent studies on the blocks in the Pathological Anatomy Service corroborated that they came from an adult, and that the tissues and pathologies that were detected had no correlation with those that might be attributed to a newborn. This study made it possible to authenticate the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ante mortem</span> samples and avoid a false exclusion.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">The importance of gathering preliminary data prior to exhumation</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data show a very high percentage of cases in which a parent/child relation was established (87.2%) compared to those where one was not (12.8%). In the latter cases, an analysis of the documents provided by the prosecutor's office, courts and forensic physicians showed a certain correlation between the incompatibility of paternity that was obtained and problems ascribable to doubts as to the exact location of the exhumation, the cadaver being identified as being buried together with other relatives, or the remains having been moved from the place where the cadaver was initially buried. One of the steps prior to exhumation outlined by the “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Guide of recommendations for performing exhumations in cases of possible abductions of newborns</span>”,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> published by the Ministry of Justice, is conducting a detailed study of the documents related to the facts under investigation (clinical history, registry documents, information from relatives, etc.). Information such as the gender of the newborn being investigated, the exact location of the exhumation, whether the burial was in an individual or mass grave, and information on the subject's clothes or belongings at the time of burial are all aspects that help minimise errors attributable to false exclusions.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information that was collected or provided in the five cases where paternity was deemed incompatible showed the existence of circumstances that might explain the incompatibilities (doubts regarding the exact burial location or mass burials).</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Multi-disciplinary study</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As indicated in the “Recommendations on genetic identification studies in cases of irregular adoptions and abductions of newborns”,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> issued by the National Commission for the Forensic Use of DNA, the anthropological and criminological study prior to the genetic study of the bone remains is crucially important. Information such as the number of individuals exhumed, their estimated age, and the state of preservation of the various recovered bone pieces, made it possible to select the fragments that would be most suitable for the study, and to explain certain genetic results that were obtained.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a similar vein, in cases where clinical samples can be used, an pathological study is conducted before the genetic study to confirm the real attribution of the samples.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Quality of the results</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experience of the cases studies that were analysed confirms that the special characteristics of these types of samples makes it necessary to have laboratories certified with standard UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025 in order to ensure the authenticity of the final results by establishing and complying with the necessary quality requirements, including: conducting the analyses in specially dedicated work areas, with specific equipment and materials; reviewing negative controls and extraction buffers; independent duplication of results; and contrasting results with a discard base. The high degree of affectation of the inconclusive samples is often times an obstacle to obtaining a sufficiently high number of STR markers. It needs to be possible to establish a minimum paternity index (or LR) value in the laboratory from which a conclusion can be drawn on whether the paternity under investigation is compatible. In the cases presented in this study, there was not always a direct match between the number of markers and the LR value that was obtained. The number of progenitors available was the most important factor for obtaining a high LR value.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Limitations derived from the preservation of the genetic material</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 32.8% of the cases the quantity or the quality of the retrieved DNA made it impossible to conduct the genetic analysis, and therefore issue conclusions on the investigations. Yet since there was a limited number of cases (19 in total), and in some of these cases there was no information available on the case, it was impossible to draw a direct correlation between the impossibility of conducting a genetic analysis and the taphonomical conditions of the burial (weather and environmental conditions of the exhumation area [temperature, humidity, pH, soil composition], burial age)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> or, if applicable, data on the preparation and preservation of the clinical samples.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Use of haplotypic markers</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In spite of the limited resolution offered by analysis of haplotypic markers, they do provide a response to certain situations where studying STR markers fails due to the quality and/or quantity of the DNA that is retrieved, or because the available relatives are not suitable for an autosomal STR study. Yet conclusive results were not obtained in any of the cases under study where an mtDNA study was used. This circumstance might be explained by the fact that certain inhibitors could not be eliminated which may have affected the reaction of the PCR.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a> The buffer that was used in this reaction is less optimised for acting with a certain inhibitor type than the one used in commercial kits for amplifying autosomal markers. Moreover, the DNA being highly degraded cannot be discarded as a probable cause of the absence of results.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, the use of specific Y-chromosome markers was not a strategy that was used in the laboratory because the relatives who were available for the test were not suitable for doing so. In any case, studying haplotypic markers is yet one more strategy that should not be discarded when dealing with future cases of irregular adoptions and abductions of newborns, especially where the direct progenitors are not available. Even so, the conclusions derived from the exclusive study of these types of markers should be considered with caution.</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres739347" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec743346" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres739346" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec743347" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Samples" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Methods" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Quality control of results" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Paternity studies" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflictive cases" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "The importance of gathering preliminary data prior to exhumation" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Multi-disciplinary study" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Quality of the results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Limitations derived from the preservation of the genetic material" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Use of haplotypic markers" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack245703" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-03-21" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-06-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec743346" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "DNA" 1 => "Short tandem repeat" 2 => "Human remains" 3 => "Spain" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec743347" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "ADN" 1 => "Short Tandem Repeat" 2 => "Restos humanos" 3 => "España" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cases of irregular adoptions and abduction of newborns in Spain have had got a great social impact which has led to regulatory reforms and the implementation of scientific guidelines and recommendations to help their investigation. The objective of the study was the genetic identification of the samples submitted by kinship studies.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In the period between the year 2011 and 2014, the Barcelona Department of the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, received a total of 58 cases on which it was judicially required to carry out a study of genetic identification. Exhumed bones or clinical samples were analysed. After previous study (anthropological, anatomo-pathological), the extraction of genetic material and its subsequent analysis were carried out.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The quality and the quantity of recovered DNA allowed carrying out genetic analysis in 67.2% of cases, compared to 32.8%, where it was not possible. The data show that for the majority of the cases studied (87.2%) was established a positive relationship, being minority the cases of exclusion (12.8%). The likelihood ratio (LR) obtained, ranged from 1.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>–5.95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>, and the STR markers studied from 8 to 21.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Experience and data show the importance of gathering information, the history related to the case and the importance of the anthropological study prior to genetic analysis. This information allows orienting the genetic studies and, in some cases, it helps to interpret the results. Also, the characteristics of this type of samples require establishing a quality protocol that ensures the authenticity of the final results.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los casos de adopciones irregulares y sustracción de recién nacidos en España han tenido una gran repercusión social, lo que ha conllevado la elaboración de reformas normativas y el desarrollo de guías y recomendaciones científicas que ayuden a su investigación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue la identificación genética de las muestras remitidas mediante estudios de parentesco.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre 2011-2014 se recibieron en el Departamento de Barcelona del Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses 58 casos sobre los que se requirió judicialmente un estudio de identificación genética. Se analizaron restos óseos exhumados o muestras clínicas. Tras el estudio previo (antropológico y anatomopatológico) se procedió a la extracción del material genético y su posterior análisis.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La calidad y cantidad del ADN recuperado permitió el análisis genético en el 67,2% de los casos, frente al 32,8% donde no fue posible. Los datos muestran que mayoritariamente (87,2%) se estableció una relación de compatibilidad paterno-filial, siendo minoritarias las exclusiones (12,8%). El índice de verosimilitud osciló entre 1,75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>-5,95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> y los STR estudiados de 8-21.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los datos y experiencia adquirida muestran la importancia de la recopilación de la información, de los antecedentes del caso y del estudio antropológico previamente al análisis genético. Esta información permite orientar los estudios genéticos y, ocasionalmente, ayuda a interpretar los resultados. Asimismo, las características de este tipo de muestras obligan a establecer un protocolo de calidad que garantice la autenticidad de los resultados finales.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as: Crespillo-Márquez M, Paredes-Herrera MR, Barrio-Caballero PA, Luque-Gutiérrez JA, Crespo-Alonso S, Valverde-Villarreal JL, et al. La identificación genética como herramienta en la investigación de adopciones irregulares y sustracción de recién nacidos en España: experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses (Departamento de Barcelona). Rev Esp Med Legal. 2016;42:4–9.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Inconclusive</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bone remains</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49 (84.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical sample</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (15.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paraffin blocks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (8.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preparations on slides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (6.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusive</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Both progenitors</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 (64.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">One progenitor</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (28.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mother \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 (25.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Father \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (2.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Other relatives (siblings)</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (7.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1221387.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">The number of siblings available was 1 (twin sister), 2 (sisters) and 3 (2 brothers and 1 sister).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Types of samples analysed in the Barcelona Department of the National Toxicology and Forensic Sciences Institute for resolving cases of irregular adoptions. This also includes the type of relatives who were available for cases where a genetic analysis could be performed.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Genetic type studies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Marker(s) studied \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LR range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1. With genetic profile results</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39 (67.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1.1. Kinship compatibility</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34 (87.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Both progenitors/child kinship \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 (61.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">STR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45,270–5.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mother/child kinship \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 (29.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">STR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17,586–2.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Father/child kinship \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (2.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">STR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sibling kinship \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (5.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">STR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">84,481–6.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1.2. Exclusion of kinship</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (12.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">STR/mtDNA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2. No profile results</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19 (32.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1221388.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Value obtained after comparison with the genetic profile of a twin sister.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scope of the genetic type results from cases of irregular adoptions studied in the Barcelona Department of the National Toxicology and Forensic Sciences Institute.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Orden JUS/2146/2012, de 1 de octubre, por la que se crean determinados ficheros de datos de carácter personal relacionados con los supuestos de posible sustracción de recién nacidos y se aprueban los modelos oficiales de solicitud de información. 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| 2023 January | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2022 December | 16 | 10 | 26 |
| 2022 November | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2022 October | 19 | 12 | 31 |
| 2022 September | 24 | 11 | 35 |
| 2022 August | 23 | 22 | 45 |
| 2022 July | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2022 June | 27 | 10 | 37 |
| 2022 May | 31 | 12 | 43 |
| 2022 April | 33 | 7 | 40 |
| 2022 March | 89 | 10 | 99 |
| 2022 February | 85 | 4 | 89 |
| 2022 January | 57 | 13 | 70 |
| 2021 December | 30 | 12 | 42 |
| 2021 November | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2021 October | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2021 September | 16 | 13 | 29 |
| 2021 August | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2021 July | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2021 June | 8 | 9 | 17 |
| 2021 May | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2021 April | 26 | 24 | 50 |
| 2021 March | 19 | 2 | 21 |
| 2021 February | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2021 January | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2020 December | 20 | 21 | 41 |
| 2020 November | 32 | 14 | 46 |
| 2020 October | 26 | 23 | 49 |
| 2020 September | 38 | 26 | 64 |
| 2020 August | 50 | 12 | 62 |
| 2020 July | 49 | 5 | 54 |
| 2020 June | 37 | 9 | 46 |
| 2020 May | 27 | 16 | 43 |
| 2020 April | 46 | 10 | 56 |
| 2020 March | 37 | 7 | 44 |
| 2020 February | 36 | 2 | 38 |
| 2020 January | 34 | 8 | 42 |
| 2019 December | 32 | 9 | 41 |
| 2019 November | 38 | 2 | 40 |
| 2019 October | 53 | 5 | 58 |
| 2019 September | 47 | 4 | 51 |
| 2019 August | 48 | 5 | 53 |
| 2019 July | 71 | 25 | 96 |
| 2019 June | 116 | 24 | 140 |
| 2019 May | 160 | 61 | 221 |
| 2019 April | 88 | 43 | 131 |
| 2019 March | 92 | 8 | 100 |
| 2019 February | 82 | 7 | 89 |
| 2019 January | 117 | 5 | 122 |
| 2018 December | 68 | 1 | 69 |
| 2018 November | 99 | 3 | 102 |
| 2018 October | 82 | 8 | 90 |
| 2018 September | 112 | 6 | 118 |
| 2018 August | 76 | 1 | 77 |
| 2018 July | 59 | 1 | 60 |
| 2018 June | 54 | 0 | 54 |
| 2018 May | 61 | 3 | 64 |
| 2018 April | 22 | 0 | 22 |
| 2018 March | 29 | 0 | 29 |
| 2018 February | 47 | 0 | 47 |
| 2018 January | 44 | 0 | 44 |
| 2017 December | 51 | 0 | 51 |
| 2017 November | 36 | 1 | 37 |
| 2017 October | 36 | 1 | 37 |
| 2017 September | 47 | 5 | 52 |
| 2017 August | 36 | 3 | 39 |
| 2017 July | 54 | 2 | 56 |
| 2017 June | 99 | 20 | 119 |
| 2017 May | 74 | 3 | 77 |
| 2017 April | 25 | 6 | 31 |
| 2017 March | 7 | 41 | 48 |
| 2017 February | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2017 January | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2016 December | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2016 November | 12 | 5 | 17 |
| 2016 October | 32 | 5 | 37 |
Show all