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Motivation and opportunity in explaining and preventing sexual offences
Motivación y oportunidad en la explicación y prevención de los delitos sexuales
Santiago Redondo-Illescas
Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Submission or subjecting the will of another person forms a part of practically all sexual offences&#46; In sexual assault it is usually achieved by physical force or domination of the victim by means of the ingestion of substances &#40;alcohol&#44; drugs or medication&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; as is described in the paper published here<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#59; in child sex abuse it occurs by means of the psychological sublimation deriving from deceit by or the superiority of an adult&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two of the most important scientific questions about sexual offences or the sexual submission of a person are what leads certain individuals to commit them&#44; and how they can be prevented&#46; Regarding the first question&#44; it is a well-established criminological fact that sexual offences &#40;and crimes in general&#41; originate in two main etiological factors&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the criminal motivation or tendency of those who commit them&#44; and the existence of a favourable opportunity to carry them out&#46; Scientific analysis of the criminal motivation of sexual aggressors has identified different risk correlates for their criminal behaviour&#58; these run from genetic predispositions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> to childhood experiences such as sexual victimisation and the use of violent pornography<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and a range of psychological and psychopathological dysfunctions&#46; They also include deviant sexual fantasies&#44; cognitive distortions&#44; solitude&#44; hostility&#44; social skill deficits&#44; alcohol or drug abuse&#44; low self-esteem&#44; social anxiety&#44; paedophilia or depression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> It is thought that the confluence in an individual of several of these risk correlates&#44; in different combinations&#44; may favour their preference for abusive or forced sex&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecting the second question&#44; in sexual assaults the opportunity simply consists of the availability of a potential victim&#44; somebody in a vulnerable situation&#44; in the reach of the criminal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> This circumstance may arise due to their isolation&#44; the impossibility of their defending themselves physically&#44; or the fact that they are unconscious or unable to reject an attacker&#46; The latter would apply to a woman who had consumed a large amount of alcohol or other drugs &#40;cocaine&#44; among others&#41;&#44; or certain psychoactive drugs &#40;methamphetamines&#44; benzodiazepines or inhaled drugs&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to this&#44; each sexual crime would be the result of a particular conjunction of the above-mentioned elements&#44; a criminally motivated aggressor and the availability of a suitable opportunity&#46; Both would contribute to the crime in equal proportions or to different degrees&#46; For example&#44; criminal motivation would predominate in serial sexual criminals who attack successively&#46; These would be individuals with a strong criminal tendency who seek or create opportunities for their crimes &#40;following unknown women or administering incapacitating substances&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; the influence of opportunity would predominate when the author of a sexual offence essentially &#8220;takes advantage&#8221; of a favourable occasion in the context&#44; for example&#44; of a date or party where a lot of alcohol has been consumed&#46; The author&#8217;s criminal motivation here too is indispensable&#44; although it would be &#8220;stimulated&#8221; by the emergence of a suitable opportunity&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus the mechanisms by which criminal motivations and opportunities interact are also specifically applicable to sexual offences in which the victim is attacked in a state of chemical submission&#46; They run from opportunist aggressors who although they lacked any previous decided criminal motivation&#44; take advantage of the helplessness of a woman who has voluntarily abused toxic substances &#40;ones that cause sedation&#44; amnesia or lack of inhibition&#41;&#59; to those criminals who are highly motivated and administer such substances to the victim with the aim of abusing her&#46; There may also be a mix of both types of circumstances&#44; in which individuals who are aware of the vulnerability of a person &#40;due to abusive alcohol consumption&#44; for example&#41; increase this vulnerability by surreptitiously giving them an additional substance&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In any case&#44; both factors&#44; the criminal motivation and the suitable opportunity&#44; are indispensable for a sexual offence to occur&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6</span></a> If a highly motivated sexual attacker is unable to find a minimally vulnerable victim then no crime will be committed&#46; And inversely&#44; if a clearly vulnerable victim is out of the reach of individuals with any degree of motivation for sexual abuse or assault&#44; then here too no crime will be possible&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This leads us to the second question and core subject of this editorial&#58; how can sexual offences be prevented&#63; As occurred with the precipitating factors&#44; the answer to this question about prevention also involves both of the said elements&#46; Traditional criminology is chiefly concerned with the prevention and treatment of criminal motivation&#44; with the aim of preventing sexual infractions by young people &#40;primary and secondary prevention&#41; as well as reducing reoffending by convicted criminals &#40;tertiary prevention or treatment&#41;&#46; The social achievements in this respect have not been small&#46; The immense majority of men fully learn during their education and development about an appropriate sexuality that has nothing to do with abuse or aggression&#46; The treatment of sexual delinquents has also been shown to be relatively effective&#44; reducing reoffending rates by from 10&#37; to 22&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; it is true that in spite of the above considerations&#44; certain men in each generation tend to display sufficient criminal motivation to commit sexual offences for the first or successive times&#46; This leads us to the pressing need for prevention to also concentrate on the second factor that favours sexual offences&#58; the existence of suitable opportunities&#46; This has been covered most recently by environmental criminology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This form of primary prevention should be aimed firstly at society as a whole&#44; as this is where potential sexual victims are found&#46; Awareness-raising&#44; educational and self-protection campaigns<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> should target young people&#44; families&#44; schools and sports groups&#44; etc&#46; However&#44; it is also necessary that secondary and tertiary protection targets individuals and groups &#40;girls&#44; boys&#44; young people and women&#41; who&#44; due to their individual and social characteristics &#40;their age&#44; disabilities&#44; addictions or lifestyles&#41; may be more vulnerable to specific sexual offences&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no need to say that this prevention as a whole&#44; which should combine actions aimed at those who are motivated to commit sexual offences as well as taking steps to protect their potential victims&#44; is far from easy&#46; Nevertheless&#44; these are the routes that scientific knowledge points out as the most accurate&#44; so that they are also the most effective and surest in better preventing sexual offences&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 24454249
Original language: English
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