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Forensic intervention in the bus accident with 13 fatalities in Freginals, Tarragona, Spain
Intervención forense en el accidente de autobús con 13 víctimas mortales en Freginals, Tarragona, Spain
Rosa Maria Cabúsa,
, Lluïsa Barberaa, Bernardo Salorta, Irene Sanchéza, Nuria Solera, Eneko Barberiab, Jordi Medallob, Anna Hospitalc, Juan Fancisco Ortigosab, Claudina Vidalb, Ines Landind, Magdalena Albiola, Leonor Chavarriaa, Luis Vaquerob, Ruth Álvarezd, Carmen Muñozd, Rocio Nietoe
Corresponding author
a Institut de Medicina Legal i Ciències Forenses de Catalunya, Tortosa, Spain
b Institut de Medicina Legal i Ciències Forenses de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
c Institut de Medicina Legal i Ciències Forenses de Catalunya, Girona, Spain
d Institut de Medicina Legal i Ciències Forenses de Catalunya, Tarragona, Spain
e Divisió de Policia Cientifica de la Comisaria de Investigació Criminal de Mossos d'Esquadra, Sabadell, Spain
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"identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Institut de Medicina Legal i Ciències Forenses de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "af0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Institut de Medicina Legal i Ciències Forenses de Catalunya, Girona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "af0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Institut de Medicina Legal i Ciències Forenses de Catalunya, Tarragona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "af0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Divisió de Policia Cientifica de la Comisaria de Investigació Criminal de Mossos d'Esquadra, Sabadell, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "af0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cr0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Intervención forense en el accidente de autobús con 13 víctimas mortales en Freginals, Tarragona, Spain" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 848 "Ancho" => 2215 "Tamanyo" => 75370 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0030" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronology of identification.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0025">Introduction</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Forensic intervention in mass fatality incidents (MFI) is a challenge. Several incidents in Spain have led to the development of protocols for action. The plane crash with military victims from Afghanistan in 2003 (known as Yakovlev-42), the suburban train bombings in Madrid on 11 March 2004, to date the deadliest terrorist attack in Europe, and its subsequent investigation commission in the Spanish parliament, resulted in the drafting of Royal Decree (RD) 32/2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and the creation of the National Technical Commission on Mass Fatality Incidents (CTNSVM). The General Council of the Judiciary (CGPJ), following the earthquake in Lorca (Murcia region, Spain) in May 2011, created its own protocol.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should be borne in mind that each incident with mass casualties is different, each has specific characteristics that make it particular in itself. Therefore, each incident has a unique scenario that will define the identification of victims and management strategy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this paper is to present the management process and methodology used for the identification of the 13 fatalities of the bus accident, which occurred on the AP-7 motorway (Mediterranean motorway) on 20 March 2016, in Freginals (Tarragona, Spain).</p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Description of the accident</span><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a road traffic accident involving 2 vehicles, a bus, and a passenger car, which occurred at around 06:00 on 20/03/2016 at kilometre point (PK)-333 of the AP-7 motorway, corresponding to the municipality of Freginals (Tarragona, Spain). The bus, which was travelling in the direction of Barcelona, swerved and invaded the right-hand side of the road, making an abrupt manoeuvre to the left losing control, tipping, and skidding over the central reservation of the motorway, finally overturning on the central reservation, occupying the central lanes in both directions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0005">Fig. 1</a>. Image of the police report provided to the judicial proceedings and ceded by the Criminal Court No. 1 of Tortosa Abbreviated Proceedings 30/22).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After overturning, another passenger car, which was travelling in the direction of Valencia, crashed into the back of the bus roof (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0010">Fig. 2</a>. Image of the police report submitted to the judicial proceedings and provided by the Tortosa Criminal Court No. 1, Abbreviated Proceedings 30/22).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 62 passengers of different nationalities, Erasmus university students and young people of similar ages were travelling in the bus.</p><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The result was 13 fatalities, 24 seriously injured, 18 slightly injured, and 7 uninjured. The bus driver was not killed.</p></span><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Scenario</span><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At around 07:48 on the same day as the accident, the judicial commission was set up at the scene, comprising a judge, a lawyer for the Administration of Justice, the Public Prosecutor's Office, and 3 forensic doctors.</p><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the same time, the CGPJ's Protocol for Judicial Action in Cases of Major Disasters (CGPJ Agreement November/2011) was activated at level 1, as the events did not extend beyond the scope of the autonomous community, and the Crisis Cabinet was set up.</p><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The members of the Crisis Cabinet include the President of the High Court of Justice (TSJ) of Catalonia, who holds the presidency and is responsible for activating this CGPJ protocol and its subsequent monitoring.</p><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this protocol is to establish the organisational procedure applicable to the agencies and staff of the administration of justice in the event of major disasters. Its functions include the analysis of the event, communication with the CGPJ, control and supervision of information communications and public attention, the coordination structure of the intervening agents, the setting up of provisional judicial premises in other facilities, and the activation of the National Protocol for Forensic Medical and Scientific Police Action (PNAMFPC), RD 32/2009, 16 January.</p><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the PNAMFPC has been activated, its objective is to establish a technical and organisational procedure for appropriate cooperation between the different professionals of the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of the Interior, regulating coordinated action between forensic doctors through the Institutes of Legal Medicine (IML), with the Forces and State Security Corporation (FFCCSE) and with the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences (INTyCF).</p><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The phase of the management of dead bodies and human remains begins, which defines the recovery and recovery area at the site of the accident. Three forensic doctors worked together with police forces in the recovery and recovery area.</p><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The police cordoned off the area, took photographs/videos, recovered, labelled, collected the objects found in the area, and obtained autopsy reports.</p><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The forensic doctors proceeded to list and label each of the dead bodies and personal belongings. The work of the forensic doctors was mainly to differentiate between dead bodies and human remains, make an approximate diagnosis of the date and cause of death, and externally examine the body, and label with the same numbering all the personal effects that were on the body.</p><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirteen fatalities were recovered, 11 of which were inside the bus (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0015">Fig. 3</a>) and required removal, the other 2 were on the carriageway.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">Autopsies</span><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The morgue area was located at the headquarters of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Catalonia, Terres de l'Ebre Division (IMLCFC- TTEE), located in the Tortosa municipal morgue. It is attached to the Santa Creu de Jesús hospital. Three forensic doctors and two forensic pathology technicians (TEPF) from IMLCFC-TTEE were present, joined by two forensic doctors and three TEPF from other divisions of the Institut de Medicina Legal i Ciències Forenses de Catalunya (IMLCFC).</p><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following work areas were set up in the morgue area:</p><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">- Area for the reception of corpses and human remains. This area was staffed by a forensic doctor and a TEPF, who labelled the corpses and personal effects, following the same numbering established for the removal of the body (Removal No./IMLCFC No.).</p><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">- Necro-identification-autopsy area.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Comprising several teams, each with a forensic physician, odontologist, and a TEPF. These teams considered all the bodies as unidentified, following the same methodology, which consisted of obtaining the necropsy report, obtaining DNA samples, dental examination, external and internal examination of the body, and taking photographs.</p><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A standard autopsy of all cavities was performed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Two special circumstances arose during the autopsies: one required the extraction of both jaws for referral to the IMLCFC, Barcelona Pathology Service (BCN) for radiological study, and a splenectomy was found as an identifying finding in another of the bodies.</p><p id="p0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">- Quality control. Comprising a forensic doctor and a member of the Scientific Police, whose work was to supervise and collect the data obtained by each of the work teams, to ensure the correct methodology.</p><p id="p0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After verification, the information was forwarded to the Data Integration Centre.</p></span><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">Data integration centre</span><p id="p0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Data Integration Centre was made up of forensic medical personnel and members of the Mossos d'Esquadra (MMEE) and was responsible for issuing the corresponding Identification Report, signed by the director of the IMLCFC and the head of the Scientific Police of the MMEE.</p><p id="p0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another report on the cause of death was also issued, signed by the forensic doctors of the Pathology Service of the IMLCFC-TTEE.</p></span><span id="s0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0055">Antemortem (AM) centre</span><p id="p0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of the AM centre was to gather information, without prejudicing specific consideration of the relatives of the deceased and avoiding secondary victimisation at all times.</p><p id="p0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The antemortem (AM) data collection centre was located in the Parador Nacional de la Zuda in Tortosa because it is in an area where access was controlled and restricted, and isolated from the other the relatives of non-fatal victims.</p><p id="p0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The team was coordinated by a forensic doctor from IMLCFC- TTEE and also included 2 members of the MMEE corps and an interpreter.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="p0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A work area isolated by screens was set up in the AM centre to provide an area of privacy for the victims' families. The incorporation of the forensic doctor modified the work dynamic initially established by the police forces, which consisted solely of obtaining biological samples from all the family members present for kinship studies (DNA)0.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="p0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus, a different dynamic was established in terms of the identification methodology, prioritising firstly a unitary registration system matching that used during the recovery of the bodies and in the morgue area. Secondly, it allowed data to be obtained for dental study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and as a last procedure, genetic studies were conducted by obtaining DNA samples, following this order of priority.</p><p id="p0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Likewise, the relatives were dealt with in a compassionate manner, to help in managing the mourning process, this compassionate treatment consisted of answering the different questions asked by the relatives and not directly related to the identification process, such as details of the accident, location of corpses, transfer procedures, location of personal objects, among others. Likewise, the victims' relatives were given psychological care by teams of psychologists who were part of the intervention, in the AM area and in the morgue area.</p><p id="p0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the foreign origin of all the victims, a contact circuit was set up with the consular representatives of the different countries to obtain AM dental data.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The consulates were provided with a generic IMLCFC e-mail address where family members could provide information on: personal data and characteristics (affiliation, personal effects, photos, tattoos, scars, etc.), anthropometric data, medical history, dental reports, and general or dental X-rays. Through the representatives of the different consulates, an agile dynamic was established to contact the different dental clinics in the countries of origin (given that the incident took place in the Easter holidays).</p><p id="p0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the initial data obtained at the AM centre, direct contact was maintained with the morgue area, with the aim of treating relatives from a humanitarian perspective, to reduce victimisation, and to proceed with the subsequent transfer and accompaniment of relatives to the morgue area, at no time for identification purposes, but merely to assist in the mourning process.</p></span><span id="s0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0060">Identification studies</span><p id="p0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to the age, sex, nationality, and methods used for the identification of the victims, it is clear that all the women were young and of foreign nationality. The methods for identification in each of the countries of origin were different and there was no uniformity between European countries. It can be seen that 6 of the victims were identified by odontogram, 2 by odontogram and dactyloscopy, 2 by dactyloscopy, and 3 by DNA (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0020">Fig. 4</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0025">Fig. 5</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relating the identification procedure to the chronology of the identifications, in the first place it was observed that most of the bodies were identified within 48–66 h after autopsies by odontogram, with a total of 6 identifications in 54 h. In second place was dactyloscopy, which identified 2 bodies in 60 h. In last place was DNA determination, which took a total of 72 h to identify 3 bodies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0030">Fig. 6</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="s0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0065">Discussion of the case</span><p id="p0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A convoy of 5 buses leaving Valencia for Barcelona in the early hours of the morning. The first four arrived at the end of the journey without incident, the last was the vehicle involved in the accident. This was the road traffic accident with the most fatalities to occur in Catalonia since the regional police (MMEE) took over responsibility for road safety (traffic).</p><p id="p0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The accident that occurred on 20/03/2016 involved a total of 13 fatalities, all of them women, aged between 19 and 25 years old, foreigners of 6 different nationalities, all of whom were living in Spain, studying at the University of Barcelona as part of the Erasmus Project.</p><p id="p0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cause of death of all the deceased was severe polytrauma to different anatomical sites.</p><p id="p0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the victims were correctly identified according to Interpol criteria. Of the victims, 61.53% were identified by odontogram at 54 h postmortem. A total of 15.39% of the victims were identified by dactyloscopy at 60 h postmortem, and 23.08% of the victims were identified by DNA study at 72 h postmortem.</p><p id="p0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The bodies, together with their personal belongings, were returned to their families after the corresponding judicial authorisation, the bodies were repatriated successively as they were identified, and the process of transferring the victims was completed 4 days (24/03/2016) after the accident.</p><p id="p0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The accident occurred in an area located in the south of Catalonia, bordering the Valencian Community, and the expert actions fell to the professionals of the IMLCFC- TTEE, this being the smallest division of the region. Initially, a local response was organised with the subsequent incorporation of forensic odontologists.</p><p id="p0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This point must be considered to be able to size up the scale of the management of the case in question.</p><p id="p0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Being able to work within the structure of the Institutes of Legal Medicine (IML)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> enabled an organised, agile, early, multidisciplinary, and complete response, regardless of the area of the region in which the accident occurred.</p><p id="p0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The coordinated work of many IMLCFC professionals (forensic doctors, TEPF, odontologists) together with the heads of the MEEE Scientific Police enabled the rapid resolution of both the medico-legal issues generated, and the mourning process of the victims' families.</p><p id="p0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following the established line of work, priority was given by the forensic doctors, in accordance with the provisions of RD 32/2009, and in parallel to the objective of rapid, accurate and scientific identification, to the control of secondary victimisation of the relatives.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> To this end, all IMLCFC staff were available to accompany the relatives from the antemortem area to the morgue area, continuously 24 h a day, as the relatives arrived from their respective countries. For this purpose, it was considered appropriate to physically separate the morgue area from the waiting area for the relatives, and different IMLCFC professionals provided timely and detailed information whenever required.</p><p id="p0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Also noteworthy in this process of control of secondary victimisation was the performance of the TEPF members of the forensic team who, with their compassionate, caring, and highly professional approach, actively helped in this process of accompanying the relatives.</p><p id="p0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Their actions in managing the mourning process focussed on thanato-aesthetic intervention on the dead bodies (some of them with significant mutilating injuries), and the physical act of showing the bodies to the relatives.</p><p id="p0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relatives received psychological accompaniment and support at all times to manage the grieving process. However, this was not the case for the professionals involved, who, considering the magnitude of the incident and its prolongation over time, also suffered an emotional impact, which should serve as experience to manage future events of similar characteristics. This raises the possibility of offering psychological support to professionals after being involved in similar events.</p><p id="p0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initially this was a closed incident (the number and identity of the passengers in the bus were known). However, because the bus was in a convoy of 5 buses and before they set off (from Valencia) there had been changes among the passengers of the different vehicles of the convoy, the information was very confusing as to the identity of the occupants.</p><p id="p0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similar anthropometric profiles in terms of racial group, age, and sex can be deduced from this passenger information, which makes the initial presumptive identification more complex.</p><p id="p0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore, given the origin of the occupants, their identities correspond to very different nationalities, from both the European Union (EU) and from Eastern Europe. The methods of identification in each of the countries of origin were different, and there was no uniformity between European countries.</p><p id="p0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 3 scientifically accepted identification procedures, it was decided to prioritise fingerprint and dental identification<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> in view of the characteristics and peculiarities of the victims (families located in countries of origin).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="p0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although DNA is the gold standard identification procedure in many countries, in this specific case and in response to media and diplomatic pressure to speed up identification, it was considered that the use of DNA as a method of identification would be a slower process.</p><p id="p0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dental identification procedure that was prioritised had an optimal result, because it enabled more than half of the victims to be identified within a period of 54 h. We detected in the AM area an initial lack of coordination and criteria for collecting AM data from the victims' relatives. Once these problems had been detected, it was decided to restructure the area to obtain specific and individual data that would allow identification in an orderly and scientific manner, as well as to maintain close contact with the morgue area.</p><p id="p0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fingerprinting has worked well in Spain, if allowed by the condition of the bodies, but limited to Spanish nationals. In addition to following and complying with security standards, according to EU regulations. EU Regulation 2019/1157 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> establishes the security standards, format, and specifications that these identity documents must contain, including the following biometric data: a facial image on the document and 2 fingerprints in digital format.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> However, this identity document is not compulsory under this regulation and is left to the legislative discretion of each member country.</p><p id="p0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While in Spain these documents are compulsory from the age of 14 in accordance with RD 1553/2005 of 23 December 2005,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> in other countries, such as France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Romania, although they have them, they are not compulsory.</p><p id="p0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For example, in Italy, the document is known as Carta d'Identità, where the citizen's identification data, such as full name, fingerprint, photograph, marital status, profession and citizenship, are recorded.</p><p id="p0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the biometric passport system has been changing since 2010 and has been compulsory at international level since the beginning of 2016. Therefore, the victim of Uzbek origin and one of the victims of French origin could be identified by fingerprinting.</p><p id="p0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interpol's steering group and standing committee on disaster victim identification, which supports its activities in this field,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> is considering the creation of a database, on missing persons and unidentified bodies, which will match nominal and forensic data, to assist member countries in solving cases related to both operational work and disasters.</p><p id="p0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, the European agency EU-LISA that oversees major defence and intelligence technology projects, has recently promoted the creation of a biometric matching system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> This project envisages including in its database a register of facial images and fingerprints of more than 400 million people from non-EU countries. This shared system is designed to combat irregular immigration, although it would be of great interest if in the future it could be used as a large biometric databank for forensic use.</p><p id="p0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, in this particular case, using a genetic study of DNA could have resulted in a delay in identification because it required relatives to arrive from the different countries of origin, the taking of a sample from relatives and a proven sample from the victim, their submission to the MMEE reference laboratory (MMEE laboratory), and subsequent processing.</p><p id="p0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, the foreign origin of victims of several nationalities complicates the identification process, and therefore we cannot use one single method for all victims. The criterion of prioritising forensic odontology as an identification method made it possible to speed up the chronology of identifications, obtaining a valid and scientific identification of more than 50% of the victims in just under 2 days.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2001475" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1715300" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2001474" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1715299" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0015" "titulo" => "Description of the accident" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0020" "titulo" => "Scenario" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0025" "titulo" => "Autopsies" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0030" "titulo" => "Data integration centre" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0035" "titulo" => "Antemortem (AM) centre" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0040" "titulo" => "Identification studies" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0045" "titulo" => "Discussion of the case" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack699373" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-10-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-03-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1715300" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Human identification" 1 => "DNA" 2 => "Autopsy" 3 => "Forensic Medicine" 4 => "Forensic dentistry" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1715299" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Identificación humana" 1 => "ADN" 2 => "Autopsia" 3 => "Medicina Forense" 4 => "Odontología forense" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="as0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Corpses identification in events with multiple victims is a challenge and one of the main activities of Forensic Pathology. Legal, humanitarian and social repercussions are derived from the correct identification and also its management, generating a great impact.</p><p id="sp0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The objective of this paper is to present the management and identification process of the 13 deaths that occurred in the bus accident on the AP7 motorway in March 2016 in Freginals (Tarragona, Spain). The rapid identification of fatalities, the different quality control mechanisms used, attention to family members, as well as the proper management of the catastrophe with the human and material resources available are analysed.</p><p id="sp0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Despite the foreign nationality of all the victims, which determined the method of identification, all of them were quickly identified by dentistry, fingerprinting or DNA and were quickly returned to their families and countries of origin. Italy was the country where the largest number of victims came from. The participation of forensic doctors in ante mortem data recovery is highlighted.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="as0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La identificación de cadáveres en sucesos con múltiples víctimas es un reto y una de las actividades principales de la Patología Forense. De la correcta identificación y gestión de identificación se derivan repercusiones legales, humanitarias y sociales generando un gran impacto.</p><p id="sp0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar el proceso de gestión e identificación de las 13 víctimas mortales del accidente de autobús ocurrido en la autopista AP7 en marzo de 2016 en Freginals (Tarragona, España). Se analizan las rápidas identificaciones de las víctimas mortales, los diferentes mecanismos de control de calidad empleados, la atención a los familiares, así como la gestión propia de la catástrofe con los recursos humanos y materiales disponibles.</p><p id="sp0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de la nacionalidad extranjera de todas las víctimas, que determinó el método de identificación, todas ellas fueron identificadas rápidamente mediante odontología, huellas dactilares o ADN y fueron rápidamente retornadas a sus familias y países de origen. Italia fue el país de donde procedían un mayor número de víctimas. Se destaca la participación de los médicos forenses en la recuperación de datos ante mortem.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="np4005">Please cite this article as: Cabús RM, Barbera L, Salort B, Sanchéz I, Soler N, Barberia E, et al. Intervención forense en el accidente de autobús con 13 víctimas mortales en Freginals, Tarragona, Spain. Revista Española de Medicina Legal. 2023. <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="ir3005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reml.2023.03.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reml.2023.03.001</span>.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1736 "Ancho" => 3354 "Tamanyo" => 318751 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sketch of the accident.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 538 "Ancho" => 945 "Tamanyo" => 53319 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0010" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bus-car collision.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 574 "Ancho" => 2008 "Tamanyo" => 149035 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0015" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of the victims found inside the bus.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 827 "Ancho" => 1598 "Tamanyo" => 61108 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0020" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Methods of identification.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 979 "Ancho" => 2361 "Tamanyo" => 104811 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0025" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Methods of identification by nationality of victims.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 848 "Ancho" => 2215 "Tamanyo" => 75370 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0030" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronology of identification.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:24 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:5 [ "titulo" => "Real Decreto 32/2009, de 16 de enero, por el que se aprueba el protocolo nacional de actuación Médico-forense y de Policía Científica en sucesos con víctimas múltiples" "fecha" => "2009" "paginaInicial" => "12630" "paginaFinal" => "12673" "editorial" => "Boletín Oficial del Estado" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2009/01/16/32" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Protocolo de actuación judicial en supuestos de grandes catástrofes" ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Aprobado por el Pleno del Consejo General del Poder Judicial en su reunión del día" "serieFecha" => "2011" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "https://www.poderjudicial.es/stfls/PODERJUDICIAL/DOCTRINA/FICHERO/Protocolo%20cat%C3%A1strofes%20CGPJ.pdf" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Managing the identification of the mortal victims run over by a train in the Castelldefels railway accident (Barcelona)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. 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In particular our colleague the late Leonor Chavarria Cosar, who performed her duties with great professionalism and humanity.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/24454249/0000004900000002/v2_202311010820/S2445424923000171/v2_202311010820/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "60062" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Review" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/24454249/0000004900000002/v2_202311010820/S2445424923000171/v2_202311010820/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445424923000171?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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