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Original Article
Epidemiological profile of involuntary admission in the Psychiatry Service of the University Hospital of Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín
Perfil epidemiológico de los ingresos involuntarios en el Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín
Naomi Fernández Hernández, Marina Martínez Grimal, Martínez Grimal, Claudio Cabrera Velázquez
Corresponding author
Cabreraclaudio@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Raquel Rodríguez Medina, María Rodríguez, Almudena Sánchez Villegas, José Luís Hernández Fleta, Hernández Fleta
Unidad de Salud Mental de Costa Ayala, Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Nevertheless&#44; Spain is an exception within the European legislative panorama&#44; as the purpose of admission is exclusively therapeutic rather than preventive or punitive&#46; Notwithstanding this&#44; security measures involving a loss of freedom are sometimes used in cases where patients may commit crimes during an acute phase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with a mental disorder are often erroneously considered to suffer a loss of cognitive capacity or sense of reality&#44; so that they are thought to be incapable of intervening in decision-making&#46; This &#40;real or fictitious&#41; attributed incapacity is at the root of intense debate in the fields of medicine and law&#44; and involuntary admission is one of the most controversial aspects within this medical&#8211;legal context&#46; As this conflict also involves the fundamental right to liberty &#40;as expressed in article 17 of the Spanish Constitution&#41;&#44; any decision must be subjected to a judicial guarantee&#44; which is exclusively restricted to &#8220;authorizing&#8221; or &#8220;approving&#8221; the measure in question&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> On the other hand&#44; although it is true that it violates the principle of patient autonomy&#44; this is not the basis for the judicial intervention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Male individuals are closely associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders&#44; and patients of this type account for the majority of involuntary admissions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;11</span></a> On the other hand&#44; women are more likely to be interned<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> due to emotional&#44; personality&#44; or behavioral disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;16</span></a> This is probably because they tend to be better adjusted in social terms and make better use of healthcare services from earlier stages of any disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The age group most likely to undergo involuntary admission is composed of subjects aged from 45 to 65&#8239;years old&#46; This may be because individuals in these decades of life are obliged to face a series of events in life&#44; such as responsibilities&#44; stress&#44; or family problems&#44; which may trigger the disease which leads to admission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other factors associated with a poor prognosis are a problematic economic situation&#44; the lack of suitable community services or belonging to an ethnic minority&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Involuntary hospitalization is often a traumatic experience for the patient and this may lead through extrapolation to a negative impression of all mental health services&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> This fact may cause a patient who has experienced admission to avoid all types of preventive community interventions&#44; thereby creating a higher risk of re-admission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0070">The legal framework</span><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two types of internment may occur&#58;</p><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Voluntary or agreed&#58;</span> non-judicial&#44; established by direct contract between the patient and the medical institution&#44; which both parties are able to rescind&#46;</p><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Involuntary&#44; not agreed&#44; or compulsory&#58;</span> in this form&#44; it is also necessary to distinguish between penal and civil versions&#46;</p><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Involuntary internment is governed by art&#46; 763 of the Civil Indictment Law&#58;</p><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#8220;The internment&#44; due to psychological disorder&#44; of a person who is not able to decide on this for themselves&#44; although they are subject to custody or guardianship&#44; will require judicial authorization&#44; which will be obtained from the court of the location where the individual affected by internment resides&#46; The authorization will granted prior to the said internment&#44; unless for reasons of urgency it were necessary to adopt the measure immediately&#46; In this case&#44; the person in charge of the centre in which the internment occurred will have to report this to the competent court as soon as possible and&#44; in any case&#44; within a period of twenty four hours&#44; so that the said measure can be duly ratified&#44; which must take place within a maximum period of seventy two hours from the moment court became aware of the internment &#91;&#8230;&#93; &#40;art&#46; 763&#46;1 LEC&#41;&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The criterion for involuntary internment is that &#8220;a person is not able to decide on this for themselves&#8221;&#44; referring to the validity of consent or the capacity to issue valid consent&#46; It may occur that a person is at risk of suffering a severe mental disorder requiring urgent treatment &#40;indications for admission&#41; and that they are able to decide on this themselves&#44; that is&#44; that they have the capacity to give their valid consent&#46;</p><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The precept will be applicable to adults as well as to minors or persons lacking legal capacity&#44; without in the case of minors the consent of the parents being sufficient&#44; nor the consent of the guardian in the case of persons lacking legal capacity&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the latter concept has disappeared with Law 8&#47;2021&#44; of 2 June&#44; which reformed the civil and legal legislation for the support of persons unable to exercise their legal capacity&#44; modifying <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">art&#46; 271 C&#243;digo Civil</span> in the following way&#58; &#8220;any person of age or an emancipated minor&#44; foreseeing the concurrence of circumstances that may hinder them in the exercise of their legal capacity in equality of conditions with others&#44; may in public deed propose that one or several persons be named or excluded for the exercise of the function of guardian&#46; They may also establish dispositions on the functioning and control of the guardianship and&#44; especially&#44; on the care of their person&#44; rules for the administration and disposal of their goods&#44; remuneration of the guardian&#44; the obligation to make an inventory or dispensation of the same and measures for vigilance and control&#44; as well proposing the persons who would have to undertake these measures&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Depending on the moment when judicial authorization occurs&#44; there are also 2 types of internment&#58;</p><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ordinary&#58;</span> with the previous authorization of the Judge of First Instance of the place of residence of the person who requires internment&#46;</p><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urgent&#58;</span> as decided by the medical professional and then ratified by the corresponding Judge of the location where the hospital is situated&#46;</p><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The steps to agree internment or ratify it are the same in both procedures&#58; audience of the person affected by the decision&#44; of the Fiscal Ministry and any other person whose appearance the judge deems convenient&#44; or who is requested by the person affected by the measure&#44; direct examination by the judge of the person whose internment is in question and audience of the ruling of a doctor designated by the judge&#46; The decision of the jurist is of course liable to appeal&#46; A period of 72&#8239;h is set to ratify an internment which has already occurred&#44; given that the person interned has already been deprived of their freedom&#46;</p><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Art&#46; 763 also stipulates the obligation of the medical personnel who attend the patient to regularly inform the court of the need to maintain the measure&#46; A direct discharge is also possible followed by a report of the same to the judge&#46; Art&#46; 211 of the Civil Code &#40;which governed involuntary internment prior to art&#46; 763 of the LEC&#41; did not refer to the possibility of direct discharge&#44; and this modification is considered to be a major advance&#46; The latter article makes it clear that the problem is obviously medical&#44; so that the patient&#39;s health is the central concern&#46; The end of internment should therefore occur at the very moment when the therapeutic utility of the same ceases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders &#40;ESEMeD&#41;&#44; the prevalence of severe mental disorders &#40;SMD&#41; in the adult population of Europe stands at 27&#37; &#40;83 million people&#41;&#46; The treatment of SMD in the European region has therefore become one of the main public health challenges in all and every one of the levels of medical care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has the objective of establishing an epidemiological profile based on the involuntarily hospitalized psychiatric population of Doctor Negrin University Hospital of Gran Canaria&#46;</p></span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0075">Material and methods</span><p id="p0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An observational&#44; descriptive&#44; and retrospective study was undertaken of a sample of 380 patients admitted involuntarily to Doctor Negr&#237;n Hospital due to psychiatric disorder over a 2-year period &#40;2019 and 2020&#41;&#44; analyzing the following variables&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sex</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marital status</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Work situation</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fundamental diagnosis &#40;according to the CIE classification system&#41;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Duration of admission</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Total number of previous admissions</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drug use</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute agitation</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The need for mechanical restraint</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abandonment of treatment prior to admission</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute self-harming behavior at the moment of admission</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="p0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The need for police intervention</p></li></ul></p><p id="p0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An epidemiological study was carried out with descriptive analysis of the qualitative variables by calculating percentages&#44; while quantitative variables were described in terms of their average and standard deviation&#46; The association between 2 qualitative variables was determined by the chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s exact test when the former could not be applied&#46; A result was considered to be statistically significant when <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;05&#46;</p></span><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0080">Results</span><p id="p0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sociodemographic characteristics of the population studied are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority are men &#40;56&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; with an average age of 43&#8239;years &#40;15&#8211;80&#41;&#44; and the subjects aged from 40 to 60&#8239;years are the most prevalent age groups in our sample&#44; except for those subjects with an &#8220;organic disorder&#8221;&#44; where patients aged over 60&#8239;years were the most prevalent&#46; A statistically significant association was found &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&#41; between increasing age and this group of diseases&#46; In terms of marital status&#44; single patients predominated &#40;67&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; as did those without children &#40;67&#46;6&#37;&#41; and those who were unemployed &#40;90&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; No variations were found in the number of admissions depending on the months of the year&#46;</p><p id="p0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More than 50&#37; of the patients in this study were categorized as non-consumers of drugs&#46; Of the different substances consumed&#44; cannabis was the most frequent &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by alcohol &#40;13&#37;&#41; and cocaine &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; 17&#37; of the patients belonged to the &#8220;polyconsumption&#8221; phenotype which includes different combinations of substances&#46; Men predominated as the consumers of all substances in a statistically significant way &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;05&#41; in all of the groups except for &#8220;cocaine consumers&#8221;&#46; This is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0015">Table 3</a> shows the characteristics of the sample according to the type of disorder which led to admission&#46; It should be pointed out that men form the majority in all of the diagnostic groups except for &#8220;eating disorders&#8221; and &#8220;personality disorders&#8221;&#44; in which women account for the greater proportion of patients in the sample &#40;80&#37; and 83&#46;3&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tendency in all of the diagnostic groups was for the patients to be childless and unemployed&#46; The &#8220;substance abuse disorder&#8221; group was the only one in which polyconsumption was evident&#44; where it was present in 71&#46;4&#37; of cases&#46; This result was statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;002&#41;&#46;</p><p id="p0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical characteristics of the population studied are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0020">Table 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The great majority of patients admitted involuntarily were in the psychotic disorders group &#40;51&#46;6&#37;&#41; or the affective disorders group &#40;30&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; while the patients who belonged to other groups were clearly in the minority&#46;</p><p id="p0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average length of involuntary admission was 22&#8239;days&#44; and the largest group of patients were admitted for 15&#8211;30&#8239;days &#40;43&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; When the number of previous admissions was analyzed we found an average of 3 admissions before the one covered by our study&#46; The majority of the patients had been admitted &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 times &#40;52&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="p0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding treatment&#44; approximately 50&#37; of the patients had abandoned this before being hospitalized&#46; Adding the patients without any prescribed treatment to this figure shows that 70&#37; of the sample were not taking any type of medication&#44; as opposed to 30&#37; who were&#44; according to the anamnesis with patients or their family&#46;</p><p id="p0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">48&#46;4&#37; of the patients had acute agitation at admission&#44; while 51&#46;6&#37; did not&#46; More than half of the patients&#44; more specifically 64&#37;&#44; did not require mechanical restraint at the moment of admission&#44; while 36&#37; of the group did require this&#46;</p><p id="p0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 11&#46;3&#37; of the patients had self-harming ideation&#44; as opposed to 88&#46;7&#37; who did not&#46; In 86&#37; of cases&#44; no police intervention was necessary at admission&#44; as only 14&#37; of the patients required this measure&#46;</p></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0085">Discussion</span><p id="p0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The findings are analyzed below&#58;</p><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0090">Sex and age</span><p id="p0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Being of male sex was found to be one of the factors involved in involuntary internment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;11</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The average age in our study was 43&#8239;years&#44; and this datum is within the age range shown in the literature that was reviewed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="s0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0095">Marital status and children</span><p id="p0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The great majority of the patients were single and had no children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;17</span></a> This finding would express difficulties in relationships and a weak support system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></span><span id="s0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0100">Work situation</span><p id="p0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">90&#37; of the patients were unemployed a the moment of admission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> This result suggests severe mental disorder that was not properly treated as a major factor in their disability or early retirement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> It also shows that many of them are victims of discrimination&#44; as they are not allowed to take a job in society&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="s0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0105">Diagnosis</span><p id="p0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main diagnosis was schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders&#46; This is in line with the research described in other papers&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;11</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;16</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> as disorders of this type benefit the most from acute treatment&#44; as their clinical symptoms are more severe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span><span id="s0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0110">Previous admissions</span><p id="p0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a predictor of the need for a patient to be re-admitted in the future&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;18</span></a> The majority of the patients in our study had been admitted previously&#44; which leads us to believe that involuntary admission occurs with patients who have a tendency to be admitted&#44; so that they probably have more severe psychopathology&#46;</p><p id="p0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; this study found that patients were admitted for an average of 22&#8239;days&#44; which is longer than the corresponding figures in the literature that was reviewed&#46; This may be because in some countries patients are discharged as soon as they cease to be dangerous&#44; before their symptoms have resolved&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> This therefore suggests that a short hospitalization may not be sufficient to stabilize a patient&#46;</p></span><span id="s0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0115">Adherence to treatment</span><p id="p0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This may be the risk factor that is the most closely associated with involuntary admission&#46; More than 70&#37; of the patients in this study were found to have abandoned treatment beforehand&#44; or were not receiving medication of any kind&#46; The figures relating to lack of adherence are extremely high in many studies&#44; as well as in this one&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;11</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="p0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Proper administration of treatment should be the priority to reduce the number of involuntary admissions per year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> To achieve this&#44; it is indispensable to have a comprehensive vision and understanding of the the patient&#39;s insight and their environment regarding the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Furthermore&#44; it should be underlined that in previous studies depot formulations of antipsychotic drugs have been shown quite thoroughly to give rise to a lower rate of hospitalizations&#44; so that this measure should also be taken into account&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p></span><span id="s0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0120">Drug abuse</span><p id="p0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Substance consumption has been associated with behavioral changes that may trigger involuntary admission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In our sample&#44; more than 50&#37; of the patients were categorized as &#8220;non-consumers&#8221;&#46; This may be because this datum was obtained from clinical records&#46; Additionally&#44; a single patient may appear several times in the data if involuntary admissions occur during the study period&#59; this is why we associate the low prevalence of consumption with the fact that the patients received detoxification&#47;dishabituation therapy in previous admissions&#44; so that no active consumption was recorded at the time of the current admission&#46;</p></span><span id="s0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0125">Acute agitation&#44; the need for restraint&#44; and police intervention</span><p id="p0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These 3 factors are all closely interlinked&#46; Aggressive behavior often requires the intervention of the police during the internment process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#8211;30</span></a></p><p id="p0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; in our sample&#44; although half of the patients were notably agitated on arrival&#44; there was far less need for mechanical restraints and police intervention was even less necessary&#44; as it was required in only 13&#37; of cases&#46; The process used in this hospital stands out very positively in comparison with the existing literature&#44; where a police presence is required in a significant number of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span><span id="s0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0130">Self-harming behavior</span><p id="p0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Practically&#44; 90&#37; of patients showed no self-harming behavior at the moment of admission&#46; In some studies&#44; suicidal ideation is associated more with voluntary admissions than it is with involuntary ones&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This may suggest that self-harming behavior is not a predictive factor for the need for the involuntary admission of a psychiatric patient&#46;</p></span></span><span id="s0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0135">Conclusion</span><p id="p0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient profile associated with involuntary admission in our department corresponds to that of a male in the fourth decade of life&#44; single&#44; without children&#44; and unemployed&#44; with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder or a major affective disorder&#44; who has very probably abandoned treatment&#46;</p><p id="p0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In clinical practice&#44; it is recommended that patients who fulfill the above profile should be especially monitored&#44; to minimize involuntary admissions&#46;</p><span id="s0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0140">Limitations</span><p id="p0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chief limitation of this study arises from its design&#46; Exclusively using information contained in clinical records and the quality of the same hinders the detection of certain variables such as &#8220;drug abuse&#8221; or &#8220;the need for mechanical restraint&#8221;&#44; as well as the &#8220;period during which previous admissions occurred&#8221;&#59; only the main ICD diagnosis shown was included&#44; excluding comorbidity&#46;</p><p id="p0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As it was not possible to compare groups in this study&#44; it is solely epidemiological&#46; We are therefore currently unable to specify whether the variables studied are predictive or not of involuntary admission&#46; Although the discussion aims to propose measures that improve these variables&#44; it is possible that they are associated with any type of internment in a psychiatric hospitalization unit and are not specific to involuntary admission&#46; It would therefore be of interest to determine which factors are associated with involuntary admission&#44; to explain why the capacity to give consent is reduced or to improve the suitability of the type of internment in each specific case&#46;</p></span></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Previous admissions"
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            1 => "Involuntary"
            2 => "Psychiatry"
            3 => "Disorder"
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            0 => "Ingreso"
            1 => "Involuntario"
            2 => "Psiquiatr&#237;a"
            3 => "Trastorno"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="as0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0010">Introduction</span><p id="sp0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Involuntary admissions due to mental disorders occur with relative regularity in hospital admission units in our country&#46; This work will study the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics found in relation to these type of patients&#44; in order to have more information&#44; both clinical and legal&#44; with which to work and perform a better function&#44; administration of resources&#44; and development of necessary skills in these situations&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0015">Material and methods</span><p id="sp0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective descriptive observational study&#44; in which different variables will be analyzed&#44; previously selected&#44; present in the population of psychiatric patients involuntarily admitted to the Doctor Negr&#237;n Hospital in a period of 2&#8239;years&#44; 2019 and 2020&#44; thus determining&#44; the degree of prevalence of each of them&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0020">Results</span><p id="sp0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Among the variables most associated with involuntary admission are&#44; being a man&#44; in the fourth decade of life&#44; single&#44; without children&#44; or employment&#44; with a diagnosis of major psychotic or affective disorder who has most likely abandoned treatment&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0025">Discussion</span><p id="sp0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It would be advisable to carry out a special follow-up of patients who meet the profile described above in order to minimize involuntary occurrence&#46; It is necessary to develop educational&#44; follow-up&#44; and adherence programs within the reach of the population of psychiatric patients in order to minimize the need for involuntary admissions in our environment&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="as0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="sp0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los ingresos involuntarios por raz&#243;n de trastorno ps&#237;quico se producen con relativa asiduidad en las unidades de internamiento hospitalarias de nuestro pa&#237;s&#46; Este trabajo someter&#225; a estudio las caracter&#237;sticas socio-demogr&#225;ficas y cl&#237;nicas que se encuentran en relaci&#243;n con este tipo de pacientes&#44; para disponer de m&#225;s informaci&#243;n&#44; tanto cl&#237;nica como legal&#44; con la que trabajar y desempe&#241;ar una mejor funci&#243;n&#44; administraci&#243;n de recursos y desarrollo de habilidades necesarias ante estas situaciones&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="sp0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo&#44; en el cual se analizar&#225;n diferentes variables&#44; seleccionadas previamente&#44; presentes en la poblaci&#243;n de pacientes psiqui&#225;tricos ingresados involuntariamente en el Hospital Doctor Negr&#237;n en un per&#237;odo de tiempo de 2 a&#241;os&#44; 2019 y 2020&#44; determinando as&#237;&#44; el grado de prevalencia de cada una de ellas&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">Resultados</span><p id="sp0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre las variables m&#225;s asociadas al ingreso involuntario se encuentran&#44; ser var&#243;n&#44; en la cuarta d&#233;cada de la vida&#44; soltero&#44; sin hijos&#44; ni empleo&#44; con un diagn&#243;stico de trastorno psic&#243;tico o afectivo mayor que muy probablemente ha abandonado el tratamiento&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="sp0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ser&#237;a conveniente hacer un especial seguimiento a los pacientes que cumplan el perfil anteriormente descrito con el objetivo de minimizar la involuntariedad&#46; Es necesario el desarrollo de programas educacionales&#44; de seguimiento y adherencia al alcance de la poblaci&#243;n de pacientes psiqui&#225;tricos para as&#237; poder minimizar la necesidad de ingresos involuntarios en nuestro medio&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="np4005">Please cite this article as&#58; Fern&#225;ndez Hern&#225;ndez N&#44; Mart&#237;nez Grimal M&#44; Cabrera Vel&#225;zquez C&#44; Rodr&#237;guez Medina R&#44; S&#225;nchez Villegas A&#44; Hern&#225;ndez Fleta JL&#46; Epidemiological profile of involuntary admission in the Psychiatry Service of the University Hospital of Gran Canaria Doctor Negr&#237;n&#46; Revista Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Legal&#46; 2023&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="ir3005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reml.2023.04.001">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;reml&#46;2023&#46;04&#46;001</span>&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">257&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">123&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">344&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">90&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Employed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">75&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Affective &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Psychotic &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Schizoaffective &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Neurotic &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Substances &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Organic &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eating &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Personality &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="17" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Men&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;047&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;850&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;597&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;146&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;824&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;170&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;089&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Women&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="17" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="17" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;363&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;033&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;248&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Eating D&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Personality D&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="4" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="4" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Previous admissions &#40;voluntary&#47;involuntary&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duration</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>week&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;17&#46;6&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">142&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">166&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>month&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="4" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of times</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">201&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>03&#8211;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">129&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>06&#8211;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="4" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treatment prior to admission</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Abandoned&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">182&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Not abandoned&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="4" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acute agitation</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">184&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">196&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="4" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Need for mechanical restraint</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 24454249
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.remle.2023.04.002
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