Effects of parenting practices through deviant peers on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours in middle- and late-adolescence | The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context

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[ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Olalla Cutrín, José Antonio Gómez-Fraguela, Lorena Maneiro, Jorge Sobral" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Olalla" "apellidos" => "Cutrín" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "olalla.cutrin@usc.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Antonio" "apellidos" => "Gómez-Fraguela" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lorena" "apellidos" => "Maneiro" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Sobral" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author. Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. C/Xosé María Suárez Núñez, s/n. Campus Sur. 15782 Santiago de Compostela." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Los efectos de las practicas parentales a través de compañeros desviados en los comportamientos antisociales no violentos y violentos en la adolescencia media y tardía" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1421 "Ancho" => 2703 "Tamanyo" => 190107 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Model of Mediation Effects of Parenting Practices on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviours through Affiliation with Antisocial Peers for the Older Group (aged 17-19). The model shows significant standardized regression coefficients of direct effects, coefficients of determination, and significant correlations between variables. *p < .05, **p < .01." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Evidence has confirmed the influence of peer group and the effect of parental knowledge and quality of family relationships in the development of antisocial behaviour and delinquency in youth (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Derzon, 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Farrington, Ttofi, & Coid, 2009</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Guillén, Roth, Alfaro, & Fernández, 2015</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Hoeve et al., 2009</a>). Moreover, research has demonstrated that parenting practices and peer group interact and jointly influence the development of antisocial and delinquent behaviours (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Collins & Laursen, 2004</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Trudeau, Mason, Randall, Spoth, & Ralston, 2012</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Véronneau & Dishion, 2010</a>). Specifically, several studies have found that certain parenting practices were indirectly related to antisocial behaviour through the mediation of deviant peers (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Deutsch, Crockett, Wolff, & Russell, 2012</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Haggerty, Skinner, McGlynn-Wright, Catalano, & Crutchfield, 2013</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Pardini, Waller, & Hawes, 2015</a>). Among other parenting practices, research has found that low levels of parental knowledge, low levels of parental support, and high levels of parent-youth conflict were directly and indirectly related to antisocial behaviour by increasing adolescent affiliation with a deviant peer group (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Andrews & Hops, 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ryzin, Fosco, & Dishion, 2012</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Sitnick, Shaw, & Hyde, 2014</a>).However, the role of these social factors is not static, but changes through adolescent development. While adolescent autonomy and independency is being established, the influence of family context decreases and the influence of peer group rises (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Cleveland, Feinberg, Bontempo, & Greenberg, 2008</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">Collins & Steinberg, 2008; Nurmi, 2004</a>). Although the level of parental knowledge seems to remain relatively stable over the course of adolescence (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Laird, Criss, Pettit, Bates, & Dodge, 2009</a>), the manifestation of closeness in parent-adolescent relationships decreases and the presence of parent-adolescent conflicts increases especially in early-adolescence (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Collins & Laursen, 2004; Collins & Steinberg, 2008</a>). Overall, the level of conflict in parent-youth relationships is reduced over time and closeness recovers in late-adolescence (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Collins & Laursen, 2004; Collins & Steinberg, 2006</a>). Therefore, the effects of parental knowledge, parental support, and parent-adolescent conflict on the involvement in antisocial behaviour appear to be especially influential in early adolescence.On the other hand, research has suggested that friendships remain stable throughout adolescence. However, generally peer interactions seem to show great influence on antisocial behaviour in middle- and late-adolescence (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Dodge, Coie, & Lynam, 2006</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Rubin, Bukowski, Parker, & Bowker, 2008</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Van Ryzin, Fosco, & Dishion, 2012</a>). Regarding this, some studies have found evidence for the socialization process. The socialization process refers to the direct influence of deviant peer group on the adolescent antisocial behaviour, that is, adolescents are involved in antisocial activities influenced by their antisocial peers (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Keijsers et al., 2012</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Negriff, Ji, & Trickett, 2011</a>). Other research has found support for the selection process. The selection process reflects the individual disposition to affiliate with similar peers, that is, adolescents with antisocial attitudes and problematic behaviours tend to select friends with similar antisocial characteristics (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">de Kemp, Scholte, Overbeek, & Engels, 2006</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Hou et al., 2013</a>). Generally, research has proposed the reciprocal and complementary influence of both processes in youth development, and specifically in the development of antisocial behaviour (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Brook, Brook, Rubenstone, Zhang, & Saar, 2011</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Burk, van der Vorst, Kerr, & Stattin, 2012</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Dishion, Veronneau, & Myers, 2010</a>).Therefore, based on the previous empirical evidence, the main goal of the current study was to verify the presence of mediation effects of parenting practices through deviant peers on youth antisocial behaviour and the presence of differences in these relationships depending on two age cohorts. Thus, the direct and indirect effects of parenting practices (i.e., parental knowledge, parental support, parent-adolescent conflict) and affiliation with deviant peers on antisocial behaviour (both violent and nonviolent) were examined in Spanish community youth in middle- and late-adolescence. An additional objective of the current study was to analyse the presence of the processes of selection and/or socialization influence. In order to examine these processes, a measure of individual propensity towards violence was included in a structural model together with deviant affiliations to evaluate their effects on antisocial behaviours. This measure, composed of hostility and violent attitudes, reflects the individual tendency of adolescents to get involved in violent behaviours and therefore to affiliate with antisocial peers. To the best of our knowledge, no studies in a Spanish sample have previously examined both mediation effects and processes of influence in two age cohorts. It is expected that family exerts more influence on the younger group, deviant affiliations exert more influence on the older group, and both selection and socialization effects are present in the younger and the older group.Therefore, this study specifically proposed the following hypotheses: (1) the effects of parental knowledge, parental support, and parent-adolescent conflict on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours are mediated by affiliation with deviant peers; (2) parental knowledge, parental support, and parent-adolescent conflict are direct and indirectly more strongly related to antisocial behaviours in middle-adolescence; (3) a deviant peer group directly influences more strongly antisocial behaviours in late-adolescence; (4) controlling for the presence of individual propensity towards violence, the affiliation with deviant peers is directly related to youth antisocial behaviours supporting the socialization process for both age groups; and (5) the individual propensity towards violence is indirectly related to antisocial behaviours through the affiliation with deviant peers supporting the selection process for both age groups.MethodParticipantsThe sample was composed of 584 Spanish young people from six state high schools of Galicia (NW Spain), 46.9% males (n = 274), aged 14 to 20 (M = 15.99, SD = 1.20), and 53.1% females (n = 310), aged 14 to 19 (M = 15.98, SD = 1.17). The only participant aged 20 was removed from the final study for comparison purposes. The final sample was subdivided in two age cohorts: a younger group (n = 377), aged 14 to 16 (M = 15.27, SD = 0.72), 45.9% males, and an older group (n = 206), aged 17 to 19 (M = 17.30, SD = 0.54), 48.5% males. Accidental sampling was carried out to select state high schools attempting to obtain data from the four provinces of Galicia.MeasurementsParental knowledge. The degree of parental knowledge about the youth's activities or friendships was measured by a 6-item scale used in previous studies in Spain (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Luengo, Villar, Sobral, Romero, & Gómez-Fraguela, 2009</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Sobral, Gómez-Fraguela, Romero, Luengo, & Villar, 2012</a>), using a four-point scale from 0 (never) to 3 (always) (e.g., “They know with whom you go out in your spare time”, “They know what you do after school”; α = .80). The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between .38 and .80.Parental support. Parental warmth, responsiveness, and closeness were assessed by an 11-item scale based on the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979</a>), adapted and used in previous studies in Spain (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Pepe, Sobral, Gómez-Fraguela, & Villar, 2008</a>). This scale was scored on a 4-point scale from 0 (never) to 3 (always) (e.g., “They make me feel loved”, “They are affectionate with me”; α = .90). The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between .51 and .81.Parent-adolescent conflict. The presence of conflict in parent-youth relationships was measured by a shortened version of the Conflict Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ-20; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Robin & Foster, 1989</a>) used in previous studies in Spain (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Cutrín, Gómez-Fraguela, & Luengo, 2015</a>). This version was composed of 7 items and was scored on a 4-point scale from 0 (never) to 3 (always) (e.g., “The talks we have are frustrating”, “We get angry over little things”; α = .76). The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between .43 and .73.Deviant peer group. The presence of antisocial behaviour in the peer group was assessed by a 3-item scale used in previous studies in Spain (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Cutrín et al., 2015</a>; e.g., “My best friends get into trouble and problems”, “My best friends take drugs”; α= .71). The items were scored on a 4-point scale from 0 (strongly disagree) to 3 (strongly agree). The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between .53 and .76.Nonviolent antisocial behaviour. This measure was evaluated by three 6-item scales of the Antisocial Behaviour Questionnaire validated and used in previous studies in Spain (ABQ; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Luengo, Otero-López, Romero, Gómez-Fraguela, & Tavares-Filho, 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Maneiro, Gómez-Fraguela, Cutrín, & Romero, 2017</a>), scored on a 4-point scale from 0 (never) to 3 (very often): a rule-breaking scale (e.g., “Spending the night out without permission”, “Running away from home”; α = .77), a theft scale (e.g., “Taking something from class without permission with the intention of stealing it”, “Stealing materials from people working in a warehouse or a building site”; α = .78), and a vandalism scale (e.g., “Setting fire to something: a dustbin, table, car, etc.”, “Striking, damaging, or scratching parked cars or motorbikes”; α = .86). The global measure presents an internal consistency of α = .78. The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between .68 and .87.Violent behaviour. Violence was assessed by the 6-item physical aggression scale of the ABQ (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Luengo et al., 1999</a>; e.g., “Fighting and hitting someone”, “Using some type of weapon in a fight, e.g., knife, stick”; α = .81), scored on a 4-point scale from 0 (never) to 3 (very often). The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between .44 and .84.Propensity towards violence. This variable was assessed by two measures of individual traits associated with propensity to violence: hostility and attitudes towards violence. A 6-item hostility scale based on the SCL-90-R Hostility scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Derogatis, 2002</a>) used in previous studies in Spain (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Arce, Fariña, & Vázquez, 2011</a>; e.g., “I get irritated or angry easily”, “I feel driven to hit, beat or hurt someone”; α = .79), and a 9-item short version of the scale of attitudes towards social aggression elaborated for Spanish population (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Moral, 2005</a>; e.g., “To get respect you need to hit somebody occasionally”, “Anyone who uses threats usually gets what he want”; α = .80) were used. Both scales were scored on a 4-point scale from 0 (not true) to 3 (very true). The global measure of propensity towards violence presents an internal consistency of α = .87. The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between .72 and .87.ProcedureEthical standards were complied with throughout the investigation. Qualified psychologists presented the study to heads of the school centres, explained the objectives, and provided the proper instructions to the participants. Additionally, consent of adolescents’ parents or legal caregivers was requested. Participation was voluntary, and anonymity and confidentiality of information were totally guaranteed.Data AnalysisStatistical analyses were conducted on IBM SPSS Statistics 20, and SPSS Amos 19 was used for the analysis of structural equation modelling. Firstly, an ANOVA was carried out to analyse the differences in all the study variables based on the age cohorts and a MANOVA was conducted to verify these differences controlling for gender. Secondly, an equation model tested the existence of mediation effects of parental knowledge, parental support, and parent-adolescent conflict on youth antisocial behaviours through affiliation with antisocial peers in both groups. Lastly, another equation model tested the existence of mediation effects of propensity towards violence on youth antisocial behaviours through deviant affiliations in an attempt to examine the selection and socialization effects. The Critical Ratio Difference method was used to assess differences between age cohorts. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) method and the goodness-of-fit indexes χ2/df, CFI, TLI, RMSEA, and SRMR were used to estimate the models. The following were considered criteria for an optimum fit: χ2/df < 2-3, CFI > .95, TLI > .95, RMSEA and SRMR< .05; and for an acceptable or reasonable fit: χ2/df < 4, CFI > .90, TLI > .90, and RMSEA and SRMR between .08 and .10 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Arce, Velasco, Novo, & Fariña, 2014</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">Byrne, 2010; Hu & Bentler, 1999</a>).Results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, scale ranges of main study variables, as well as the results of the MANOVA analysis and the effects sizes of age and gender. The ANOVA results indicated significant differences between the younger group (aged 14-16) and the older group (aged 17-19) in the level of parental knowledge, F(1, 517) = 5.983, p = .015, and the level of propensity towards violence, F(1, 567) = 7.104, p = .008. As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, the MANOVA results indicated that only the differences in the levels of parental knowledge and propensity towards violence remained significant once controlled for gender. Effect sizes indicated that individual propensity towards violence was the variable most influenced by age, and violent behaviour and affiliation with deviant peers were the variables most influenced by gender (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The structural equation model of parenting mediated relationships obtained mostly acceptable fit indexes, χ2(1142, 573) = 1.87, p < .001, CFI = .89, TLI = .87, RMSEA = .039 [.037, .042], SRMR = .058, and increased significantly the model fit as compared to the direct model (i.e., mediation by peers is not considered in this model), Δχ2(6, 573) = 93.60, p < .001, ΔCFI = .01, ΔTLI = .01. For the younger group (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>) the results indicated that parenting practices were significantly related to affiliation with deviant peers, parental knowledge was negatively related and parental support and parent-adolescent conflict were positively related. These relationships explained 30% of the variance of the association with antisocial peers. Parental knowledge was also significantly negatively related to nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours. Parental support and parent-adolescent conflict were significantly positively related to nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours. Affiliation with deviant peers was significantly and positively related to nonviolent and violent behaviour. All these relationships explained less than 50% of the variance of the antisocial behaviours, which were strongly correlated.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>For the older group (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>) the results indicated that only parental knowledge (negatively) and parent-adolescent conflict were significantly positively related to affiliation with deviant peers, explaining about 30% of the variance of the association with antisocial peers. Parental knowledge was only significantly negatively related to violent behaviour and parental support was only significantly positively related to violent behaviour. Parent-adolescent conflict was not significantly directly related to any antisocial behaviour. Affiliation with a deviant peer group was significantly related to violent behaviour and primarily to nonviolent behaviour. All these relationships explained about 40% of the variance of the violent behaviour and about 70% of the variance of nonviolent antisocial behaviour. Antisocial behaviours were strongly correlated.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The Critical Ratio Difference method indicated that parental knowledge was significantly more strongly associated with deviant affiliations in the younger group (CR = 2.43, p = .008), and involvement with deviant peers was significantly more strongly related to nonviolent antisocial behaviour in the older group (CR = 2.70, p = .004).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows standardized indirect effects for parenting-peers mediated model. For the younger group the results indicated that all parenting practices were significantly related to nonviolent and violent behaviours through the mediation of involvement with deviant peers, especially the level of parental knowledge. Therefore, low levels of parental knowledge and high levels of both parental support and parent-adolescent conflict were associated with the antisocial behaviours through increasing the affiliation with an antisocial peer group. On the other hand, for the older group the results indicated that only parental knowledge and parent-adolescent conflict were significantly indirectly related to nonviolent and violent behaviours, primarily the level of parent-youth conflict. Thus, low levels of parental knowledge and high levels of parent-adolescent conflict were related to the antisocial behaviours through increasing the affiliation with antisocial peers.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Lastly, the structural equation model of propensity towards violence peer mediation also obtained acceptable fit indexes, χ2(132, 573) = 3.00, p < .001, CFI = .93 RMSEA = .059 [.053, .066], SRMR = .040. As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>, the results indicated similar effects for both age cohorts. The individual propensity towards violence was positively and significantly related to affiliation with deviant peers, nonviolent and violent behaviours. Deviant affiliations also were positively and significantly related to nonviolent and violent behaviours. This relationship with nonviolent antisocial behaviour was stronger for the older group (CR = 1.87, p = .031). Propensity towards violence showed stronger relationships with violent behaviour, and deviant peers with nonviolent antisocial behaviour. On the other hand, the results indicated significant mediation effects of propensity towards violence on both antisocial behaviours through increasing the affiliation with antisocial peers (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). Thus, propensity towards violence was strongly related to affiliation with deviant peers, which in turn was directly related to nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe aim of the current study was to verify the presence of mediation effects of parenting practices (i.e., parental knowledge, parental support, parent-adolescent conflict) through deviant peers as well as the presence of differences in their effects on youth antisocial behaviours in two age cohorts. Moreover, the current study attempted to analyse the presence of the processes of selection and/or socialization influence in both age cohorts. Therefore, the direct and indirect effects on antisocial behaviour (i.e., nonviolent antisocial behaviour, violent behaviour) and the selection or socialization processes were examined in Spanish community youth in middle- and late-adolescence. The results found in the current study supported the hypotheses proposed.Firstly, the effects of parental knowledge, parental support, and parent-adolescent conflict on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours were significantly mediated by affiliation with deviant peers for both age cohorts, except in the case of parental support for the older group. In line with previous research (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">Deutsch et al., 2012; Pardini et al., 2015; Sitnick et al., 2014</a>), the current study confirmed the presence of significant mediation effects in middle- and late-adolescence. Thus, low levels of parental knowledge, high levels of parental support, and high levels of parent-adolescent conflict were indirectly related to antisocial behaviour through increasing adolescent affiliation with a deviant peer group (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Andrews & Hops, 2010</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">Haggerty et al., 2013; Van Ryzin et al., 2012</a>). Surprisingly, parental support was direct and indirectly positively related to both affiliating with deviant peers and involvement in antisocial behaviour. However, this counterintuitive finding is consistent with other research that found a positive influence of parental support on the development of substance use and delinquent behaviours (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">Cutrín et al., 2015; Marshal & Chassin, 2000</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Tilton-Weaver, Burk, Kerr, & Stattin, 2013</a>), perhaps because youngsters may interpret high support as overprotection, permissiveness, or reinforcement of their antisocial behaviours (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Cutrín, Gómez-Fraguela, & Sobral, 2016</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">Hoeve et al., 2009; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2004</a>).Secondly, the findings supported the hypothesis about the stronger effects of parenting practices on antisocial behaviours in middle-adolescence. Parental knowledge, parental support, and parent-adolescent conflict showed more significant relationships and were more strongly related to both antisocial behaviours for the younger group. Thus, as other research has suggested, the lack of parental knowledge and the lack of closeness in family relationships appear to be specifically risk factors in younger adolescents (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Cleveland et al., 2008; Collins & Laursen, 2004; Collins & Steinberg, 2008; Nurmi, 2004</a>). On the other hand, for the older group the direct relationships between the three parenting practices were only significant regarding violent behaviour. In that regard some research has suggested that low parental knowledge and poor family management are related to more violent and chronic antisocial behaviours (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Herrenkohl, Hill, Hawkins, Chung, & Nagin, 2006</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Silva & Stattin, 2015</a>). Moreover, parent-adolescent conflict was the variable most strongly related to antisocial behaviour in an indirect way for the older group, especially to nonviolent behaviour. Some authors have proposed that although the frequency of parent-youth conflicts may decrease throughout the adolescence, levels of anger and hostile feelings emerged from the conflict increase over time (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Collins & Steinberg, 2008</a>).Thirdly, although the frequency of deviant affiliations did not present significant differences between age groups, being involved with a deviant peer group was more strongly directly related to antisocial behaviour in late-adolescence, especially to nonviolent antisocial behaviour (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095">Dodge et al., 2006; Rubin et al., 2008; Van Ryzin et al., 2012</a>). As other research has found, deviant affiliations and peer deviance training influence both antisocial development and more specifically covert antisocial behaviour (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Snyder, Schrepferman, Bullard, McEachern, & Patterson, 2012</a>). Nevertheless, affiliation with deviant peers was the variable most strongly related to violent behaviour, especially in the older group. Based on previous longitudinal research, these findings support the role of deviant peers in the cascading progression to more chronic and violent antisocial patterns (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">Dishion et al., 2010; Farrington et al., 2009</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Henry, Tolan, Gorman-Smith, & Schoeny, 2012</a>).Lastly, the results also supported the fourth and fifth hypotheses about selection and socialization processes. Individual propensity towards violence was strongly related to affiliating with deviant peers and even more strongly related to deviant affiliations than to youth antisocial behaviour. Moreover, propensity towards violence was significantly mediated by these deviant affiliations, that is, adolescent propensity towards violence was indirectly related to nonviolent and violent behaviour through increasing the affiliations with antisocial peers. These findings might be reflecting a selection process. As other studies have suggested, the individual disposition of adolescents to be involved in antisocial behaviour may lead them to seek similar friendships (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">de Kemp, Scholte, Overbeek, & Engels, 2006</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Hou et al., 2013</a>). On the other hand, affiliation with deviant peers was significantly and directly related to nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviour controlling for the presence of propensity towards violence. The association between deviant affiliations and nonviolent behaviour was stronger for the older group. These results might be showing a socialization process and a direct influence of deviant peers in the adolescent involvement in antisocial behaviour, as other research has proposed (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">Keijsers et al., 2012; Negriff et al., 2011</a>). Therefore, the findings supported the reciprocal and complementary influence of both processes in the youth antisocial behaviour, as previous research has found (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">Brook et al., 2011; Burk et al., 2012; Dishion et al., 2010</a>).In conclusion, the mediation effects of parenting practices on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviour through affiliating with antisocial peers were confirmed in middle- and late-adolescence. In line with previous evidence (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Cleveland et al., 2008; Collins & Steinberg, 2008; Nurmi, 2004</a>), family factors presented more significant influence for younger adolescents whereas deviant peers strengthened their influence on older adolescents. Overall, these transversal findings appear to support the longitudinal evidence about the reciprocal influence of selection and socialization processes in the youth development of antisocial behaviour (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">Brook et al., 2011; Burk et al., 2012</a>). All these findings point out the need for early interventions to prevent the onset of antisocial developmental patterns. Some research has suggested that protective factors have a greater presence in middle-childhood and that risk factors tend to be more prevalent during adolescence (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Loeber, Burke, & Pardini, 2009</a>). Therefore, given the stronger influence of parenting practices in the younger group, intervention programs during childhood and early-adolescence should be focused on strengthening parenting skills and improving family management. These early intervention programs have shown being effective in preventing and reducing problem behaviour and antisocial manifestations (e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Graaf, Speetjens, Smit, de Wolff, & Tavecchio, 2008</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Robles & Romero, 2011</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Smith, Knoble, Zerr, Dishion, & Stormshak, 2014</a>). Moreover, the evidence of mediated relationships suggests that early interventions focused on parenting skills might reduce or buffer the affiliation with antisocial peers. On the other hand, given the stronger effects of deviant peers on the older group, intervention programs during adolescence should be based on strengthening adolescent assertiveness and resistance to peer pressure as well as improving problem solving skills.Finally, the current study presents some limitations that should be taken into account for the proper interpretation of the results. Firstly, a transversal design and cross-sectional data prevent proving causal relationships. Future longitudinal research is needed to confirm the mediation effects as well as verify the directionality of relationships in the selection and socialization processes. Secondly, the existence of reciprocal and bidirectional effects among the variables was not examined; therefore, further studies should analyse this issue. Thirdly, the results may be partly influenced by shared method variance, given that all the measures in this study were based solely on youth's self-reports. Likewise, other measures of parenting practices (e.g., communication, permissiveness) should be included in future studies. Fourthly, further research is needed to analyse the personality and individual factors that may be moderating the relationships between the variables. Finally, specific risk profiles for nonviolent antisocial behaviour and violent behaviour should be analysed according to age, especially focussing on the early years of adolescence. To sum up, future longitudinal research should overcome these limitations including various sources of information to delve into the comprehension of adolescent antisocial behaviour and improve the effectiveness of specific prevention programs in community youth.Conflict of InterestThe authors of this article declare no conflict of interest.Financial SupportThis study was supported by the Subdirección General de Proyectos de Investigación (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de España) under Grants PSI2011-29704-C03-01 and PSI2015-65766-R and the Programa de Axudas á etapa predoutoral da Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria)." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres853342" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec847847" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres853341" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec847846" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Method" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Measurements" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Procedure" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Data Analysis" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interest" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Financial Support" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-09-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-02-16" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec847847" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Parenting practices" 1 => "Deviant peers" 2 => "Antisocial behaviour" 3 => "Adolescence" 4 => "Mediation effects" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec847846" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Prácticas parentales" 1 => "Compañeros desviados" 2 => "Comportamiento antisocial" 3 => "Adolescencia" 4 => "Efectos mediadores" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "The aim of the current study was to analyse in two age cohorts the presence of mediation effects of parenting practices (i.e., parental knowledge, parental support, parent-adolescent conflict) through deviant peers on youth antisocial behaviour (i.e., nonviolent antisocial behaviour, violent behaviour). The final sample was subdivided in a younger group (n = 377), aged 14 to 16 (M = 15.27, SD = 0.72), 45.9% males, and an older group (n = 206), aged 17 to 19 (M = 17.30, SD = 0.54), 48.5% males. The structural equation modelling results indicated significant mediation effects for both age cohorts. Family factors presented more influence for younger adolescents, whereas deviant peers showed more influence for older adolescents. The findings also indicated the reciprocal influence of selection and socialisation processes suggesting the need of early interventions for preventing the development of antisocial behaviour." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar en dos grupos de edad la presencia de los efectos de mediación de las prácticas parentales (es decir, el conocimiento y el apoyo parentales y el conflicto padres-adolescente) por medio de compañeros desviados en el comportamiento antisocial de los jóvenes (es decir, comportamiento antisocial no violento y el comportamiento violento). La muestra final se dividió en un grupo más joven (n = 377), con edades entre 14 y 16 años (M = 15.27, DT = 0.72), el 45.9% de los cuales eran varones, y un grupo más mayor (n = 206), de edades comprendidas entre 17 y 19 años (M = 17.30, DT = 0.54), el 48.5% varones. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales indicaban que había efectos mediadores para ambos grupos de edad. Los factores familiares influían más en los adolescentes más jóvenes mientras que los compañeros desviados influían más en los adolescentes mayores. Los resultados también pusieron de manifiesto la influencia recíproca de los procesos de selección y socialización, lo que indicaba la necesidad de intervenciones tempranas con el fin de evitar que se desarrollara el comportamiento antisocial." ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1424 "Ancho" => 2698 "Tamanyo" => 240165 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Model of Mediation Effects of Parenting Practices on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviours through Affiliation with Antisocial Peers for the Younger Group (aged 14-16). The model shows significant standardized regression coefficients of direct effects, coefficients of determination, and significant correlations between variables. *p < .05, **p < .01." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1421 "Ancho" => 2703 "Tamanyo" => 190107 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Model of Mediation Effects of Parenting Practices on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviours through Affiliation with Antisocial Peers for the Older Group (aged 17-19). The model shows significant standardized regression coefficients of direct effects, coefficients of determination, and significant correlations between variables. *p < .05, **p < .01." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 983 "Ancho" => 2691 "Tamanyo" => 141704 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Model of Mediation Effects of Propensity towards Violence on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviors through Affiliation with Antisocial Peers. The model shows significant standardized regression coefficients of direct effects, coefficients of determination, and significant correlations between dependent variables. Within the pairs, coefficients on the left side of the slash correspond to the younger group (aged 14-16) and the coefficients on the right side of the slash correspond to the older group (aged 17-19). *p < .05, **p < .01." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Note. η2 = eta squared effect size; Violent B. = violent behaviour; Propensity = propensity towards violence." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">14-16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">17-19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Partial η2 Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Partial η2 Gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Knowledge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.37 (3.24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.60 (3.95) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.902 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.027 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Support \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.15 (7.24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.52 (6.79) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.273 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.601 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Conflict \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.85 (3.89) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.77 (3.81) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.042 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.839 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Peers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.40 (1.92) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.58 (2.14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.870 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.351 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.083 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nonviolent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.64 (2.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.53 (1.99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.276 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.599 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.068 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Violent B. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.48 (2.48) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.36 (2.46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.243 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.623 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.086 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Propensity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.85 (4.12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.59 (4.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.630 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.040 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1440660.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Descriptive Results of All Study Variables for both Age Cohorts (14-16 and 17-19), MANOVA Results Controlled for Gender, and Effect Sizes Based on Age and Gender." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Note. CI = confidence interval." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14-16</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17-19</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">β \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">β \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Knowledge - Peers - Nonviolent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.45, -.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.43, -.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Support - Peers - Nonviolent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.12, .39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.425 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.08, .26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Conflict - Peers - Nonviolent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.11, .33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.17, .57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Knowledge - Peers - Violent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.39, -.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.25, -.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Support - Peers - Violent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.09, .33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.331 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">-.04, .13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Conflict - Peers - Violent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.09, .31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">.08, .33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1440658.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Standardized Indirect Effects of Parental Knowledge, Parental Support, and Parent-Adolescent Conflict on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviours through Affiliation with Deviant Peers for both Age Cohorts." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Note. CI = confidence interval." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14-16</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17-19</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">β \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">β \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Propensity - Peers - Nonviolent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.19, .32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.29, .58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Propensity - Peers - Violent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.11, .42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.022 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">.05, .28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1440659.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Standardized Indirect Effects of Individual Propensity towards Violence on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviours through Affiliation with Deviant Peers for both Age Cohorts." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:53 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Andrews and Hops, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The influence of peers on substance use" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.A. Andrews" 1 => "H. Hops" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Handbook of drug use etiology: Theory, methods, and empirical findings (p" "paginaInicial" => "403" "paginaFinal" => "420" "serieFecha" => "2010" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Arce et al., 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/revista.oa?id=805" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Grado de competencia social y comportamientos antisociales, delictivos y no delictivos en adolescentes [Social competence and delinquent, antisocial, and non-deviant behavior in adolescents]" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Arce" 1 => "F. Fariña" 2 => "M.J. Vázquez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "473" "paginaFinal" => "486" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Arce et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Retrieved from http://suips.webs.uvigo.es/." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Elaboración y validación de una escala para la evaluación del acoso escolar [Development and validation of a scale to assess bullying]" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R. Arce" 1 => "J. Velasco" 2 => "M. Novo" 3 => "F. 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Effects of parenting practices through deviant peers on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours in middle- and late-adolescence

Los efectos de las practicas parentales a través de compañeros desviados en los comportamientos antisociales no violentos y violentos en la adolescencia media y tardía

Olalla Cutrín

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olalla.cutrin@usc.es

Corresponding author. Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. C/Xosé María Suárez Núñez, s/n. Campus Sur. 15782 Santiago de Compostela.

, José Antonio Gómez-Fraguela, Lorena Maneiro, Jorge Sobral

Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Model of Mediation Effects of Parenting Practices on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviours through Affiliation with Antisocial Peers for the Older Group &#40;aged 17-19&#41;&#46; The model shows significant standardized regression coefficients of direct effects&#44; coefficients of determination&#44; and significant correlations between variables&#46;</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;05&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;01&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evidence has confirmed the influence of peer group and the effect of parental knowledge and quality of family relationships in the development of antisocial behaviour and delinquency in youth &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Derzon&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Farrington&#44; Ttofi&#44; &#38; Coid&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Guill&#233;n&#44; Roth&#44; Alfaro&#44; &#38; Fern&#225;ndez&#44; 2015</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Hoeve et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; research has demonstrated that parenting practices and peer group interact and jointly influence the development of antisocial and delinquent behaviours &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Collins &#38; Laursen&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Trudeau&#44; Mason&#44; Randall&#44; Spoth&#44; &#38; Ralston&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">V&#233;ronneau &#38; Dishion&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Specifically&#44; several studies have found that certain parenting practices were indirectly related to antisocial behaviour through the mediation of deviant peers &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Deutsch&#44; Crockett&#44; Wolff&#44; &#38; Russell&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Haggerty&#44; Skinner&#44; McGlynn-Wright&#44; Catalano&#44; &#38; Crutchfield&#44; 2013</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Pardini&#44; Waller&#44; &#38; Hawes&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Among other parenting practices&#44; research has found that low levels of parental knowledge&#44; low levels of parental support&#44; and high levels of parent-youth conflict were directly and indirectly related to antisocial behaviour by increasing adolescent affiliation with a deviant peer group &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Andrews &#38; Hops&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ryzin&#44; Fosco&#44; &#38; Dishion&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Sitnick&#44; Shaw&#44; &#38; Hyde&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; the role of these social factors is not static&#44; but changes through adolescent development&#46; While adolescent autonomy and independency is being established&#44; the influence of family context decreases and the influence of peer group rises &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Cleveland&#44; Feinberg&#44; Bontempo&#44; &#38; Greenberg&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">Collins &#38; Steinberg&#44; 2008&#59; Nurmi&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; Although the level of parental knowledge seems to remain relatively stable over the course of adolescence &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Laird&#44; Criss&#44; Pettit&#44; Bates&#44; &#38; Dodge&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; the manifestation of closeness in parent-adolescent relationships decreases and the presence of parent-adolescent conflicts increases especially in early-adolescence &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Collins &#38; Laursen&#44; 2004&#59; Collins &#38; Steinberg&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; Overall&#44; the level of conflict in parent-youth relationships is reduced over time and closeness recovers in late-adolescence &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Collins &#38; Laursen&#44; 2004&#59; Collins &#38; Steinberg&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; the effects of parental knowledge&#44; parental support&#44; and parent-adolescent conflict on the involvement in antisocial behaviour appear to be especially influential in early adolescence&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; research has suggested that friendships remain stable throughout adolescence&#46; However&#44; generally peer interactions seem to show great influence on antisocial behaviour in middle- and late-adolescence &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Dodge&#44; Coie&#44; &#38; Lynam&#44; 2006</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Rubin&#44; Bukowski&#44; Parker&#44; &#38; Bowker&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Van Ryzin&#44; Fosco&#44; &#38; Dishion&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Regarding this&#44; some studies have found evidence for the socialization process&#46; The socialization process refers to the direct influence of deviant peer group on the adolescent antisocial behaviour&#44; that is&#44; adolescents are involved in antisocial activities influenced by their antisocial peers &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Keijsers et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Negriff&#44; Ji&#44; &#38; Trickett&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Other research has found support for the selection process&#46; The selection process reflects the individual disposition to affiliate with similar peers&#44; that is&#44; adolescents with antisocial attitudes and problematic behaviours tend to select friends with similar antisocial characteristics &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">de Kemp&#44; Scholte&#44; Overbeek&#44; &#38; Engels&#44; 2006</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Hou et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Generally&#44; research has proposed the reciprocal and complementary influence of both processes in youth development&#44; and specifically in the development of antisocial behaviour &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Brook&#44; Brook&#44; Rubenstone&#44; Zhang&#44; &#38; Saar&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Burk&#44; van der Vorst&#44; Kerr&#44; &#38; Stattin&#44; 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Dishion&#44; Veronneau&#44; &#38; Myers&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; based on the previous empirical evidence&#44; the main goal of the current study was to verify the presence of mediation effects of parenting practices through deviant peers on youth antisocial behaviour and the presence of differences in these relationships depending on two age cohorts&#46; Thus&#44; the direct and indirect effects of parenting practices &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; parental knowledge&#44; parental support&#44; parent-adolescent conflict&#41; and affiliation with deviant peers on antisocial behaviour &#40;both violent and nonviolent&#41; were examined in Spanish community youth in middle- and late-adolescence&#46; An additional objective of the current study was to analyse the presence of the processes of selection and&#47;or socialization influence&#46; In order to examine these processes&#44; a measure of individual propensity towards violence was included in a structural model together with deviant affiliations to evaluate their effects on antisocial behaviours&#46; This measure&#44; composed of hostility and violent attitudes&#44; reflects the individual tendency of adolescents to get involved in violent behaviours and therefore to affiliate with antisocial peers&#46; To the best of our knowledge&#44; no studies in a Spanish sample have previously examined both mediation effects and processes of influence in two age cohorts&#46; It is expected that family exerts more influence on the younger group&#44; deviant affiliations exert more influence on the older group&#44; and both selection and socialization effects are present in the younger and the older group&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; this study specifically proposed the following hypotheses&#58; &#40;1&#41; the effects of parental knowledge&#44; parental support&#44; and parent-adolescent conflict on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours are mediated by affiliation with deviant peers&#59; &#40;2&#41; parental knowledge&#44; parental support&#44; and parent-adolescent conflict are direct and indirectly more strongly related to antisocial behaviours in middle-adolescence&#59; &#40;3&#41; a deviant peer group directly influences more strongly antisocial behaviours in late-adolescence&#59; &#40;4&#41; controlling for the presence of individual propensity towards violence&#44; the affiliation with deviant peers is directly related to youth antisocial behaviours supporting the socialization process for both age groups&#59; and &#40;5&#41; the individual propensity towards violence is indirectly related to antisocial behaviours through the affiliation with deviant peers supporting the selection process for both age groups&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Method</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Participants</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample was composed of 584 Spanish young people from six state high schools of Galicia &#40;NW Spain&#41;&#44; 46&#46;9&#37; males &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 274&#41;&#44; aged 14 to 20 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#61; 15&#46;99&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> &#61; 1&#46;20&#41;&#44; and 53&#46;1&#37; females &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 310&#41;&#44; aged 14 to 19 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#61; 15&#46;98&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> &#61; 1&#46;17&#41;&#46; The only participant aged 20 was removed from the final study for comparison purposes&#46; The final sample was subdivided in two age cohorts&#58; a younger group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 377&#41;&#44; aged 14 to 16 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#61; 15&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> &#61; 0&#46;72&#41;&#44; 45&#46;9&#37; males&#44; and an older group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 206&#41;&#44; aged 17 to 19 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#61; 17&#46;30&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> &#61; 0&#46;54&#41;&#44; 48&#46;5&#37; males&#46; Accidental sampling was carried out to select state high schools attempting to obtain data from the four provinces of Galicia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Measurements</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Parental knowledge</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span> The degree of parental knowledge about the youth&#39;s activities or friendships was measured by a 6-item scale used in previous studies in Spain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Luengo&#44; Villar&#44; Sobral&#44; Romero&#44; &#38; G&#243;mez-Fraguela&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Sobral&#44; G&#243;mez-Fraguela&#44; Romero&#44; Luengo&#44; &#38; Villar&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; using a four-point scale from 0 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span>&#41; to 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">always</span>&#41; &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;They know with whom you go out in your spare time&#8221;&#44; &#8220;They know what you do after school&#8221;&#59; &#945; &#61; &#46;80&#41;&#46; The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between &#46;38 and &#46;80&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Parental support&#46;</span> Parental warmth&#44; responsiveness&#44; and closeness were assessed by an 11-item scale based on the Parental Bonding Instrument &#40;PBI&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Parker&#44; Tupling&#44; &#38; Brown&#44; 1979</a>&#41;&#44; adapted and used in previous studies in Spain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Pepe&#44; Sobral&#44; G&#243;mez-Fraguela&#44; &#38; Villar&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; This scale was scored on a 4-point scale from 0 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span>&#41; to 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">always</span>&#41; &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;They make me feel loved&#8221;&#44; &#8220;They are affectionate with me&#8221;&#59; &#945; &#61; &#46;90&#41;&#46; The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between &#46;51 and &#46;81&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Parent-adolescent conflict&#46;</span> The presence of conflict in parent-youth relationships was measured by a shortened version of the Conflict Behavior Questionnaire &#40;CBQ-20&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Robin &#38; Foster&#44; 1989</a>&#41; used in previous studies in Spain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Cutr&#237;n&#44; G&#243;mez-Fraguela&#44; &#38; Luengo&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; This version was composed of 7 items and was scored on a 4-point scale from 0 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span>&#41; to 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">always</span>&#41; &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;The talks we have are frustrating&#8221;&#44; &#8220;We get angry over little things&#8221;&#59; &#945; &#61; &#46;76&#41;&#46; The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between &#46;43 and &#46;73&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Deviant peer group&#46;</span> The presence of antisocial behaviour in the peer group was assessed by a 3-item scale used in previous studies in Spain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Cutr&#237;n et al&#46;&#44; 2015</a>&#59; e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;My best friends get into trouble and problems&#8221;&#44; &#8220;My best friends take drugs&#8221;&#59; &#945;&#61; &#46;71&#41;&#46; The items were scored on a 4-point scale from 0 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strongly disagree</span>&#41; to 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strongly agree</span>&#41;&#46; The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between &#46;53 and &#46;76&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nonviolent antisocial behaviour&#46;</span> This measure was evaluated by three 6-item scales of the Antisocial Behaviour Questionnaire validated and used in previous studies in Spain &#40;ABQ&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Luengo&#44; Otero-L&#243;pez&#44; Romero&#44; G&#243;mez-Fraguela&#44; &#38; Tavares-Filho&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Maneiro&#44; G&#243;mez-Fraguela&#44; Cutr&#237;n&#44; &#38; Romero&#44; 2017</a>&#41;&#44; scored on a 4-point scale from 0 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span>&#41; to 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">very often</span>&#41;&#58; a rule-breaking scale &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;Spending the night out without permission&#8221;&#44; &#8220;Running away from home&#8221;&#59; &#945; &#61; &#46;77&#41;&#44; a theft scale &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;Taking something from class without permission with the intention of stealing it&#8221;&#44; &#8220;Stealing materials from people working in a warehouse or a building site&#8221;&#59; &#945; &#61; &#46;78&#41;&#44; and a vandalism scale &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;Setting fire to something&#58; a dustbin&#44; table&#44; car&#44; etc&#46;&#8221;&#44; &#8220;Striking&#44; damaging&#44; or scratching parked cars or motorbikes&#8221;&#59; &#945; &#61; &#46;86&#41;&#46; The global measure presents an internal consistency of &#945; &#61; &#46;78&#46; The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between &#46;68 and &#46;87&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Violent behaviour&#46;</span> Violence was assessed by the 6-item physical aggression scale of the ABQ &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Luengo et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#59; e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;Fighting and hitting someone&#8221;&#44; &#8220;Using some type of weapon in a fight&#44; e&#46;g&#46;&#44; knife&#44; stick&#8221;&#59; &#945; &#61; &#46;81&#41;&#44; scored on a 4-point scale from 0 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">never</span>&#41; to 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">very often</span>&#41;&#46; The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between &#46;44 and &#46;84&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Propensity towards violence&#46;</span> This variable was assessed by two measures of individual traits associated with propensity to violence&#58; hostility and attitudes towards violence&#46; A 6-item hostility scale based on the SCL-90-R Hostility scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Derogatis&#44; 2002</a>&#41; used in previous studies in Spain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Arce&#44; Fari&#241;a&#44; &#38; V&#225;zquez&#44; 2011</a>&#59; e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;I get irritated or angry easily&#8221;&#44; &#8220;I feel driven to hit&#44; beat or hurt someone&#8221;&#59; &#945; &#61; &#46;79&#41;&#44; and a 9-item short version of the scale of attitudes towards social aggression elaborated for Spanish population &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Moral&#44; 2005</a>&#59; e&#46;g&#46;&#44; &#8220;To get respect you need to hit somebody occasionally&#8221;&#44; &#8220;Anyone who uses threats usually gets what he want&#8221;&#59; &#945; &#61; &#46;80&#41; were used&#46; Both scales were scored on a 4-point scale from 0 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">not true</span>&#41; to 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">very true</span>&#41;&#46; The global measure of propensity towards violence presents an internal consistency of &#945; &#61; &#46;87&#46; The lambda coefficients in the structural model were between &#46;72 and &#46;87&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Procedure</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethical standards were complied with throughout the investigation&#46; Qualified psychologists presented the study to heads of the school centres&#44; explained the objectives&#44; and provided the proper instructions to the participants&#46; Additionally&#44; consent of adolescents&#8217; parents or legal caregivers was requested&#46; Participation was voluntary&#44; and anonymity and confidentiality of information were totally guaranteed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Data Analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analyses were conducted on IBM SPSS Statistics 20&#44; and SPSS Amos 19 was used for the analysis of structural equation modelling&#46; Firstly&#44; an ANOVA was carried out to analyse the differences in all the study variables based on the age cohorts and a MANOVA was conducted to verify these differences controlling for gender&#46; Secondly&#44; an equation model tested the existence of mediation effects of parental knowledge&#44; parental support&#44; and parent-adolescent conflict on youth antisocial behaviours through affiliation with antisocial peers in both groups&#46; Lastly&#44; another equation model tested the existence of mediation effects of propensity towards violence on youth antisocial behaviours through deviant affiliations in an attempt to examine the selection and socialization effects&#46; The Critical Ratio Difference method was used to assess differences between age cohorts&#46; The Maximum Likelihood &#40;ML&#41; method and the goodness-of-fit indexes &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">df</span>&#44; CFI&#44; TLI&#44; RMSEA&#44; and SRMR were used to estimate the models&#46; The following were considered criteria for an optimum fit&#58; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">df</span> &#60; 2-3&#44; CFI &#62; &#46;95&#44; TLI &#62; &#46;95&#44; RMSEA and SRMR&#60; &#46;05&#59; and for an acceptable or reasonable fit&#58; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">df</span> &#60; 4&#44; CFI &#62; &#46;90&#44; TLI &#62; &#46;90&#44; and RMSEA and SRMR between &#46;08 and &#46;10 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Arce&#44; Velasco&#44; Novo&#44; &#38; Fari&#241;a&#44; 2014</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">Byrne&#44; 2010&#59; Hu &#38; Bentler&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows descriptive statistics&#44; including means&#44; standard deviations&#44; scale ranges of main study variables&#44; as well as the results of the MANOVA analysis and the effects sizes of age and gender&#46; The ANOVA results indicated significant differences between the younger group &#40;aged 14-16&#41; and the older group &#40;aged 17-19&#41; in the level of parental knowledge&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;1&#44; 517&#41; &#61; 5&#46;983&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; &#46;015&#44; and the level of propensity towards violence&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;1&#44; 567&#41; &#61; 7&#46;104&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; &#46;008&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; the MANOVA results indicated that only the differences in the levels of parental knowledge and propensity towards violence remained significant once controlled for gender&#46; Effect sizes indicated that individual propensity towards violence was the variable most influenced by age&#44; and violent behaviour and affiliation with deviant peers were the variables most influenced by gender &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The structural equation model of parenting mediated relationships obtained mostly acceptable fit indexes&#44; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#40;1142&#44; 573&#41; &#61; 1&#46;87&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;001&#44; CFI &#61; &#46;89&#44; TLI &#61; &#46;87&#44; RMSEA &#61; &#46;039 &#91;&#46;037&#44; &#46;042&#93;&#44; SRMR &#61; &#46;058&#44; and increased significantly the model fit as compared to the direct model &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; mediation by peers is not considered in this model&#41;&#44; &#916;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#40;6&#44; 573&#41; &#61; 93&#46;60&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;001&#44; &#916;CFI &#61; &#46;01&#44; &#916;TLI &#61; &#46;01&#46; For the younger group &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41; the results indicated that parenting practices were significantly related to affiliation with deviant peers&#44; parental knowledge was negatively related and parental support and parent-adolescent conflict were positively related&#46; These relationships explained 30&#37; of the variance of the association with antisocial peers&#46; Parental knowledge was also significantly negatively related to nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours&#46; Parental support and parent-adolescent conflict were significantly positively related to nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours&#46; Affiliation with deviant peers was significantly and positively related to nonviolent and violent behaviour&#46; All these relationships explained less than 50&#37; of the variance of the antisocial behaviours&#44; which were strongly correlated&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the older group &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41; the results indicated that only parental knowledge &#40;negatively&#41; and parent-adolescent conflict were significantly positively related to affiliation with deviant peers&#44; explaining about 30&#37; of the variance of the association with antisocial peers&#46; Parental knowledge was only significantly negatively related to violent behaviour and parental support was only significantly positively related to violent behaviour&#46; Parent-adolescent conflict was not significantly directly related to any antisocial behaviour&#46; Affiliation with a deviant peer group was significantly related to violent behaviour and primarily to nonviolent behaviour&#46; All these relationships explained about 40&#37; of the variance of the violent behaviour and about 70&#37; of the variance of nonviolent antisocial behaviour&#46; Antisocial behaviours were strongly correlated&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Critical Ratio Difference method indicated that parental knowledge was significantly more strongly associated with deviant affiliations in the younger group &#40;CR &#61; 2&#46;43&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; &#46;008&#41;&#44; and involvement with deviant peers was significantly more strongly related to nonviolent antisocial behaviour in the older group &#40;CR &#61; 2&#46;70&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; &#46;004&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows standardized indirect effects for parenting-peers mediated model&#46; For the younger group the results indicated that all parenting practices were significantly related to nonviolent and violent behaviours through the mediation of involvement with deviant peers&#44; especially the level of parental knowledge&#46; Therefore&#44; low levels of parental knowledge and high levels of both parental support and parent-adolescent conflict were associated with the antisocial behaviours through increasing the affiliation with an antisocial peer group&#46; On the other hand&#44; for the older group the results indicated that only parental knowledge and parent-adolescent conflict were significantly indirectly related to nonviolent and violent behaviours&#44; primarily the level of parent-youth conflict&#46; Thus&#44; low levels of parental knowledge and high levels of parent-adolescent conflict were related to the antisocial behaviours through increasing the affiliation with antisocial peers&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; the structural equation model of propensity towards violence peer mediation also obtained acceptable fit indexes&#44; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#40;132&#44; 573&#41; &#61; 3&#46;00&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;001&#44; CFI &#61; &#46;93 RMSEA &#61; &#46;059 &#91;&#46;053&#44; &#46;066&#93;&#44; SRMR &#61; &#46;040&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#44; the results indicated similar effects for both age cohorts&#46; The individual propensity towards violence was positively and significantly related to affiliation with deviant peers&#44; nonviolent and violent behaviours&#46; Deviant affiliations also were positively and significantly related to nonviolent and violent behaviours&#46; This relationship with nonviolent antisocial behaviour was stronger for the older group &#40;CR &#61; 1&#46;87&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; &#46;031&#41;&#46; Propensity towards violence showed stronger relationships with violent behaviour&#44; and deviant peers with nonviolent antisocial behaviour&#46; On the other hand&#44; the results indicated significant mediation effects of propensity towards violence on both antisocial behaviours through increasing the affiliation with antisocial peers &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; propensity towards violence was strongly related to affiliation with deviant peers&#44; which in turn was directly related to nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of the current study was to verify the presence of mediation effects of parenting practices &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; parental knowledge&#44; parental support&#44; parent-adolescent conflict&#41; through deviant peers as well as the presence of differences in their effects on youth antisocial behaviours in two age cohorts&#46; Moreover&#44; the current study attempted to analyse the presence of the processes of selection and&#47;or socialization influence in both age cohorts&#46; Therefore&#44; the direct and indirect effects on antisocial behaviour &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; nonviolent antisocial behaviour&#44; violent behaviour&#41; and the selection or socialization processes were examined in Spanish community youth in middle- and late-adolescence&#46; The results found in the current study supported the hypotheses proposed&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Firstly&#44; the effects of parental knowledge&#44; parental support&#44; and parent-adolescent conflict on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours were significantly mediated by affiliation with deviant peers for both age cohorts&#44; except in the case of parental support for the older group&#46; In line with previous research &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">Deutsch et al&#46;&#44; 2012&#59; Pardini et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#59; Sitnick et al&#46;&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#44; the current study confirmed the presence of significant mediation effects in middle- and late-adolescence&#46; Thus&#44; low levels of parental knowledge&#44; high levels of parental support&#44; and high levels of parent-adolescent conflict were indirectly related to antisocial behaviour through increasing adolescent affiliation with a deviant peer group &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Andrews &#38; Hops&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">Haggerty et al&#46;&#44; 2013&#59; Van Ryzin et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Surprisingly&#44; parental support was direct and indirectly positively related to both affiliating with deviant peers and involvement in antisocial behaviour&#46; However&#44; this counterintuitive finding is consistent with other research that found a positive influence of parental support on the development of substance use and delinquent behaviours &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">Cutr&#237;n et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#59; Marshal &#38; Chassin&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Tilton-Weaver&#44; Burk&#44; Kerr&#44; &#38; Stattin&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#44; perhaps because youngsters may interpret high support as overprotection&#44; permissiveness&#44; or reinforcement of their antisocial behaviours &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Cutr&#237;n&#44; G&#243;mez-Fraguela&#44; &#38; Sobral&#44; 2016</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">Hoeve et al&#46;&#44; 2009&#59; Walker-Barnes &#38; Mason&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondly&#44; the findings supported the hypothesis about the stronger effects of parenting practices on antisocial behaviours in middle-adolescence&#46; Parental knowledge&#44; parental support&#44; and parent-adolescent conflict showed more significant relationships and were more strongly related to both antisocial behaviours for the younger group&#46; Thus&#44; as other research has suggested&#44; the lack of parental knowledge and the lack of closeness in family relationships appear to be specifically risk factors in younger adolescents &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Cleveland et al&#46;&#44; 2008&#59; Collins &#38; Laursen&#44; 2004&#59; Collins &#38; Steinberg&#44; 2008&#59; Nurmi&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; for the older group the direct relationships between the three parenting practices were only significant regarding violent behaviour&#46; In that regard some research has suggested that low parental knowledge and poor family management are related to more violent and chronic antisocial behaviours &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Herrenkohl&#44; Hill&#44; Hawkins&#44; Chung&#44; &#38; Nagin&#44; 2006</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Silva &#38; Stattin&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; parent-adolescent conflict was the variable most strongly related to antisocial behaviour in an indirect way for the older group&#44; especially to nonviolent behaviour&#46; Some authors have proposed that although the frequency of parent-youth conflicts may decrease throughout the adolescence&#44; levels of anger and hostile feelings emerged from the conflict increase over time &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Collins &#38; Steinberg&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirdly&#44; although the frequency of deviant affiliations did not present significant differences between age groups&#44; being involved with a deviant peer group was more strongly directly related to antisocial behaviour in late-adolescence&#44; especially to nonviolent antisocial behaviour &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095">Dodge et al&#46;&#44; 2006&#59; Rubin et al&#46;&#44; 2008&#59; Van Ryzin et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; As other research has found&#44; deviant affiliations and peer deviance training influence both antisocial development and more specifically covert antisocial behaviour &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Snyder&#44; Schrepferman&#44; Bullard&#44; McEachern&#44; &#38; Patterson&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; affiliation with deviant peers was the variable most strongly related to violent behaviour&#44; especially in the older group&#46; Based on previous longitudinal research&#44; these findings support the role of deviant peers in the cascading progression to more chronic and violent antisocial patterns &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">Dishion et al&#46;&#44; 2010&#59; Farrington et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Henry&#44; Tolan&#44; Gorman-Smith&#44; &#38; Schoeny&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; the results also supported the fourth and fifth hypotheses about selection and socialization processes&#46; Individual propensity towards violence was strongly related to affiliating with deviant peers and even more strongly related to deviant affiliations than to youth antisocial behaviour&#46; Moreover&#44; propensity towards violence was significantly mediated by these deviant affiliations&#44; that is&#44; adolescent propensity towards violence was indirectly related to nonviolent and violent behaviour through increasing the affiliations with antisocial peers&#46; These findings might be reflecting a selection process&#46; As other studies have suggested&#44; the individual disposition of adolescents to be involved in antisocial behaviour may lead them to seek similar friendships &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">de Kemp&#44; Scholte&#44; Overbeek&#44; &#38; Engels&#44; 2006</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Hou et al&#46;&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; affiliation with deviant peers was significantly and directly related to nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviour controlling for the presence of propensity towards violence&#46; The association between deviant affiliations and nonviolent behaviour was stronger for the older group&#46; These results might be showing a socialization process and a direct influence of deviant peers in the adolescent involvement in antisocial behaviour&#44; as other research has proposed &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">Keijsers et al&#46;&#44; 2012&#59; Negriff et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; the findings supported the reciprocal and complementary influence of both processes in the youth antisocial behaviour&#44; as previous research has found &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">Brook et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Burk et al&#46;&#44; 2012&#59; Dishion et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the mediation effects of parenting practices on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviour through affiliating with antisocial peers were confirmed in middle- and late-adolescence&#46; In line with previous evidence &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Cleveland et al&#46;&#44; 2008&#59; Collins &#38; Steinberg&#44; 2008&#59; Nurmi&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#44; family factors presented more significant influence for younger adolescents whereas deviant peers strengthened their influence on older adolescents&#46; Overall&#44; these transversal findings appear to support the longitudinal evidence about the reciprocal influence of selection and socialization processes in the youth development of antisocial behaviour &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">Brook et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Burk et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; All these findings point out the need for early interventions to prevent the onset of antisocial developmental patterns&#46; Some research has suggested that protective factors have a greater presence in middle-childhood and that risk factors tend to be more prevalent during adolescence &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Loeber&#44; Burke&#44; &#38; Pardini&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; given the stronger influence of parenting practices in the younger group&#44; intervention programs during childhood and early-adolescence should be focused on strengthening parenting skills and improving family management&#46; These early intervention programs have shown being effective in preventing and reducing problem behaviour and antisocial manifestations &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Graaf&#44; Speetjens&#44; Smit&#44; de Wolff&#44; &#38; Tavecchio&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Robles &#38; Romero&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Smith&#44; Knoble&#44; Zerr&#44; Dishion&#44; &#38; Stormshak&#44; 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the evidence of mediated relationships suggests that early interventions focused on parenting skills might reduce or buffer the affiliation with antisocial peers&#46; On the other hand&#44; given the stronger effects of deviant peers on the older group&#44; intervention programs during adolescence should be based on strengthening adolescent assertiveness and resistance to peer pressure as well as improving problem solving skills&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; the current study presents some limitations that should be taken into account for the proper interpretation of the results&#46; Firstly&#44; a transversal design and cross-sectional data prevent proving causal relationships&#46; Future longitudinal research is needed to confirm the mediation effects as well as verify the directionality of relationships in the selection and socialization processes&#46; Secondly&#44; the existence of reciprocal and bidirectional effects among the variables was not examined&#59; therefore&#44; further studies should analyse this issue&#46; Thirdly&#44; the results may be partly influenced by shared method variance&#44; given that all the measures in this study were based solely on youth&#39;s self-reports&#46; Likewise&#44; other measures of parenting practices &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; communication&#44; permissiveness&#41; should be included in future studies&#46; Fourthly&#44; further research is needed to analyse the personality and individual factors that may be moderating the relationships between the variables&#46; Finally&#44; specific risk profiles for nonviolent antisocial behaviour and violent behaviour should be analysed according to age&#44; especially focussing on the early years of adolescence&#46; To sum up&#44; future longitudinal research should overcome these limitations including various sources of information to delve into the comprehension of adolescent antisocial behaviour and improve the effectiveness of specific prevention programs in community youth&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors of this article declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Financial Support</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by the Subdirecci&#243;n General de Proyectos de Investigaci&#243;n &#40;Ministerio de Econom&#237;a y Competitividad&#44; Gobierno de Espa&#241;a&#41; under Grants PSI2011-29704-C03-01 and PSI2015-65766-R and the Programa de Axudas &#225; etapa predoutoral da Xunta de Galicia &#40;Conseller&#237;a de Cultura&#44; Educaci&#243;n e Ordenaci&#243;n Universitaria&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of the current study was to analyse in two age cohorts the presence of mediation effects of parenting practices &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; parental knowledge&#44; parental support&#44; parent-adolescent conflict&#41; through deviant peers on youth antisocial behaviour &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; nonviolent antisocial behaviour&#44; violent behaviour&#41;&#46; The final sample was subdivided in a younger group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 377&#41;&#44; aged 14 to 16 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#61; 15&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> &#61; 0&#46;72&#41;&#44; 45&#46;9&#37; males&#44; and an older group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 206&#41;&#44; aged 17 to 19 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#61; 17&#46;30&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> &#61; 0&#46;54&#41;&#44; 48&#46;5&#37; males&#46; The structural equation modelling results indicated significant mediation effects for both age cohorts&#46; Family factors presented more influence for younger adolescents&#44; whereas deviant peers showed more influence for older adolescents&#46; The findings also indicated the reciprocal influence of selection and socialisation processes suggesting the need of early interventions for preventing the development of antisocial behaviour&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar en dos grupos de edad la presencia de los efectos de mediaci&#243;n de las pr&#225;cticas parentales &#40;es decir&#44; el conocimiento y el apoyo parentales y el conflicto padres-adolescente&#41; por medio de compa&#241;eros desviados en el comportamiento antisocial de los j&#243;venes &#40;es decir&#44; comportamiento antisocial no violento y el comportamiento violento&#41;&#46; La muestra final se dividi&#243; en un grupo m&#225;s joven &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 377&#41;&#44; con edades entre 14 y 16 a&#241;os &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#61; 15&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DT</span> &#61; 0&#46;72&#41;&#44; el 45&#46;9&#37; de los cuales eran varones&#44; y un grupo m&#225;s mayor &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 206&#41;&#44; de edades comprendidas entre 17 y 19 a&#241;os &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#61; 17&#46;30&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DT</span> &#61; 0&#46;54&#41;&#44; el 48&#46;5&#37; varones&#46; Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales indicaban que hab&#237;a efectos mediadores para ambos grupos de edad&#46; Los factores familiares influ&#237;an m&#225;s en los adolescentes m&#225;s j&#243;venes mientras que los compa&#241;eros desviados influ&#237;an m&#225;s en los adolescentes mayores&#46; Los resultados tambi&#233;n pusieron de manifiesto la influencia rec&#237;proca de los procesos de selecci&#243;n y socializaci&#243;n&#44; lo que indicaba la necesidad de intervenciones tempranas con el fin de evitar que se desarrollara el comportamiento antisocial&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Model of Mediation Effects of Parenting Practices on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviours through Affiliation with Antisocial Peers for the Younger Group &#40;aged 14-16&#41;&#46; The model shows significant standardized regression coefficients of direct effects&#44; coefficients of determination&#44; and significant correlations between variables&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;05&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;01&#46;</p>"
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Model of Mediation Effects of Parenting Practices on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviours through Affiliation with Antisocial Peers for the Older Group &#40;aged 17-19&#41;&#46; The model shows significant standardized regression coefficients of direct effects&#44; coefficients of determination&#44; and significant correlations between variables&#46;</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;05&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;01&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Model of Mediation Effects of Propensity towards Violence on Nonviolent and Violent Antisocial Behaviors through Affiliation with Antisocial Peers&#46; The model shows significant standardized regression coefficients of direct effects&#44; coefficients of determination&#44; and significant correlations between dependent variables&#46; Within the pairs&#44; coefficients on the left side of the slash correspond to the younger group &#40;aged 14-16&#41; and the coefficients on the right side of the slash correspond to the older group &#40;aged 17-19&#41;&#46;</p> <p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;05&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; &#46;01&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#46; &#951;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#61; eta squared effect size&#59; Violent B&#46; &#61; violent behaviour&#59; Propensity &#61; propensity towards violence&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">14-16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Partial &#951;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Partial &#951;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Knowledge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;37 &#40;3&#46;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;60 &#40;3&#46;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;902&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;027&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Support&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;52 &#40;6&#46;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;273&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;601&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Conflict&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;77 &#40;3&#46;81&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;042&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;839&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Peers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;58 &#40;2&#46;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;870&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;351&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;083&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nonviolent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;53 &#40;1&#46;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;276&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;599&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;068&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;623&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;086&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#46;040&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive Results of All Study Variables for both Age Cohorts &#40;14-16 and 17-19&#41;&#44; MANOVA Results Controlled for Gender&#44; and Effect Sizes Based on Age and Gender&#46;</p>"
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                          "etal" => false
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Article information

ISSN: 18891861
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ejpal.2017.02.001

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	12	3	15
2024 September	36	27	63
2024 August	23	7	30
2024 July	16	2	18
2024 June	19	7	26
2024 May	15	10	25
2024 April	41	11	52
2024 March	168	11	179
2024 February	19	7	26
2024 January	25	6	31
2023 December	37	13	50
2023 November	29	6	35
2023 October	50	7	57
2023 September	47	5	52
2023 August	29	5	34
2023 July	29	4	33
2023 June	25	13	38
2023 May	54	5	59
2023 April	55	3	58
2023 March	46	12	58
2023 February	19	9	28
2023 January	27	13	40
2022 December	22	5	27
2022 November	51	17	68
2022 October	38	8	46
2022 September	26	16	42
2022 August	21	11	32
2022 July	31	13	44
2022 June	41	7	48
2022 May	35	11	46
2022 April	27	11	38
2022 March	43	12	55
2022 February	26	8	34
2022 January	26	11	37
2021 December	26	17	43
2021 November	27	9	36
2021 October	27	12	39
2021 September	20	17	37
2021 August	34	6	40
2021 July	18	10	28
2021 June	17	10	27
2021 May	15	9	24
2021 April	75	9	84
2021 March	29	11	40
2021 February	13	11	24
2021 January	20	12	32
2020 December	25	11	36
2020 November	13	10	23
2020 October	31	5	36
2020 September	12	11	23
2020 August	28	5	33
2020 July	19	5	24
2020 June	29	10	39
2020 May	33	11	44
2020 April	56	6	62
2020 March	136	15	151
2020 February	237	5	242
2020 January	36	7	43
2019 December	37	14	51
2019 November	20	5	25
2019 October	35	14	49
2019 September	30	14	44
2019 August	15	1	16
2019 July	14	12	26
2019 June	35	18	53
2019 May	218	39	257
2019 April	442	40	482
2019 March	430	46	476
2019 February	248	34	282
2019 January	252	32	284
2018 December	298	21	319
2018 November	308	20	328
2018 October	265	14	279
2018 September	105	21	126
2018 August	76	15	91
2018 July	49	15	64
2018 June	89	27	116
2018 May	85	24	109
2018 April	95	31	126
2018 March	158	28	186
2018 February	108	28	136
2018 January	188	22	210
2017 December	59	18	77
2017 November	66	21	87
2017 October	77	17	94
2017 September	94	34	128
2017 August	102	24	126
2017 July	71	39	110
2017 June	51	35	86
2017 May	0	9	9

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