CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC FRACTIONS FROM Ulomoides dermestoides FAIRMAIRE, 1893 (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE), IN HACAT CELLS | TIP. Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas

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The area of the circles is proportional to haplotype frequency." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alfredo Ortiz-Martínez, David S. Gernandt" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alfredo" "apellidos" => "Ortiz-Martínez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "David S." "apellidos" => "Gernandt" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1405888X1630002X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/1405888X/0000001900000002/v1_201607220355/S1405888X1630002X/v1_201607220355/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL" "titulo" => "CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC FRACTIONS FROM Ulomoides dermestoides FAIRMAIRE, 1893 (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE), IN HACAT CELLS" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "83" "paginaFinal" => "91" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Dary Luz Mendoza-Meza, Pierine España-Puccini" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Dary Luz" "apellidos" => "Mendoza-Meza" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "darymendoza@mail.uniatlantico.edu.co" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pierine" "apellidos" => "España-Puccini" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales y Bioquímica de Macromoléculas. Programa de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico. Km 7 antigua vía a Puerto Colombia, Departamento del Atlántico, Colombia" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Actividad citotóxica y genotóxica de fracciones fenólicas de Ulomoides dermestoides Fairmaire, 1893 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), en células HaCat" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2A" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2a.jpeg" "Alto" => 1095 "Ancho" => 1707 "Tamanyo" => 171497 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of the MTT assay conducted in HaCat cells treated with phenolic fractions of acetonic extracts of Ulomoides dermestoides beetles. Pair of bars represents assays with different times of exposition to the treatments (24 and 48hours). Results are given as mean ± SD of assays performed in triplicate. Asterisk indicates statistically significant differences (**p value < 0.01) with respect to untreated cells." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "INTRODUCTIONAround the world, many cultures use insects and their products as nutraceutical<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>. The Ulomoides dermestoides Fairmaire, 1893 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Diaperinae) (synonymy: Martianers dermestoides; Palembus dermestoides) is a darkling beetle of Asian origin, known in oriental culture for its aphrodisiac and therapeutic properties<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>; in South America, this beetle is eaten alive as an alternative therapy for bronchial asthma, psoriasis, vitiligo, chronic skin diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, hemorrhoids, diabetes mellitus, inflammation and different types of cancer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,4</a>.During the last decade, the interest to research the therapeutic effects attributed to the U. dermestoides has risen. Santos et al., 2010 showed the anti-inflammatory properties of polar extracts of this beetle, using the carrageenan-induced edema test in mice<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a>; Crespo et al., 2011 described cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of dichloromethane extracts from whole body of U. dermestoides and the main quinone in their defense secretion (1,4 -benzoquinone), on cellular line of lung cancer (A549)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a>. Tobón et al., reported depressive activity on the central nervous system (CNS) of albino rats (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758) because of administration of oil extracted from U. dermestoides (3mg.kg-1, orally)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a>.Additionally, presence of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">9,10</a> on whole body U. dermestoides extracts has been described. This is proof of existence of complex systems anti-free radical in the beetles, that could be explored in the search of novel therapeutic agents for treatment of human disease associated with oxidative stress. However, it is also necessary to know the effect of U. dermestoides extracts or their fractions, on viability of healthy human cells. Skin is an important barrier in protecting the body from external chemicals and HaCat cell are an in vitro model to investigate cytotoxic effects on epidermal tissues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">11–13</a>. In addition, HaCat cells exhibited a remarkably stable genetic balance over extended culture periods, without shifting to the tumorigenic phenotype<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a>, for these reasons HaCat cell in vitro were selected for this research.The objective of this study was to investigate cytotoxic and/or genotoxic effects of phenolic fractions from U. dermestoides whole body extracts, on a line of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCat cells).MATERIALS AND METHODSSample. A culture of U. dermestoides was established from a broodstock whose taxonomic identity was validated in the entomology department of the Natural Science Institute of the Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia (collection code ICN-45905). The beetles were bred under controlled temperature conditions (27 ± 2°C) and relative humidity (70-75%) and were fed exclusively with wheat bread and wheat bran. After 90 days of culture, adult individuals were separated from the substratum and were stored at -70°C.Materials. Chemicals and solvents were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) unless stated otherwise. Analytical grade chemicals were used. Solvents used in HPLC-MS, extraction and sample preparation were of HPLC grade.Extracts. The frozen beetles were ground by friction with a mortar under a stream of liquid nitrogen until obtaining a pulverized material. Four grams of this material were mixed with 40mL of extraction solvent, the mixture was submitted to constant agitation at 4°C, during 48h. The extraction solvents used were: absolute ethanol (EtOH), butanol (BuOH), acetone (Ac) and ethylic acetate (EtAc). Homogenates were then clarified using a fritted funnel and centrifuged at 3,500g for 20min at 4°C in a Beckman Refrigerated Benchtop equipment (model GPR), the supernatants were stored in amber glass vials at -20°C.Phenolic fractions (PF). Separation of the PF was done with column chromatography (40 x 2cm), using 20-60 mesh Amberlita® XAD®- 2 resin (Supelco, 10357), with a solvent flow rate of 10mL.min−1. It was added to a 1mL column of the total extract, and then two washes were done with 10mL of distilled water; compounds were eluted from the column with 10mL of methanol (MeOH)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a>. Eluates were lyophilized at - 40°C and 1.33 mBar, in a FreeZone 1-liter Benchtop Freeze Dry System (Labconco, Kansas City, MO).Total phenolic content (TPC). The TPC was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu method described by Ozgen et al., 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a>. Samples were prepared by dissolving the lyophilized phenolic fractions to a concentration of 0.2mg.mL−1. A volume of 2mL of this solution was mixed with 2.5mL of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Panreac Qui¿mica S.L.U., Barcelona, Espan¿a), diluted at 10% v/v in distilled water. The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 2min, then 2mL of 7.5% w/v sodium carbonate were added, and the mixture was then incubated at 50°C for 15min. Absorbance of the sample was read in a Thermo Scientific Genesys 6 spectrophotometer (Madison, WI, USA) at a 765nm wavelength, the results were interpolated in a gallic acid (Sigma, G7384) standard calibration curve (0.1 – 0.00312mg.mL−1) and were expressed as milligram of Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) by gram of dry weight (mg GEA/g). The calculation was done using the following equation:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Where:C = Concentration, determined by the gallic acid standard curve (mg.mL−1).V = Volume of sample used in the test (mL).M = Mass of the dry weight (g).GC-MS. This procedure was performed at the Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of the Universidad Industrial de Santander. Preparation of the sample (total extracts of U. dermestoides) was carried out by direct injection of the samples into the chromatography equipment. The analysis was done in an AT 6890 Plus Series (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, California, USA.) gas chromatographer, coupled to a selective mass detector (Agilent Technologies, MSD-5975) operated in full scan mode. The columns that were employed in the analysis were DB-5MS (J & W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA.) [5%phenyl-poly (dimethylsiloxane), 60 m x 0.25mm x 0.25μm]. The injection was carried out in Split mode (30:1), Voliny = 2μL. Tentative identification of registered compounds in the samples was established based on their mass spectrum (EI, 70Ev), using Adams databases, Wiley 138 and NIST 2005 (W*/N05)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a>.HPLC-MS. The analysis was performed at the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at the Universidad de Antioquia (University Research-SIU). Phenolic fractions from U. dermestoides extracts, were analyzed on an Agilent 1100 series LC-MS (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) system equipped with a selective detector with single quadrupole mass (G1956A LC/MSD Quad VL System), a vacuum degassing module (G1379B), a binary pumping module (G1312A), a high performance autosampler (G1367B), a column thermostat (G1316A), and a diode-array detector (G1315A). Data were processed using Agilent LC-MSD ChemStation B.04.03 Data Analysis Software.An Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus Rapid Resolution Stable Bond Poroshell XDB-C18 column 100mm x 4.6mm id and 3.5μm particle size was used for the separation. The analysis was performed as described previously <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> with some modifications. Composition of the mobile phase was: Phase A consisting of 10% (v/v) CH3CN in H2O and 0.05% (v/v) of CH3-COOH; and phase B consisting of 90% (v/v) CH3CN in H2O and 0.05% (v/v) of CH3-COOH. The column elution was carried out with the following linear gradient, 0.0min: 100% phase A with a flow rate of 0.5mL min−1; 39.0min: 100% phase B with a flow rate 0.5mL min−1; 40.0min: 100% phase B with a flow rate of 1.0mL min−1; 41.0min: 100% phase A with a flow rate of 1.0mL min−1; 46.0min: 100% phase A with a flow rate of 1.0mL min−1; 47.0min: 100% phase A with a constant flow rate of 0.5mL min−1. The detector used was of diode arrangement, the temperature of the column at the beginning and end of the test was kept at 25°C and the pressure between 46.8 and 51.3bar, respectively. The injection volume of the sample was 10μL.Mass analysis was performed by electrospray (ESI-API) using an ionization source of negative polarity. Equipment conditions were: 60 psi nebulizer pressure; drying gas flow of 13 L.min−1; quadrupole temperature at 100°C; gas temperature at 350°C; source current of 8nA at the beginning and 31nA at the end. The ion scan was carried out in full scan mode.Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests. These were performed on the HaCaT cell line (human keratinocytes), established at the Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Universidad de Antioquía, Colombia. Cytotoxic effects of the phenolic fractions (PFAc and PFEtOH) were evaluated by two methods, namely a MTT reduction test and trypan blue exclusion test. The genotoxic effect was assessed using the alkaline comet-DNA test.Cell Cultures: HaCaT cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Gibco BRL) supplemented with 5% of fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (100μg.mL−1), streptomycin (100μg.mL−1) and incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C.MTT reduction test: This is a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity and consist in measure of metabolic reduction of 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT reagent). The reaction is catalyzed by mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, producing a blue colored compound (formazan). The test determines the mitochondrial functionality of the treated cells, since the amount of living cells is proportional to the amount of formazan produced<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a>.HaCaT cells were plated at density of 1x104 cells/well in 96-well microplates and maintained under standard culture conditions. After allowing accession, the treatments were performed for each concentration and each sample; after 24 and 48h of incubation 10μL of MTT (Sigma M2128) at 5mg.mL−1 (final concentration in the well: 0.5mg.mL−1) were added and samples were incubated for 4h in the dark. Finally, to dissolve the formazan crystals, 100μL of isopropanol - HCl (0.04M) were added and absorbance at 570nm (A570) was measured using a microplate reader Benchmark Plus (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The percentage of viability was calculated as the following equation.<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The positive control of the assay was 1mM H2O2 and the negative control was the sample solvent (EtOH). The results are shown as the mean ± SD (standard deviation) of three biological replicates per experimental group.Trypan blue exclusion test: This test is based on the fact that living cells have intact cell membranes that exclude certain dyes such as trypan blue, while dead cells do not<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a>. HaCat cell were plated (1 x 104 cells/well) into 12-well microplates and were maintained under standard culture conditions. After allowing accession, treatments were performed for each sample and each concentration. After 24 and 48h of exposure, the microplates were processed according to the protocol. For this purpose, cells were detached with a trypsin-EDTA (0.1%) solution and equal volumes of cell suspension and trypan blue 0.4% w/v (Sigma, T6146) were mixed to quantify the cell viability using a hemocytometer. The percentage of living cells was determined by dividing the number total live cells by the total number of cells (both alive and dead cells). For this test, several trials were performed with the purpose of determining the range of concentrations at which cell viability was greater than 80% and thus, based on these resulting ranges, develop the genotoxicity studies. Results are shown as the mean ± SD of three biological replicates per experimental group.DNA-Comet alkaline test: HaCat cell were plated into 12-well microplates at density of 1 x 104 cells/well and were maintained under standard culture conditions. After allowing accession, treatments were performed for each sample and each concentration under evaluation; after 48h exposure, cells were processed under guidelines of International Workshop on Genotoxicity Test Procedures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a>, adapted as follows: after treatment, aliquots of 2 x 104 cells were re-suspended in 20μL of simple medium (DMEM) and mixed with 80μL of agarose low melting point (Sigma, A9414 molecular biology grade) at 37°C. Afterwards, the cell/agarose mix was layered on glass microscope slides, pre-coated with agarose of normal fusion point (Sigma, A9539 molecular biology grade). The coated slides were kept at 4°C for 15min to allow solidification of the agarose. Subsequently, cells were then subjected to digestion for 1 hour in lysis buffer (2.5M NaCl, 0.1M Na2EDTA, 10mM Tris base, 1% N-lauryl sarcosinate, 10% DMSO and 1% Triton X-100 (Sigma, T8787), adjusted at pH 10.0) and 30min in denaturation buffer (50mM NaOH/1mM EDTA, pH 13). After, slides were place in a horizontal submarine gel electrophoresis system (Bio-Rad Co., Hercules, CA, USA) containing Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer. The electrophoresis conditions were 25 volts and 300mA. Then, plates were washed three times for 5min with neutralizing buffer pH 7.4 (0.4M Tris). Finally, cells were dyed with 40μL of ethidium bromide (20μg.mL−1) (Sigma, E7637) and plates were read in a fluorescent microscope (Leica DMLS, Austria) under magnification 20X, excitation filter 515-560nm and barrier filter 590nm. For each treatment, 50 cells were photographed and subsequently analyzed with the Comet Assay Software Project (Casp, <a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://casp.sourceforge.net/">http://casp.sourceforge.net</a>) for quantifying percentage of DNA in the queue. According to the amount DNA in the tail, nuclei were classified into one of following categories: a) no damage DNA, b) low damage, c) moderate damage d) high damage. The positive control in this trail was 0.3mM hydrogen peroxide (30min exposure) and the negative control was untreated cells.Statistical analysis. The results are presented as the value of the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). For quantifying total phenolic content, five independent replicates were performed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) post-hoc test was used to determine the possible differences among treatment. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests were performed in triplicate for each experimental group and data were analyzed using the Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests, the mean difference (mean.dif) and the confidence interval at 95% of mean.dif were calculated. P values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONExtracts and total phenolic content. The color of the extracts obtained was between yellow to reddish. The ethyl acetate extracts were the ones with the lighter shade, while the darkest were the acetone extracts. Fractions PFAc and PFEtOH had the highest content of phenols (PFAc = 11.34 ± 0.88 mgGAE/g; PFEtOH = 6.52 ± 1.28 mgGAE/g; PFBuOH = 0.713 ± 0.23 mgGAE/g; PFEtAc = 0.15 ± 0.17 mgGAE/g). ANOVA shows that the treatments means aren’t all equal (p value = 7.18 x 10−1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>). In addition, pairwise comparison (Tukey's HSD test) showed differences between all treatments (p value < 0.001), except for PFEtAc - PFBuOH couple (mean.dif: -0.562; p value: 0.679; IC95: -2.042 to 0.917).GC-MS and HPLC-MS. GC-MS analysis identified two phenolic compounds in the acetone extracts, these are: ethyl-resorcinol and di-tert-butylphenol, with a relative abundance of 2.6% and 0.9% respectively. Other compounds present in ethanolic and acetonic extracts were: pentadecene, esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives and sterol derivatives (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>By HPLC-MS, the following compounds were tentatively identified: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic or protocatechuic acid, dinitrosalicylic acid and ethylresorcinol (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>). Protocatechuic acid (abbreviation PCA) was common in both fractions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>); this compound was found in the cuticle of arthropods, such as cockroaches (Blatella orientalis and Periplaneta americana)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">22–24</a> and beetles (Pachynoda epphipiata and Tenebrio molitor)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a>. PCA seems to play the important role in obscuring the cuticle and capturing free radicals. This compound is widely distributed in plant kingdom<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">22</a>, being extracted by their pharmacological properties as antioxidant agent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">26,27</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Cytotoxicity tests. Results of MTT reduction test using HaCat cells are presented in Figure 2. None of the treatments with PFAc showed significant decrease of cell viability at 24h exposure. At 48h, the cell viability decreased by 44.2 ± 6.2% in the treatment with 100μg.mL−1 (IC50 = 91.85 ± 12.05mg.mL−1) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2A</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Moreover, HaCat cells treated with PFEtOH showed survival higher than 100%, at concentrations > 100μg mL−1 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig3">Figure 2B</a>). A cell-free assay showed that PFEtOH react with MTT reagent (data not shown). This behavior has been reported with certain plant extracts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a> and with redox-active polyphenolic compounds, which may directly reduce tetrazolium salts, even without cells<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">29–31</a>. Although the MTT assay is widely used to measure the cellular proliferation, cell viability and drug toxicity, several studies report compounds that increase MTT reduction with no enhance of cell viability<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">30,32</a>, a fact that should be considered when natural extracts are evaluated, to avoid false results. For this, we propose that MTT reduction test is not a reliable method to assess the cytotoxicity of extracts from U. dermestoides.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig3"></elsevierMultimedia>Results with the trypan blue exclusion test show that viability of HaCaT cells is dependent on the concentration and time of exposure to each treatment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 3</a>). Cell viability, at 24 and 48h was higher in treatments with PFEtOH (CI50 of 757.39 ± 134.43μg.mL−1 and 627.65 ± 138.67μg.mL−1, respectively). In treatments with PFAc, CI50 were 373.72 ± 90.37μg.mL−1 and 193.83 ± 20.00μg.mL−1, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table III</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Genotoxicity tests. Results of DNA-comet alkaline test, showed statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the untreated and treated groups with different concentrations of PFAc, with intermediate genotoxic effect to 160μg.mL−1 (Mean.dif: -7.646; IC95: -11.65 to -3.641) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>). On the other hand, treatment with PFEtOH resulted in a low genotoxic effect, at concentrations equal to or less than 400μg.mL−1; statistically significant difference between the untreated and treated groups were observed at concentrations ≥ 800μg.mL−1 (Mean.dif: -13.52; IC95: -23.71 to -3.323). The positive control of the trial (0.3mM H2O2) produced cores with high damage (% DNA in the tail: 57.55 ± 0.34%); comparatively, the DNA damage in cells exposed to solvent EtOH (negative control) was very low (% DNA in the tail: 2.734 ± 1.02%).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>We suggested that the higher cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of PFAc could be related to the higher content of phenolic compounds, as PCA. Several studies report the antioxidant and free radical capturing activity of PCA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">33–36</a>; however, this compound has also been reported as a pro-oxidant, depending on their concentration<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">37</a>. It has even been shown that in high doses PCA could induce lipid peroxidation dependent on the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox cycle and oxidative DNA damage dependent on the Cu1+/Cu2+ redox cycle<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">38,39</a>.A study by Babich et al., 2002 describes oxidative stress inducing in culture of non-tumorigenic gingival epithelial cells (SG) and cultured malignant cells derived from salivary glands (HSG1), exposed to > 10mM PCA. These authors suggest a mechanism of PCA-mediated activation of tyrosinase enzymes leading to production of an active metabolite (quinone) capable of oxidizing the glutathione (GSH), altering cellular defense systems against ROS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">40</a>. On the other hand, Galati et al., 2002, proposed that phenolic rings of certain polyphenols could be metabolized by peroxidases to form pro-oxidant phenolic radicals, reactive enough to co-oxidize the GSH and the NADH coenzyme, with the sub-sequent formation ROS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">41</a>.It should also be considered that, under certain experimental conditions, some phenolic compounds could initiate autoxidation reactions, behaving as pro-oxidant molecules in culture media such as DMEM and RPMI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">42</a>. For example, it has been found that in the presence of DMEM, high doses of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, (+)-catechin and quercetin produce toxic levels of H2O2 (frequently > 50μM), semiquinone and quinones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">43–46</a>. In addition, high doses of phenolic acids were also associated with DNA damage induced by H2O2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">47</a>. It has been described that exposure during 6 hour, to doses of up to 50 mmol L−1 of purified flavonoids, could cause chromosomal translocation and clastogenicity in human cell lines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">48,49</a>.Given that our experiments were performed in cells cultured in DMEM, it is possible that the decrease in cell viability is related to H2O2 production from auto-oxidation of phenolic compounds present in extracts of U. dermestoides analyzed.CONCLUSIONSEthanolic and acetonic extracts from whole body of Ulomoides dermestoides are a source of redox-reactive phenolic compounds that could be of biomedical interest. In both extracts was tentatively identified the protocatechuic acid, but further analysis with the standard compound would be required to confirm this assignment. Additionally, experimental design developed in this study suggests that the beetle's ethanol extracts shown low toxicity in HaCaT cell line, at the tested concentrations. We suggest that the greater cytotoxicity/genotoxicity of acetonic extracts could be related to a higher concentration of redox-reactive compounds present in the sample and the time of exposure to these compounds." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres697141" "titulo" => "ABSTRACT" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec706869" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres697142" "titulo" => "RESUMEN" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec706868" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "MATERIALS AND METHODS" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "RESULTS AND DISCUSSION" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "CONCLUSIONS" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-03-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-06-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec706869" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "beetles" 1 => "cell viability" 2 => "cytotoxicity" 3 => "genotoxicity" 4 => "phenolic fractions" 5 => "Ulomoides dermestoides" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec706868" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "escarabajos" 1 => "viabilidad celular" 2 => "citotoxicidad" 3 => "genotoxicidad" 4 => "fracciones fenólicas" 5 => "Ulomoides dermestoides" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "ABSTRACT" "resumen" => "Ulomoides dermestoides (Fairmaire, 1893) is a beetle used in alternative medicine treatments in some South American countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of phenolic fractions (PF) from U. dermestoides. The PF were separated from crude extracts in acetone (PFAc) and ethanol (PFEtOH). The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu test. Volatile and semi-volatile compounds presents in crude extracts were identified by GC-MS; moreover, phenolic fractions were analyzed by HPLC-MS. The cellular viability, after exposition to phenolic fractions, was determined by Trypan blue exclusion test and MTT reduction assay on immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCat); the degree of DNA damage was detected by alkaline comet-DNA assay. The TPC in PFAc and PFEtOH were: 11.34±0.88 mgGAE/g and 6.52±1.28 mgGAE/g, respectively (mean.dif: 4.951; p value = 0.0000). In both samples, HPLC-MS showed a pseudo-molecular ion [M-H]− at m/z 153, tentatively identified as protocatechuic acid. The results of cytotoxic assays suggest that the viability of HaCat cells depends on the concentration and exposure time of each treatment. Furthermore, the comet assay revealed moderate genotoxic effect after 48hours of exposure to PFAc (40 to 160μg.mL−1); cytotoxic/genotoxic activity of this fraction could be related to the higher phenol contents." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "RESUMEN" "resumen" => "Ulomoides dermestoides (Fairmaire, 1893), es un escarabajo usado en medicina alternativa en algunos países de Sudamérica. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto citotóxico y genotóxico de fracciones fenólicas (FF) de extractos de U. dermestoides. Las FF se separaron desde extractos acetónicos (FFAc) y etanólicos (FFEtOH). El contenido de fenoles totales (CFT) se determinó mediante ensayo de Folin-Ciocalteu. Compuestos volátiles y semi-volátiles, presentes en los extractos crudos, se identificaron mediante CG-EM; por otra parte, las FF se analizaron por HPLC-EM. La viabilidad celular, después de exposición a las FF se determinó mediante la prueba de exclusión con azul de tripano y el ensayo de reducción con MTT, usando la línea celular de queratinocitos humanos inmortalizados (HaCat); el grado de daño en el ADN se detectó mediante el ensayo de ADN-cometa alcalino. CFT en FFAc y FFEtOH fueron: 11,34±0,88 mgAGE/g y 6,52±1,28 mgAGE/g, respectivamente (dif.media: 4,951; p value = 0.0000). En ambas muestras, HPLC-EM mostró un ion pseudo-molecular [M−H]− a 153m/z, identificado tentativamente como ácido protocateuico. Los resultados de los ensayos de citotoxicidad sugieren que la viabilidad de células HaCat depende de la concentración y el tiempo de exposición a cada tratamiento. Además, el ensayo cometa reveló efecto genotóxico moderado después de 48h de exposición a FFAc (40 a 160μg.mL−1). La actividad citotóxica/genotóxica de esta fracción podría estar relacionada con el contenido más alto de fenoles." ] ] "multimedia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1671 "Ancho" => 1712 "Tamanyo" => 142681 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mass spectrum of the protocatechuic acid in ethanolic and acetonic extracts of Ulomoides dermestoides. Observe the molecular ion [M−H]− at m/z 153 atomic mass unit (amu) and base peak [M−H−CO2]− at m/z 109 amu." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2A" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2a.jpeg" "Alto" => 1095 "Ancho" => 1707 "Tamanyo" => 171497 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of the MTT assay conducted in HaCat cells treated with phenolic fractions of acetonic extracts of Ulomoides dermestoides beetles. Pair of bars represents assays with different times of exposition to the treatments (24 and 48hours). Results are given as mean ± SD of assays performed in triplicate. Asterisk indicates statistically significant differences (**p value < 0.01) with respect to untreated cells." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig3" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2B" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2b.jpeg" "Alto" => 1095 "Ancho" => 1712 "Tamanyo" => 174031 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of the MTT assay conducted in HaCat cells treated with phenolic fractions of ethanolic extracts of Ulomoides dermestoides beetles. Pair of bars represents assays with different times of exposition to the treatments (24 and 48hours). Results are given as mean ± SD of assays performed in triplicate." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1165 "Ancho" => 1709 "Tamanyo" => 188962 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Dose-response curves of phenolic fractions of Ulomoides dermestoides (Trypan blue exclusion test). The viability of HaCaT cells is reported in function of concentration of samples (0 to 800μg.mL−1). Tests were performed for 24 and 48hours. Asterisk indicates statistically significant differences (*p value < 0.05) with respect to untreated cells. The mean ± SD is shown." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1194 "Ancho" => 3582 "Tamanyo" => 243922 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "DNA damaged in alkaline comet assay using HaCaT cells after 24 h incubations with phenolic fractions of (A) acetonic extracts of Ulomoides dermestoides and (B) ethanolic extracts of Ulomoides dermestoides. The top panel shows the comets for each treatment after 24h. Values are expressed as means of percentage of DNA in the comet tail ± SD. Statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA/Bonferroni post-hoc test (*p value <0.05; **p value <0.01 with respect to untreated cells)." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table I" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "tR = Retention time.ND = no detected." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Compounds</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acetonic extracts</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ethanolic extracts</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">tR, min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative quantity, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">tR, min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative quantity, % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ethyiresorcinol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pentadecene \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Di-tert-butylphenol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ethyl Tetradecanoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Palmitate (Methyl/Ethyl)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Linoleate (Methyl/Ethyl)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oleate (Methyl/Ethyl)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stereate (Methyl/Ethyl)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Isomer of linoleic acid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ethyl Eicosanoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Heneicosenoate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fatty acid derivates M+ 348 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mono stearine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nitrogen compound M+337 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nitrogen compound M+351 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">ND \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sterol derivates \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1141304.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Methyl esters were identified in acetonic extracts; ethyl esters were identified en ethanolic extract." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Tentative identification and relative abundance (%) of compounds in acetonic and ethanolic extracts from Ulomoides dermestoides beetles, determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS)." ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table II" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table I" "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "tR = Retention time. All compounds were tentatively identified according to their pseudomolecular ion, therefore the chemical identity must be verified with standard compounds." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Samples \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tentative compounds \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">tR (min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Molecular Weight (g.mol−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">[M−H]− m/z \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Base peak m/z \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFEtOH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Protocatechuic acid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.463 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">154 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">153 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">109 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFEtOH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Dinitrosalicylic acid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.843 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">228 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">227 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">123 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFAc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Protocatechuic acid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.577 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">154 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">153 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">109 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFAc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Ethylresorcinol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.846 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">138 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">137 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">137 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1141305.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relative chemical composition of phenolic fractions of ethanolic extracts (PFEtOH) and acetonic extracts (PFAc) of Ulomoides dermestoides, determined by HPLC-MS-ESI in negative ion mode." ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Tabla III" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Tabla II" "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "PFAc = Phenolic fraction of acetonic extract.PFEtOH = Phenolic fractions of ethanolic extract." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Viability (%) at 24h (Mean ± SD)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Viability (%) at 48h (Mean ± SD)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">800 (μg.mL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0 (μg.mL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CI50 (μg.mL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">800 (μg.mL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0 (μg.mL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CI50 (μg.mL−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFAc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.23 ± 7.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">94.64 ± 3.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">373.72 ± 90.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.00 ± 0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.35 ± 1.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">193.83 ± 20.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFEtOH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.65 ± 9.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.96 ± 0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">757.38 ± 134.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.33 ± 9.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.15 ± 1.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">627.65 ± 138.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1141306.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Results of the trypan blue exclusion test in HaCaT cells exposed to different concentrations of phenolic fractions of Ulomoides dermestoides extracts." ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:1 [ "imagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "Fichero" => "fx1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 24452 "Alto" => 127 "Ancho" => 1360 ] ] ] ] 9 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:1 [ "imagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "Fichero" => "fx2.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 99608 "Alto" => 297 "Ancho" => 2877 ] ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:49 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Los insectos medicinales de Brasil: primeros resultados" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E.M. 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ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC FRACTIONS FROM Ulomoides dermestoides FAIRMAIRE, 1893 (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE), IN HACAT CELLS

Actividad citotóxica y genotóxica de fracciones fenólicas de Ulomoides dermestoides Fairmaire, 1893 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), en células HaCat

Dary Luz Mendoza-Meza

Corresponding author

darymendoza@mail.uniatlantico.edu.co

Corresponding author.

, Pierine España-Puccini

Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales y Bioquímica de Macromoléculas. Programa de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico. Km 7 antigua vía a Puerto Colombia, Departamento del Atlántico, Colombia

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Around the world&#44; many cultures use insects and their products as nutraceutical<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span> Fairmaire&#44; 1893 &#40;Coleoptera&#44; Tenebrionidae&#44; Diaperinae&#41; &#40;synonymy&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Martianers dermestoides</span>&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Palembus dermestoides</span>&#41; is a darkling beetle of Asian origin&#44; known in oriental culture for its aphrodisiac and therapeutic properties<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#59; in South America&#44; this beetle is eaten alive as an alternative therapy for bronchial asthma&#44; psoriasis&#44; vitiligo&#44; chronic skin diseases&#44; rheumatoid arthritis&#44; hemorrhoids&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; inflammation and different types of cancer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the last decade&#44; the interest to research the therapeutic effects attributed to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span> has risen<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> Santos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span>&#44; 2010 showed the anti-inflammatory properties of polar extracts of this beetle&#44; using the carrageenan-induced edema test in mice<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#59; Crespo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span>&#44; 2011 described cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of dichloromethane extracts from whole body of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span> and the main quinone in their defense secretion &#40;1&#44;4 -benzoquinone&#41;&#44; on cellular line of lung cancer &#40;A549&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Tob&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span>&#44; reported depressive activity on the central nervous system &#40;CNS&#41; of albino rats &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mus musculus</span> Linnaeus&#44; 1758&#41; because of administration of oil extracted from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span> &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46;kg-1&#44; orally&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; presence of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> on whole body <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span> extracts has been described&#46; This is proof of existence of complex systems anti-free radical in the beetles&#44; that could be explored in the search of novel therapeutic agents for treatment of human disease associated with oxidative stress&#46; However&#44; it is also necessary to know the effect of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span> extracts or their fractions&#44; on viability of healthy human cells&#46; Skin is an important barrier in protecting the body from external chemicals and HaCat cell are an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> model to investigate cytotoxic effects on epidermal tissues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a>&#46; In addition&#44; HaCat cells exhibited a remarkably stable genetic balance over extended culture periods&#44; without shifting to the tumorigenic phenotype<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; for these reasons HaCat cell <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> were selected for this research&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of this study was to investigate cytotoxic and&#47;or genotoxic effects of phenolic fractions from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span> whole body extracts&#44; on a line of immortalized human keratinocytes &#40;HaCat cells&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">MATERIALS AND METHODS</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sample&#46;</span> A culture of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span> was established from a broodstock whose taxonomic identity was validated in the entomology department of the Natural Science Institute of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Universidad Nacional</span>&#44; Bogot&#225;&#44; Colombia &#40;collection code ICN-45905&#41;&#46; The beetles were bred under controlled temperature conditions &#40;27 &#177; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; and relative humidity &#40;70-75&#37;&#41; and were fed exclusively with wheat bread and wheat bran&#46; After 90 days of culture&#44; adult individuals were separated from the substratum and were stored at -70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Materials&#46;</span> Chemicals and solvents were obtained from Merck &#40;Darmstadt&#44; Germany&#41; unless stated otherwise&#46; Analytical grade chemicals were used&#46; Solvents used in HPLC-MS&#44; extraction and sample preparation were of HPLC grade&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Extracts&#46;</span> The frozen beetles were ground by friction with a mortar under a stream of liquid nitrogen until obtaining a pulverized material&#46; Four grams of this material were mixed with 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of extraction solvent&#44; the mixture was submitted to constant agitation at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; during 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; The extraction solvents used were&#58; absolute ethanol &#40;EtOH&#41;&#44; butanol &#40;BuOH&#41;&#44; acetone &#40;Ac&#41; and ethylic acetate &#40;EtAc&#41;&#46; Homogenates were then clarified using a fritted funnel and centrifuged at 3&#44;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g for 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in a Beckman Refrigerated Benchtop equipment &#40;model GPR&#41;&#44; the supernatants were stored in amber glass vials at -20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Phenolic fractions &#40;PF&#41;&#46;</span> Separation of the PF was done with column chromatography &#40;40 x 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#44; using 20-60 mesh Amberlita&#174; XAD&#174;- 2 resin &#40;Supelco&#44; 10357&#41;&#44; with a solvent flow rate of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46; It was added to a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL column of the total extract&#44; and then two washes were done with 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of distilled water&#59; compounds were eluted from the column with 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of methanol &#40;MeOH&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Eluates were lyophilized at - 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 1&#46;33 mBar&#44; in a FreeZone 1-liter Benchtop Freeze Dry System &#40;Labconco&#44; Kansas City&#44; MO&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Total phenolic content &#40;TPC&#41;&#46;</span> The TPC was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu method described by Ozgen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span>&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Samples were prepared by dissolving the lyophilized phenolic fractions to a concentration of 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46; A volume of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of this solution was mixed with 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent &#40;Panreac Qui¿mica S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;&#44; Barcelona&#44; Espan¿a&#41;&#44; diluted at 10&#37; v&#47;v in distilled water&#46; The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; then 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of 7&#46;5&#37; w&#47;v sodium carbonate were added&#44; and the mixture was then incubated at 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; Absorbance of the sample was read in a Thermo Scientific Genesys 6 spectrophotometer &#40;Madison&#44; WI&#44; USA&#41; at a 765<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm wavelength&#44; the results were interpolated in a gallic acid &#40;Sigma&#44; G7384&#41; standard calibration curve &#40;0&#46;1 &#8211; 0&#46;00312<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; and were expressed as milligram of Gallic Acid Equivalent &#40;GAE&#41; by gram of dry weight &#40;mg GEA&#47;g&#41;&#46; The calculation was done using the following equation&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Where&#58;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">C &#61; Concentration&#44; determined by the gallic acid standard curve &#40;mg&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V &#61; Volume of sample used in the test &#40;mL&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">M &#61; Mass of the dry weight &#40;g&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">GC-MS&#46;</span> This procedure was performed at the Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Universidad Industrial de Santander</span>&#46; Preparation of the sample &#40;total extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span>&#41; was carried out by direct injection of the samples into the chromatography equipment&#46; The analysis was done in an AT 6890 Plus Series &#40;Agilent Technologies&#44; Palo Alto&#44; California&#44; USA&#46;&#41; gas chromatographer&#44; coupled to a selective mass detector &#40;Agilent Technologies&#44; MSD-5975&#41; operated in full scan mode&#46; The columns that were employed in the analysis were DB-5MS &#40;J &#38; W Scientific&#44; Folsom&#44; CA&#44; USA&#46;&#41; &#91;5&#37;phenyl-poly &#40;dimethylsiloxane&#41;&#44; 60 m x 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm x 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#93;&#46; The injection was carried out in Split mode &#40;30&#58;1&#41;&#44; Vol<span class="elsevierStyleInf">iny</span> &#61; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L&#46; Tentative identification of registered compounds in the samples was established based on their mass spectrum &#40;EI&#44; 70Ev&#41;&#44; using Adams databases&#44; Wiley 138 and NIST 2005 &#40;W&#42;&#47;N05&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">HPLC-MS&#46;</span> The analysis was performed at the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Universidad de Antioquia</span> &#40;University Research-SIU&#41;&#46; Phenolic fractions from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span> extracts&#44; were analyzed on an Agilent 1100 series LC-MS &#40;Agilent Technologies&#44; Waldbronn&#44; Germany&#41; system equipped with a selective detector with single quadrupole mass &#40;G1956A LC&#47;MSD Quad VL System&#41;&#44; a vacuum degassing module &#40;G1379B&#41;&#44; a binary pumping module &#40;G1312A&#41;&#44; a high performance autosampler &#40;G1367B&#41;&#44; a column thermostat &#40;G1316A&#41;&#44; and a diode-array detector &#40;G1315A&#41;&#46; Data were processed using Agilent LC-MSD ChemStation B&#46;04&#46;03 Data Analysis Software&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus Rapid Resolution Stable Bond Poroshell XDB-C18 column 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm x 4&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm id and 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m particle size was used for the separation&#46; The analysis was performed as described previously <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> with some modifications&#46; Composition of the mobile phase was&#58; Phase A consisting of 10&#37; &#40;v&#47;v&#41; CH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>CN in H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and 0&#46;05&#37; &#40;v&#47;v&#41; of CH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>-COOH&#59; and phase B consisting of 90&#37; &#40;v&#47;v&#41; CH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>CN in H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and 0&#46;05&#37; &#40;v&#47;v&#41; of CH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>-COOH&#46; The column elution was carried out with the following linear gradient&#44; 0&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#58; 100&#37; phase A with a flow rate of 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#59; 39&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#58; 100&#37; phase B with a flow rate 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#59; 40&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#58; 100&#37; phase B with a flow rate of 1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#59; 41&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#58; 100&#37; phase A with a flow rate of 1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#59; 46&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#58; 100&#37; phase A with a flow rate of 1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#59; 47&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#58; 100&#37; phase A with a constant flow rate of 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46; The detector used was of diode arrangement&#44; the temperature of the column at the beginning and end of the test was kept at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and the pressure between 46&#46;8 and 51&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bar&#44; respectively&#46; The injection volume of the sample was 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mass analysis was performed by electrospray &#40;ESI-API&#41; using an ionization source of negative polarity&#46; Equipment conditions were&#58; 60 psi nebulizer pressure&#59; drying gas flow of 13 L&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#59; quadrupole temperature at 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; gas temperature at 350<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; source current of 8nA at the beginning and 31nA at the end&#46; The ion scan was carried out in full scan mode&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests&#46;</span> These were performed on the HaCaT cell line &#40;human keratinocytes&#41;&#44; established at the Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Universidad de Antioqu&#237;a</span>&#44; Colombia&#46; Cytotoxic effects of the phenolic fractions &#40;PFAc and PFEtOH&#41; were evaluated by two methods&#44; namely a MTT reduction test and trypan blue exclusion test&#46; The genotoxic effect was assessed using the alkaline comet-DNA test&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Cell Cultures</span></span>&#58; HaCaT cells were cultured in Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s medium &#40;DMEM&#44; Gibco BRL&#41; supplemented with 5&#37; of fetal bovine serum &#40;FBS&#41;&#44; penicillin &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#44; streptomycin &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; and incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5&#37; CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">MTT reduction test</span></span>&#58; This is a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity and consist in measure of metabolic reduction of 3&#40;4&#44;5-dimethylthiazol-2yl&#41;2&#44;5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide &#40;MTT reagent&#41;&#46; The reaction is catalyzed by mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase&#44; producing a blue colored compound &#40;formazan&#41;&#46; The test determines the mitochondrial functionality of the treated cells&#44; since the amount of living cells is proportional to the amount of formazan produced<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HaCaT cells were plated at density of 1x10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> cells&#47;well in 96-well microplates and maintained under standard culture conditions&#46; After allowing accession&#44; the treatments were performed for each concentration and each sample&#59; after 24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of MTT &#40;Sigma M2128&#41; at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> &#40;final concentration in the well&#58; 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; were added and samples were incubated for 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in the dark&#46; Finally&#44; to dissolve the formazan crystals&#44; 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of isopropanol - HCl &#40;0&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#41; were added and absorbance at 570<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm &#40;A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">570</span>&#41; was measured using a microplate reader Benchmark Plus &#40;Bio-Rad Laboratories&#41;&#46; The percentage of viability was calculated as the following equation&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The positive control of the assay was 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and the negative control was the sample solvent &#40;EtOH&#41;&#46; The results are shown as the mean &#177; SD &#40;standard deviation&#41; of three biological replicates per experimental group&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Trypan blue exclusion test&#58;</span></span> This test is based on the fact that living cells have intact cell membranes that exclude certain dyes such as trypan blue&#44; while dead cells do not<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; HaCat cell were plated &#40;1 x 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> cells&#47;well&#41; into 12-well microplates and were maintained under standard culture conditions&#46; After allowing accession&#44; treatments were performed for each sample and each concentration&#46; After 24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of exposure&#44; the microplates were processed according to the protocol&#46; For this purpose&#44; cells were detached with a trypsin-EDTA &#40;0&#46;1&#37;&#41; solution and equal volumes of cell suspension and trypan blue 0&#46;4&#37; w&#47;v &#40;Sigma&#44; T6146&#41; were mixed to quantify the cell viability using a hemocytometer&#46; The percentage of living cells was determined by dividing the number total live cells by the total number of cells &#40;both alive and dead cells&#41;&#46; For this test&#44; several trials were performed with the purpose of determining the range of concentrations at which cell viability was greater than 80&#37; and thus&#44; based on these resulting ranges&#44; develop the genotoxicity studies&#46; Results are shown as the mean &#177; SD of three biological replicates per experimental group&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">DNA-Comet alkaline test</span></span>&#58; HaCat cell were plated into 12-well microplates at density of 1 x 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> cells&#47;well and were maintained under standard culture conditions&#46; After allowing accession&#44; treatments were performed for each sample and each concentration under evaluation&#59; after 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h exposure&#44; cells were processed under guidelines of International Workshop on Genotoxicity Test Procedures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#44; adapted as follows&#58; after treatment&#44; aliquots of 2 x 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> cells were re-suspended in 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of simple medium &#40;DMEM&#41; and mixed with 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of agarose low melting point &#40;Sigma&#44; A9414 molecular biology grade&#41; at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Afterwards&#44; the cell&#47;agarose mix was layered on glass microscope slides&#44; pre-coated with agarose of normal fusion point &#40;Sigma&#44; A9539 molecular biology grade&#41;&#46; The coated slides were kept at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min to allow solidification of the agarose&#46; Subsequently&#44; cells were then subjected to digestion for 1 hour in lysis buffer &#40;2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M NaCl&#44; 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M Na<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>EDTA&#44; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM Tris base&#44; 1&#37; N-lauryl sarcosinate&#44; 10&#37; DMSO and 1&#37; Triton X-100 &#40;Sigma&#44; T8787&#41;&#44; adjusted at pH 10&#46;0&#41; and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min in denaturation buffer &#40;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM NaOH&#47;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM EDTA&#44; pH 13&#41;&#46; After&#44; slides were place in a horizontal submarine gel electrophoresis system &#40;Bio-Rad Co&#46;&#44; Hercules&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; containing Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer&#46; The electrophoresis conditions were 25 volts and 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA&#46; Then&#44; plates were washed three times for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min with neutralizing buffer pH 7&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M Tris&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; cells were dyed with 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of ethidium bromide &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; &#40;Sigma&#44; E7637&#41; and plates were read in a fluorescent microscope &#40;Leica DMLS&#44; Austria&#41; under magnification 20X&#44; excitation filter 515-560<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and barrier filter 590<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46; For each treatment&#44; 50 cells were photographed and subsequently analyzed with the Comet Assay Software Project &#40;Casp&#44; <a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://casp.sourceforge.net/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;casp&#46;sourceforge&#46;net</a>&#41; for quantifying percentage of DNA in the queue&#46; According to the amount DNA in the tail&#44; nuclei were classified into one of following categories&#58; a&#41; no damage DNA&#44; b&#41; low damage&#44; c&#41; moderate damage d&#41; high damage&#46; The positive control in this trail was 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM hydrogen peroxide &#40;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min exposure&#41; and the negative control was untreated cells&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Statistical analysis&#46;</span> The results are presented as the value of the mean &#177; standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#46; Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences &#40;SPSS&#41; software &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; For quantifying total phenolic content&#44; five independent replicates were performed&#46; One-way analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; with Tukey&#39;s HSD &#40;Honestly Significant Difference&#41; post-hoc test was used to determine the possible differences among treatment&#46; The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests were performed in triplicate for each experimental group and data were analyzed using the Bonferroni&#39;s multiple comparison tests&#44; the mean difference &#40;mean&#46;dif&#41; and the confidence interval at 95&#37; of mean&#46;dif were calculated&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> values &#60; 0&#46;05 were considered to be statistically significant&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Extracts and total phenolic content&#46;</span> The color of the extracts obtained was between yellow to reddish&#46; The ethyl acetate extracts were the ones with the lighter shade&#44; while the darkest were the acetone extracts&#46; Fractions PFAc and PFEtOH had the highest content of phenols &#40;PFAc &#61; 11&#46;34 &#177; 0&#46;88 mgGAE&#47;g&#59; PFEtOH &#61; 6&#46;52 &#177; 1&#46;28 mgGAE&#47;g&#59; PFBuOH &#61; 0&#46;713 &#177; 0&#46;23 mgGAE&#47;g&#59; PFEtAc &#61; 0&#46;15 &#177; 0&#46;17 mgGAE&#47;g&#41;&#46; ANOVA shows that the treatments means aren&#8217;t all equal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p value</span> &#61; 7&#46;18 x 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; pairwise comparison &#40;Tukey&#39;s HSD test&#41; showed differences between all treatments &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p value</span> &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#44; except for PFEtAc - PFBuOH couple &#40;mean&#46;dif&#58; -0&#46;562&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p value</span>&#58; 0&#46;679&#59; IC95&#58; -2&#46;042 to 0&#46;917&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">GC-MS and HPLC-MS&#46;</span> GC-MS analysis identified two phenolic compounds in the acetone extracts&#44; these are&#58; ethyl-resorcinol and di-tert-butylphenol&#44; with a relative abundance of 2&#46;6&#37; and 0&#46;9&#37; respectively&#46; Other compounds present in ethanolic and acetonic extracts were&#58; pentadecene&#44; esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids&#44; fatty acid derivatives and sterol derivatives &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By HPLC-MS&#44; the following compounds were tentatively identified&#58; 3&#44;4-dihydroxybenzoic or protocatechuic acid&#44; dinitrosalicylic acid and ethylresorcinol &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>&#41;&#46; Protocatechuic acid &#40;abbreviation PCA&#41; was common in both fractions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#59; this compound was found in the cuticle of arthropods&#44; such as cockroaches &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blatella orientalis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Periplaneta americana</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;24</span></a> and beetles &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pachynoda epphipiata</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tenebrio molitor</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; PCA seems to play the important role in obscuring the cuticle and capturing free radicals&#46; This compound is widely distributed in plant kingdom<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; being extracted by their pharmacological properties as antioxidant agent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Cytotoxicity tests&#46;</span> Results of MTT reduction test using HaCat cells are presented in Figure 2&#46; None of the treatments with PFAc showed significant decrease of cell viability at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h exposure&#46; At 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; the cell viability decreased by 44&#46;2 &#177; 6&#46;2&#37; in the treatment with 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> &#61; 91&#46;85 &#177; 12&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2A</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; HaCat cells treated with PFEtOH showed survival higher than 100&#37;&#44; at concentrations &#62; 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig3">Figure 2B</a>&#41;&#46; A cell-free assay showed that PFEtOH react with MTT reagent &#40;data not shown&#41;&#46; This behavior has been reported with certain plant extracts<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> and with redox-active polyphenolic compounds&#44; which may directly reduce tetrazolium salts&#44; even without cells<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;31</span></a>&#46; Although the MTT assay is widely used to measure the cellular proliferation&#44; cell viability and drug toxicity&#44; several studies report compounds that increase MTT reduction with no enhance of cell viability<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;32</span></a>&#44; a fact that should be considered when natural extracts are evaluated&#44; to avoid false results&#46; For this&#44; we propose that MTT reduction test is not a reliable method to assess the cytotoxicity of extracts from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig3"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results with the trypan blue exclusion test show that viability of HaCaT cells is dependent on the concentration and time of exposure to each treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 3</a>&#41;&#46; Cell viability&#44; at 24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h was higher in treatments with PFEtOH &#40;CI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> of 757&#46;39 &#177; 134&#46;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> and 627&#46;65 &#177; 138&#46;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; In treatments with PFAc&#44; CI<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span> were 373&#46;72 &#177; 90&#46;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> and 193&#46;83 &#177; 20&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table III</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Genotoxicity tests&#46;</span> Results of DNA-comet alkaline test&#44; showed statistically significant difference &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;05&#41; between the untreated and treated groups with different concentrations of PFAc&#44; with intermediate genotoxic effect to 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> &#40;Mean&#46;dif&#58; -7&#46;646&#59; IC95&#58; -11&#46;65 to -3&#46;641&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; treatment with PFEtOH resulted in a low genotoxic effect&#44; at concentrations equal to or less than 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#59; statistically significant difference between the untreated and treated groups were observed at concentrations &#8805; 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> &#40;Mean&#46;dif&#58; -13&#46;52&#59; IC95&#58; -23&#46;71 to -3&#46;323&#41;&#46; The positive control of the trial &#40;0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; produced cores with high damage &#40;&#37; DNA in the tail&#58; 57&#46;55 &#177; 0&#46;34&#37;&#41;&#59; comparatively&#44; the DNA damage in cells exposed to solvent EtOH &#40;negative control&#41; was very low &#40;&#37; DNA in the tail&#58; 2&#46;734 &#177; 1&#46;02&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We suggested that the higher cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of PFAc could be related to the higher content of phenolic compounds&#44; as PCA&#46; Several studies report the antioxidant and free radical capturing activity of PCA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#8211;36</span></a>&#59; however&#44; this compound has also been reported as a pro-oxidant&#44; depending on their concentration<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; It has even been shown that in high doses PCA could induce lipid peroxidation dependent on the Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#47;Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> redox cycle and oxidative DNA damage dependent on the Cu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#43;</span>&#47;Cu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span> redox cycle<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A study by Babich <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span>&#44; 2002 describes oxidative stress inducing in culture of non-tumorigenic gingival epithelial cells &#40;SG&#41; and cultured malignant cells derived from salivary glands &#40;HSG1&#41;&#44; exposed to &#62; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM PCA&#46; These authors suggest a mechanism of PCA-mediated activation of tyrosinase enzymes leading to production of an active metabolite &#40;quinone&#41; capable of oxidizing the glutathione &#40;GSH&#41;&#44; altering cellular defense systems against ROS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46; On the other hand&#44; Galati <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2002&#44; proposed that phenolic rings of certain polyphenols could be metabolized by peroxidases to form pro-oxidant phenolic radicals&#44; reactive enough to co-oxidize the GSH and the NADH coenzyme&#44; with the sub-sequent formation ROS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should also be considered that&#44; under certain experimental conditions&#44; some phenolic compounds could initiate autoxidation reactions&#44; behaving as pro-oxidant molecules in culture media such as DMEM and RPMI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46; For example&#44; it has been found that in the presence of DMEM&#44; high doses of &#40;-&#41;-epigallocatechin-3-gallate&#44; &#40;&#43;&#41;-catechin and quercetin produce toxic levels of H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;frequently &#62; 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;M&#41;&#44; semiquinone and quinones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43&#8211;46</span></a>&#46; In addition&#44; high doses of phenolic acids were also associated with DNA damage induced by H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&#46; It has been described that exposure during 6 hour&#44; to doses of up to 50 mmol L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> of purified flavonoids&#44; could cause chromosomal translocation and clastogenicity in human cell lines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given that our experiments were performed in cells cultured in DMEM&#44; it is possible that the decrease in cell viability is related to H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> production from auto-oxidation of phenolic compounds present in extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span> analyzed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">CONCLUSIONS</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethanolic and acetonic extracts from whole body of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span> are a source of redox-reactive phenolic compounds that could be of biomedical interest&#46; In both extracts was tentatively identified the protocatechuic acid&#44; but further analysis with the standard compound would be required to confirm this assignment&#46; Additionally&#44; experimental design developed in this study suggests that the beetle&#39;s ethanol extracts shown low toxicity in HaCaT cell line&#44; at the tested concentrations&#46; We suggest that the greater cytotoxicity&#47;genotoxicity of acetonic extracts could be related to a higher concentration of redox-reactive compounds present in the sample and the time of exposure to these compounds&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "beetles"
            1 => "cell viability"
            2 => "cytotoxicity"
            3 => "genotoxicity"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span> &#40;Fairmaire&#44; 1893&#41; is a beetle used in alternative medicine treatments in some South American countries&#46; The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of phenolic fractions &#40;PF&#41; from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span>&#46; The PF were separated from crude extracts in acetone &#40;PFAc&#41; and ethanol &#40;PFEtOH&#41;&#46; The total phenolic content &#40;TPC&#41; was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu test&#46; Volatile and semi-volatile compounds presents in crude extracts were identified by GC-MS&#59; moreover&#44; phenolic fractions were analyzed by HPLC-MS&#46; The cellular viability&#44; after exposition to phenolic fractions&#44; was determined by Trypan blue exclusion test and MTT reduction assay on immortalized human keratinocyte cell line &#40;HaCat&#41;&#59; the degree of DNA damage was detected by alkaline comet-DNA assay&#46; The TPC in PFAc and PFEtOH were&#58; 11&#46;34&#177;0&#46;88 mgGAE&#47;g and 6&#46;52&#177;1&#46;28 mgGAE&#47;g&#44; respectively &#40;mean&#46;dif&#58; 4&#46;951&#59; p value &#61; 0&#46;0000&#41;&#46; In both samples&#44; HPLC-MS showed a pseudo-molecular ion &#91;M-H&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> at m&#47;z 153&#44; tentatively identified as protocatechuic acid&#46; The results of cytotoxic assays suggest that the viability of HaCat cells depends on the concentration and exposure time of each treatment&#46; Furthermore&#44; the comet assay revealed moderate genotoxic effect after 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours of exposure to PFAc &#40;40 to 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#59; cytotoxic&#47;genotoxic activity of this fraction could be related to the higher phenol contents&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span> &#40;Fairmaire&#44; 1893&#41;&#44; es un escarabajo usado en medicina alternativa en algunos pa&#237;ses de Sudam&#233;rica&#46; El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto citot&#243;xico y genot&#243;xico de fracciones fen&#243;licas &#40;FF&#41; de extractos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U&#46; dermestoides</span>&#46; Las FF se separaron desde extractos acet&#243;nicos &#40;FFAc&#41; y etan&#243;licos &#40;FFEtOH&#41;&#46; El contenido de fenoles totales &#40;CFT&#41; se determin&#243; mediante ensayo de Folin-Ciocalteu&#46; Compuestos vol&#225;tiles y semi-vol&#225;tiles&#44; presentes en los extractos crudos&#44; se identificaron mediante CG-EM&#59; por otra parte&#44; las FF se analizaron por HPLC-EM&#46; La viabilidad celular&#44; despu&#233;s de exposici&#243;n a las FF se determin&#243; mediante la prueba de exclusi&#243;n con azul de tripano y el ensayo de reducci&#243;n con MTT&#44; usando la l&#237;nea celular de queratinocitos humanos inmortalizados &#40;HaCat&#41;&#59; el grado de da&#241;o en el ADN se detect&#243; mediante el ensayo de ADN-cometa alcalino&#46; CFT en FFAc y FFEtOH fueron&#58; 11&#44;34&#177;0&#44;88 mgAGE&#47;g y 6&#44;52&#177;1&#44;28 mgAGE&#47;g&#44; respectivamente &#40;dif&#46;media&#58; 4&#44;951&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p value</span> &#61; 0&#46;0000&#41;&#46; En ambas muestras&#44; HPLC-EM mostr&#243; un ion pseudo-molecular &#91;M&#8722;H&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> a 153m&#47;z&#44; identificado tentativamente como &#225;cido protocateuico&#46; Los resultados de los ensayos de citotoxicidad sugieren que la viabilidad de c&#233;lulas HaCat depende de la concentraci&#243;n y el tiempo de exposici&#243;n a cada tratamiento&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el ensayo cometa revel&#243; efecto genot&#243;xico moderado despu&#233;s de 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de exposici&#243;n a FFAc &#40;40 a 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#46; La actividad citot&#243;xica&#47;genot&#243;xica de esta fracci&#243;n podr&#237;a estar relacionada con el contenido m&#225;s alto de fenoles&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results of the MTT assay conducted in HaCat cells treated with phenolic fractions of acetonic extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span> beetles&#46; Pair of bars represents assays with different times of exposition to the treatments &#40;24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#41;&#46; Results are given as mean &#177; SD of assays performed in triplicate&#46; Asterisk indicates statistically significant differences &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span>p value &#60; 0&#46;01&#41; with respect to untreated cells&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dose-response curves of phenolic fractions of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span> &#40;Trypan blue exclusion test&#41;&#46; The viability of HaCaT cells is reported in function of concentration of samples &#40;0 to 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#46; Tests were performed for 24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#46; Asterisk indicates statistically significant differences &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>p value &#60; 0&#46;05&#41; with respect to untreated cells&#46; The mean &#177; SD is shown&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DNA damaged in alkaline comet assay using HaCaT cells after 24 h incubations with phenolic fractions of &#40;A&#41; acetonic extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span> and &#40;B&#41; ethanolic extracts of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span>&#46; The top panel shows the comets for each treatment after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; Values are expressed as means of percentage of DNA in the comet tail &#177; SD&#46; Statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA&#47;Bonferroni post-hoc test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>p value &#60;0&#46;05&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span>p value &#60;0&#46;01 with respect to untreated cells&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">t<span class="elsevierStyleInf">R</span> &#61; Retention time&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ND &#61; no detected&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Compounds</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Acetonic extracts</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ethanolic extracts</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t<span class="elsevierStyleInf">R</span>&#44;<br>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative<br>quantity&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t<span class="elsevierStyleInf">R</span>&#44;<br>min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative<br>quantity&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ethyiresorcinol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pentadecene&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Di-tert-butylphenol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ethyl Tetradecanoate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Palmitate &#40;Methyl&#47;Ethyl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Linoleate &#40;Methyl&#47;Ethyl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oleate &#40;Methyl&#47;Ethyl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Stereate &#40;Methyl&#47;Ethyl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Isomer of linoleic acid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ethyl Eicosanoate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Heneicosenoate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fatty acid derivates M&#43; 348&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mono stearine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nitrogen compound M&#43;337&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nitrogen compound M&#43;351&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sterol derivates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Methyl esters were identified in acetonic extracts&#59; ethyl esters were identified en ethanolic extract&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tentative identification and relative abundance &#40;&#37;&#41; of compounds in acetonic and ethanolic extracts from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span> beetles&#44; determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry &#40;GC-MS&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">t<span class="elsevierStyleInf">R</span> &#61; Retention time&#46; All compounds were tentatively identified according to their pseudomolecular ion&#44; therefore the chemical identity must be verified with standard compounds&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Samples&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tentative compounds&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t<span class="elsevierStyleInf">R</span> &#40;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Molecular Weight &#40;g&#46;mol<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#91;M&#8722;H&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> m&#47;z&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Base peak m&#47;z&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFEtOH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Protocatechuic acid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;463&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">154&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">153&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">109&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFEtOH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Dinitrosalicylic acid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;843&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">227&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">123&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFAc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Protocatechuic acid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;577&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">154&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">153&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">109&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PFAc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Ethylresorcinol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;846&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">138&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative chemical composition of phenolic fractions of ethanolic extracts &#40;PFEtOH&#41; and acetonic extracts &#40;PFAc&#41; of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ulomoides dermestoides</span>&#44; determined by HPLC-MS-ESI in negative ion mode&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PFAc &#61; Phenolic fraction of acetonic extract&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PFEtOH &#61; Phenolic fractions of ethanolic extract&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Viability &#40;&#37;&#41; at 24h &#40;Mean &#177; SD&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Viability &#40;&#37;&#41; at 48h &#40;Mean &#177; SD&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">800 &#40;&#956;g&#46;mL<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 1405888X
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.recqb.2016.06.001

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	3	1	4
2024 October	36	3	39
2024 September	30	8	38
2024 August	28	5	33
2024 July	19	7	26
2024 June	23	7	30
2024 May	23	7	30
2024 April	37	8	45
2024 March	35	8	43
2024 February	44	3	47
2024 January	27	5	32
2023 December	31	9	40
2023 November	21	6	27
2023 October	29	11	40
2023 September	25	5	30
2023 August	27	7	34
2023 July	15	6	21
2023 June	26	1	27
2023 May	36	11	47
2023 April	62	3	65
2023 March	31	3	34
2023 February	36	5	41
2023 January	17	5	22
2022 December	38	13	51
2022 November	51	3	54
2022 October	42	8	50
2022 September	42	9	51
2022 August	32	7	39
2022 July	26	13	39
2022 June	57	5	62
2022 May	36	4	40
2022 April	33	11	44
2022 March	46	9	55
2022 February	25	7	32
2022 January	41	11	52
2021 December	28	5	33
2021 November	29	11	40
2021 October	39	9	48
2021 September	21	11	32
2021 August	26	3	29
2021 July	23	7	30
2021 June	24	6	30
2021 May	21	8	29
2021 April	58	10	68
2021 March	132	5	137
2021 February	32	7	39
2021 January	29	14	43
2020 December	25	4	29
2020 November	26	4	30
2020 October	20	1	21
2020 September	29	11	40
2020 August	61	8	69
2020 July	43	10	53
2020 June	113	5	118
2020 May	24	6	30
2020 April	13	3	16
2020 March	15	4	19
2020 February	21	4	25
2020 January	22	2	24
2019 December	20	16	36
2019 November	15	3	18
2019 October	15	2	17
2019 September	35	4	39
2019 August	19	2	21
2019 July	16	6	22
2019 June	62	23	85
2019 May	133	48	181
2019 April	77	22	99
2019 March	14	3	17
2019 February	19	2	21
2019 January	18	0	18
2018 December	20	3	23
2018 November	41	2	43
2018 October	41	14	55
2018 September	59	9	68
2018 August	52	4	56
2018 July	10	3	13
2018 June	15	1	16
2018 May	10	5	15
2018 April	19	1	20
2018 March	11	2	13
2018 February	5	1	6
2018 January	11	0	11
2017 December	7	3	10
2017 November	14	3	17
2017 October	9	3	12
2017 September	11	8	19
2017 August	13	21	34
2017 July	16	9	25
2017 June	20	38	58
2017 May	18	5	23
2017 April	18	1	19
2017 March	25	28	53
2017 February	109	7	116
2017 January	16	9	25
2016 December	33	11	44
2016 November	51	11	62
2016 October	35	16	51
2016 September	51	14	65
2016 August	33	6	39
2016 July	11	4	15

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