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Vol. 23. Issue 3.
Pages 215-221 (September - December 2022)
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Vol. 23. Issue 3.
Pages 215-221 (September - December 2022)
Revisión
Datos preliminares de las vacunas de ARN mensajero (ARNm) frente al virus respiratorio sincitial
Preliminary data on messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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342
Jordi Reina
Corresponding author
jorge.reina@ssib.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, María Fernández-Billón
Unidad de Virología, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, España
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Resumen

El virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) es el principal causante de las infecciones respiratorias agudas que afectan preferentemente a los < 5 años. Sin embargo, también posee un elevado impacto epidemiológico en los > 65 años. A pesar de ser un virus con un genoma ARN presenta una elevada estabilidad genética y antigénica (solo se conocen los subgrupos A y B) y el único reservorio es el ser humano, lo que lo hace un candidato ideal para la elaboración de una vacuna. La mayoría de las vacunas en desarrollo utilizan como antígeno la glicoproteína F en su forma pre-fusión (preF), ya que induce una mayor tasa de anticuerpos neutralizantes e inmunidad celular. Las vacunas de ARN mensajero (ARNm) se han mostrado muy eficaces, por ello recientemente se han diseñado frente al VRS. Varias vacunas del tipo NPL-ARNm (nanopartículas) han mostrado seguridad e inmunogenicidad en el ser humano. Las tasas de anticuerpos neutralizantes obtenidas están muy por encima de otras vacunas y la inmunidad celular es preferentemente de tipo CD4+. Los efectos adversos son escasos y locales, incluso a dosis elevadas. Los datos preliminares confirman la seguridad e inmunogenicidad de las vacunas de tipo NPL-ARNm basadas en la proteína preF del VRS.

Palabras clave:
Virus Respiratorio Sincitial
ARN mensajero
Vacunas de nanopartículas
Eficacia vacunal
Abstract

The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute respiratory infections that preferably affect children <5 years of age. However, it also has a high epidemiological impact on those >65 years. Despite being a virus with an RNA genome, it has high genetic and antigenic stability (only subgroups A and B are known) and the only reservoir is the human being, which makes it an ideal candidate for the development of a vaccine. Most of the vaccines in development use glycoprotein F in its pre-fusion form (preF) as antigen, since it induces a higher rate of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are very effective, which is why they have recently been designed against RSV. Several NPL-mRNA (nanoparticle) type vaccines have shown safety and immunogenicity in humans. The rates of neutralizing antibodies obtained are well above other vaccines and cellular immunity is preferable for the CD4+ type. Adverse effects are few and local even at high doses. Preliminary data confirm the safety and immunogenicity of NPL-mRNA type vaccines based on RSV preF protein.

Keywords:
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
messenger RNA
Nanoparticle vaccines
Vaccine efficacy

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