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Vol. 3. Issue 2.
Pages 48-53 (April 2002)
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Vol. 3. Issue 2.
Pages 48-53 (April 2002)
Epidemiología de las infecciones respiratorias virales en niños. Cataluña, 1995-2000
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159
P. Ciruela
Corresponding author
pciruela@dsss.scs.es

Correspondencia: Dirección General de Salud Pública. Travessera de les Corts, 131-159. 08028 Barcelona.
, N. Torner y, A. Domínguez
Dirección General de Salud Pública. Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social. Barcelona.
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Resumen
Introducción

Los virus son los agentes infecciosos más frecuentes de las infecciones respiratorias agudas, y afectan principalmente a las primeras edades de la vida. Existen diferentes sistemas de vigilancia para estos virus. En Cataluña a través del Sistema de Notificación Microbiológica se recogen los aislamientos de los virus respiratorios, entre otros agentes infecciosos. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la epidemiología de los virus: gripal, parainfluenza, respiratorio sincitial y adenovirus en los niños menores de 15 años.

Material y métodos

Se han analizado las notificaciones del virus gripal, virus parainfluenza, virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) y adenovirus notificados al Sistema de Notificación Microbiológica de Cataluña. El período de estudio ha sido el comprendido entre enero de 1995 a diciembre de 2000, en los niños menores de 15 años. Las variables analizadas han sido: edad, sexo, mes, año y método de diagnóstico virológico. Para comparar las proporciones se han utilizado como pruebas estadísticas el test de la χ2 y el test de Fisher; el nivel de significación estadística se ha establecido en 0,05.

Resultados

Se han declarado un total de 9.787 virus respiratorios. El VRS ha representado el 76,8% del total, el virus gripal el 14,7%, adenovirus el 6,4% y virus parainfluenza el 2,1%. El virus gripal tipo A (89,5%) ha sido más frecuente que el tipo B (10,5%). La mayoría de los aislamientos han sido en menores de un año (78,3%). En los niños menores de 5 años el virus implicado con más frecuencia ha sido el VRS (p < 0,05), en cambio en los niños de 5 a 19 años ha sido el virus gripal (p < 0,05). Los virus se han aislado principalmente en los meses de más frío (diciembre a febrero), excepto el virus parainfluenza que se ha aislado preferentemente en meses templados.

Conclusión

Las infecciones respiratorias virales ocasionan una elevada morbilidad. En los menores de un año y en los meses fríos se han concentrado la mayoría de los aislamientos. El VRS ha sido el agente infeccioso más frecuente (p < 0,05). Dicho virus ha presentado una actividad epidémica de mayor duración que el virus gripal, iniciándose unas semanas antes y finalizando también después. Por sí sola, no se puede utilizar la actividad epidémica del VRS para predecir el inicio de la epidemia gripal, por presentar éste un comportamiento complejo. Con el objetivo de disminuir la incidencia de las infecciones respiratorias agudas se tendrá que tener presente futuras vacunas.

Palabras clave:
Infecciones respiratorias virales
VRS
Virus gripal
Adenovirus
Virus parainfluenza
Summary
Introduction

Viruses are the most frequent infectious agents causing acute respiratory infections, mainly in the young. Different systems of surveillance exist for these viruses. In Catalonia, the Microbiological Reporting System records isolations of respiratory viruses as well as other infectious agents. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology of the influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial viruses and the adenovirus in children under 15 years of age.

Material and methods

All cases of the influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial viruses and the adenovirus occurring in children under 15 years of age reported to the Microbiological Reporting System of Catalonia during the period January 1995 -December 2000 were analysed. The variables determined were: age, sex, month, year and method of diagnosis. The χ2 and Fisher's exact tests were used for the statistical analysis. The level of statistical significance was established at 0.05.

Results

A total of 617 infants were included in the study. Diagnosis was bronchiolitis in 64 %, wheezy bronchitis in 24.6%, laryngitis in 4.4% and pneumonia in 6.8%. The mean age was 269 ± 188 days, the male/female ratio was 1:6 and the mean hospital stay was 6.6 ± 3.5 days. At least one viral agent was identified in 55.6% of the episodes, of which 83.6 % were due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Other less frequently identified viruses were parainfluenza in 7%, adenovirus in 4.3% and influenza in 4%. Coinfection was identified in 6.2 % of RSV-positive infants. These infants were younger (p < 0.005), had higher respiratory distress assessment instrument (RDAI) scores and longer hospital stay than infants in the other etiologic groups. Chest radiographs were performed in 94.3 % of the infants and 39.5 % showed infiltrate or atelectasis. This radiological alteration was significantly associated with a fever of more than 38.5 °C and reactive C protein concentrations of more than 30 mg/L (p < 0.001 and p < 0.002), but not with higher RDAI score, SaO2 equal to or less than 87%, or longer hospital stay. In the crude analysis, hospitalization for more than 5 days was associated with lower age (p < 0.01), a mean RDAI score of more than 6 (p < 0.003), SaO2 equal to or less than 87% (p < 0.01) and RSV infection (p < 0.001). However, in the multivariate analysis only SaO2 equal to or less than 87 % and RSV infection were significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization.

Conclusion

A total of 9,787 respiratory virus infections were reported. The RSV represented 76.8% of the total, the influenza virus 14.7%, the adenovirus 6.4% and the parainfluenza virus 2.1%. The flu virus type A (89.5%) was more frequent than type B (10.5%). Most isolations were in infants under 1 year of age (78.3%). In children under 5 years of age, the most frequent virus was the RSV (p < 0.05), while in subjects aged between 5 and 19 years the influenza virus was the most common (p < 0.05). The virus was isolated mainly in the colder months (December to February), except for the parainfluenza virus which was isolated mainly in temperate months.

Key words:
Viral respiratory infections
RSV
Influenza virus
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza virus

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