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Vol. 25. Issue 2.
Pages 285.e1-285.e94 (April - June 2024)
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Vol. 25. Issue 2.
Pages 285.e1-285.e94 (April - June 2024)
Review article
Innate and adaptative immune mechanisms of COVID-19 vaccines. Serious adverse events associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A systematic review
Mecanismos inmunitarios innatos y adaptativos de las vacunas COVID-19. Efectos adversos graves asociados a la vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2: una revisión sistemática
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Rocío Morlanes Pallás
Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Cellular mechanisms and pathogen/viral, autoinflammatory, autoimmune, and paraneoplastic pathways associated with adverse effects in recipients of COVID-19 vaccines.
Table 2. Summary of immunological effects of adverse events resulting from SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Table A1. Variables identified from reports included in the systematic review (time from vaccination to symptom onset [days], future recommendations and limitations related to COVID-19 vaccines).
Table A2. Variables identified from the reports included in the systematic review (design, immunogenicity/reactogenicity and clinical characteristics related to COVID-19 vaccines).
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Abstract
Introduction

The present review focuses on innate–adaptative immune stimulation by COVID-19 vaccines, especially by mRNA-iLNP vaccines. It describes iLNP and nucleoside-modified mRNA technologies, reverse transcription, inflammatory signals linked to reactogenicity, including vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated vascular cross-talk, induced by systemic and spike protein, which mimic COVID-persistent. Finally, the connection between the manifestation of severe forms of adverse reactions to vaccination and molecular mimicry, the production of particular autoantibodies and the role of certain vaccine adjuvants are discussed in detail.

Objectives

To identify articles that publish information on the adverse effects produced after the administration of COVID-19 vaccines in order to demonstrate their therapeutic potential in the treatment–prevention of disease; as well as to demonstrate the association of causality and temporal ocurrence.

Methodology

Systematic review of the scientific literature published between July 2021 and July 2023, which analyses all reports of inflammatory signatures of serious adverse effects caused by COVID-19 vaccines.

Results

The systematic review identified 2033 records which, after a screening process according to the inclusion criteria and the elimination of duplicated papers, work with methodological problems and work without open access, were reduced to 58 articles, of which 50 articles are human models and 2 are cellular models.

Conclusion

The results of this systematic review reveal the causal and temporal association of the various serious adverse events following administration of COVID-19 vaccines and the “peak effect” of COVID-19 vaccines is recognised.

Keywords:
COVID-19 Vaccine
Adverse events
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Resumen
Introducción

La presente revisión se centra en la estimulación inmunitaria innata-adaptativa por las vacunas COVID-19, especialmente por las vacunas ARNm-iLNP. Se describen las tecnologías iLNP y ARNm modificado con nucleósidos, la transcripción inversa, las señales inflamatorias vinculadas a la reactogenicidad, incluye la diafonía vascular mediada por el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular (VEGF), inducida por la proteína pico con efecto sistémico y, que imitan el COVID-persistente. Por último, se discuten en detalle la conexión entre la manifestación de las formas graves de las reacciones adversas a la vacunación y el mimetismo molecular, la producción de autoanticuerpos particulares y el papel de ciertos adyuvantes de las vacunas.

Objetivos

Identificar los artículos que publican información sobre los efectos adversos producidos después de la administración de las vacunas COVID-19 para demostrar su potencial terapéutico en el tratamiento y/o prevención de la enfermedad; así como evidenciar la asociación de causalidad y ocurrencia temporal.

Metodología

Revisión sistemática de la literatura científica publicada entre julio de 2021 y julio de 2023, que analiza todos los reportes sobre firmas inflamatorias de efectos adversos graves causados por las vacunas contra la COVID-19.

Resultados

La revisión sistemática ha permitido identificar 2033 registros que, tras un proceso de cribado de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y la eliminación de trabajos duplicados, de trabajos con problemas metodológicos y de trabajos sin acceso libre se redujeron a 58 artículos, de ellos, 50 artículos son modelos humanos y 2 corresponden a modelos celulares.

Conclusión

Los resultados de esta revisión revelan la asociación causal y temporal de los distintos efectos adversos graves posteriores a la administración de las vacunas COVID-19 y se reconoce el «efecto de pico» de las vacunas COVID-19.

Palabras clave:
Vacuna COVID-19
Eventos adversos
Vacuna SARS-CoV-2

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