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Tuells, J.L. Duro Torrijos" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Tuells" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "tuells@ua.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.L." "apellidos" => "Duro Torrijos" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Cátedra Balmis de Vacunología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Propagación de la vacuna contra la viruela en Bilbao (1801-1802), el papel de Lope de Mazarredo (1769-1820)" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the early days of the dissemination of the smallpox vaccine in Spain (1800–1802), as historians Olagüe and Astrain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> describe several groups of active supporters of the Jennerian method got together. The pioneers in vaccination emerged in Catalonia, where the first Spanish immunisations were carried out in Puigcerdà (Cerdanya) in December 1800 by physician and member of the Academia Médico-Práctica de Barcelona [Barcelona Academy of Medical Practice], Francisco Piguillem i Verdaguer (1770–1826).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> His example was followed by other Catalan doctors such as Vicente Mitjavila i Fisonell (1759–1805) and Francisco Salvá i Campillo (1751–1828) and expanded to Tarragona by the engineer of Irish origin John Smith Sinnot (1756–1809).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> A second hub of activity was in Aranjuez (Ignacio de Jáuregui, physician to the Royal Family) and Madrid, where the maximum exponent was the secretary of the Real Academia de Medicina Matritense [Royal Academy of Medicine of Madrid], Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1763–1822).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a> Lastly, a third group formed in the Basque Country-Navarre, to which Lope García de Mazarredo and Juan Antonio de Ugalde contributed in Bilbao, surgeons Salvador Bonor, José Antonio de Irizar and Vicente Lubet in San Sebastian, and Diego de Bances and Vicente Martínez in Navarre.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The vaccine and its first applications had reached the Iberian peninsula quickly and, although not evenly distributed, it was adopted across the country thanks to the impetus of a group of physicians and surgeons with connections to academic institutions. Added to these members of the medical profession was the enthusiasm of a large collective of bourgeoisie, aristocrats and state officials, who joined forces to spread the vaccine to all corners of Spain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They communicated their advances and sent each other vaccine material through a substantial amount of correspondence; Piguillem sent vaccine to Smith and to Barcelona, Salvá and Campillo to Madrid, and Smith to Valencia, Cartagena and Zaragoza.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> The best proof of this network was embodied in the figure of Ruiz de Luzuriaga who, from his position in the Academy of Medicine, received numerous requests for instructions for practicing vaccination, and also requests for vaccine samples, to which he responded as far as he was able. Considered an authority on the subject in view of his professional prestige and his position in the Academy, Ruiz de Luzuriaga accumulated a large amount of correspondence, which is referred to as the “Vaccine Papers” and is held in the institution's document library, from where it has been studied by different authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–11</span></a> He was also entrusted to write a compendium on vaccination, vaccination techniques and scientific justification<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> but, like his <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Impartial report on smallpox prophylaxis</span>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> which was the prelude to that awaited text, it was never published.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Along the same lines as previous studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a> in which we analysed parts of this correspondence with reference to local areas (Soria, Burgos), we describe here a total of eight letters contained in the “Vaccine Papers” which refer to Bilbao. Four of these letters are signed by the surgeon of the town Juan Antonio de Ugalde, and the other four by Lope García de Mazarredo Gómez de la Torre (1769–1820), a member of the Bilbao bourgeoisie. The series of documents, dated from 22 August 1801 to 12 October 1802, has allowed us to perform a case study on the circumstances that facilitated the first vaccinations in Bilbao and identify the initial players and concerns about the vaccine.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">The first vaccinations against smallpox in Bilbao</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ruiz de Luzuriaga, born in Villaro, had close links with Bilbao. He spent his childhood and youth there, with his father, José Santiago Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1728–1793), working as a doctor in Bilbao from 1773 until his death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The head surgeon of the town of Bilbao, Juan Antonio de Ugalde, who practiced in the Civil Hospital and the Casa de Misericordia [poorhouse], sent Ruiz de Luzuriaga a letter dated 22 August 1801, which described the first vaccination practiced in the city. The operation was dated 13 July 1801, and was carried out with vaccine fluid sent from Madrid by Ruiz de Luzuriaga, only a month and a half after the first vaccinations that he had carried out in the capital.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0005"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“My dear sir, the moment I received the very valuable vaccine fluid from you, I began to publish the advantages and benefits of its inoculation. However, the concern in this town, in spite of what I was telling them and the noises made in the public papers on the matter, were not enough to persuade them; nonetheless, there was a good father who was determined to inoculate his son”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Here we can appreciate the initial distrust society had towards the novel method. In a document attached to the letter, Ugalde gave a detailed description of the technical aspects of the vaccination, the course of the operation and the outcome.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0010"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“On 13 July at about 6 o’clock in the afternoon I inoculated Santos Rafael de Acha, aged 9 months, son of Mr Ceferino de Acha and Mrs Isabel de Gómez with the vaccine fluid from one of the vials that you sent me. On the 16th, the four incisions began to become coloured and all went through the entire inflammatory period until the 25th of that month. During that time, scabs began to form and that continued until the beginning of this month of August, with a corrosive ulcer remaining in one of the blisters as a result of the child's nurse having pulled off the dry scab, but that is also now almost healed.</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0015"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Throughout all the different periods, i.e. inertia, inflammatory and scab formation, the child was eating sardines, fruit and everything they gave him, also being taken all over the town and suburbs whether it was hot or cold, without him showing the slightest indisposition. No symptoms or teething problems were observed, in spite of two of his incisors having come out at the time he was vaccinated”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The document quoted above testifies to the exact date of the first vaccination carried out in Bilbao, as the literature on the subject always states that it occurred on 22 August 1801. In the same letter, Ugalde asked Ruiz de Luzuriaga for a new batch of vaccine fluid in order to disseminate it, attaching the following:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0020"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] instructions to several nearby towns to continue spreading it, and I will send you the events they report to me, and the effects that I observe as they are verified, just as you’ve asked me to do”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ugalde is therefore Bilbao's first vaccinator and the first to offer to spread the vaccine in his area, becoming another element in the web woven by Ruiz de Luzuriaga.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In his urgent request for new vials, Ugalde highlighted a possible failure on his part in his desire to continue vaccinating; the fact of having delayed too long before collecting fluid from the first child:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0025"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] I took three vials, but in my opinion I left it too long, because I had counted the number days you cited me from the day it began to manifest and not, as I should have done, from the day of inoculation, by which time the pus was yellow”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The third vial with vaccine was delivered to Lope García de Mazarredo, who took charge of the propagation of the vaccine in Bilbao.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Lope de Mazarredo's interest in the vaccine</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">He came from a family of public servants related to careers in the military and established in Bilbao, and they also held important positions in the city. His father, Juan Rafael Mazarredo Salazar de Muñatones y Gortázar (1742–1799), was deputy general of the Province of Biscay, and married for the second time to Francisca Gómez de la Torre y Larringa, member of a family of merchants in the town of Bilbao, whose offspring pursued administrative and military careers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Lope García de Mazarredo himself became a city councillor from 1796 to 1800.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Lope García de Mazarredo is frequently cited as Lope de Mazarredo and we will continue to refer to him in that way.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The young Lope de Mazarredo, like Ruiz de Luzuriaga, was a student at the Seminary of Vergara, an institution linked to the Real Sociedad Bascongada de los Amigos del País [Royal Basque Society of Friends of the Country], prominent members of which were the Count of Peñaflorida and Ruiz de Luzuriaga's father, José Santiago. José Santiago Ruiz de Luzuriaga played a very active role, which included addressing the training of midwives, the teaching of first aid and asphyxiation treatments, and the practice of smallpox inoculation in the province.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Lope de Mazarredo appears in the society's minutes during the 1780s,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and thanks to that he had continuous access to the scientific advances in European medicine.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With this background, Lope de Mazarredo knew about the first vaccinations taking place and became interested in the subject; first of all as a father, in order to protect his daughter, and secondly, as a way to increase his social-scientific prestige. The surgeon Ugalde a Ruiz de Luzuriaga confirms that interest in his letter of 22 August.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0030"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“The moment Mr Lope de Mazarredo knew that I had inoculated the boy with the vaccine, he wanted to do the same with his only daughter; but he wanted to see the success first, when a treatise on the vaccine was published in the Gazette of Paris by Doctor Husson, which he sent off to ask for and received by return post. For this time, Mr Lope asked me for one of the vials that I had left over in order to secure it, for fear that I would use it in someone else, because he did not want to do it until he read the work”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the efficacy of the vaccine confirmed, Ugalde vaccinated Lope de Mazarredo's daughter; it was 17 August and the surgeon recounted to the secretary of the academy that:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0035"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] at about half past eight on that morning, I inoculated Mr Lope's girl with the vaccine material from the vial that I said he had in his possession, but at nine o’clock in the morning today, there are no signs of the inoculation having taken effect, this being already the sixth day, in spite of having done the operation with more satisfaction than in the first, which showed signs on the third day”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first vaccination did not obtain the desired result, amid the growing concern and interest, as a father, of Lope de Mazarredo. For this reason, that same day of 22 August, Lope sent a letter to his brother Francisco de Mazarredo, future Field Marshal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and established in Madrid, to describe the unproductive vaccination of his daughter:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0040"><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] it is now the 22nd and there is still no sign of the vaccine having taken effect; this is the only vaccine there is in Bilbao, and if it doesn’t take, we have nowhere to collect pus, because although Ugalde vaccinated another child with the other vial Luzuriaga sent him, he took the pus on the tenth day counting from the inflammation, so it was 14 or 15 after the incision, this being late because by that time the pus has lost its prophylactic value”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">He took the opportunity to ask him to contact Ruiz de Luzuriaga with the utmost urgency to request that he send vaccine fluid:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0045"><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] tell him that Ugalde is writing this letter asking him for more vaccine pus, and that he should make all efforts to send it by return post, because in Bilbao the parents are anxious to vaccinate their children and Biscay will be one of the areas where the most progress is made with vaccination”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The urgency of the letter is evident, not only because of his particular interest as a parent, but also because of the decision he made in response to the demand expressed by Bilbao society, trying to obtain vaccine fluid to distribute it along with instructions on how to apply it:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0050"><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] I have become a writer, since I have put together practical instructions for the vaccinators, extracted from the treatise on the vaccine written by H. M. Husson of Paris. I will have it printed and send it to you once it is in printed form”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">He also suggested that his brother could deliver the letter to Ruiz de Luzuriaga:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0055"><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] you can send this letter to Luzuriaga if you wish, and let's hope, for God's sake, that he doesn’t fail to send me the pus, because after some of it is disseminated in Bilbao, it will be sent around all the towns in the Province with the printed instructions I have prepared and am thinking of sending to all the parties involved”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lope de Mazarredo translated and extracted the work <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Recherches historiques et medicales sur la vaccine</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> by Henri Marie Husson (1772–1853), prominent pro-vaccine campaigner, secretary of the Central Vaccine Committee created in Paris in February 1800 and physician at the vaccination hospital there.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The 23-page text plus an erratum was translated as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Practical instructions for the inoculation of vaccine</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and consists of eight sections with a clear educational intent, providing a description of the main features of the true vaccine and how it should be administered and preserved.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a> The mini-work came out at the end of that same month of August, according to Ugalde's letter to Ruiz de Luzuriaga dated 28 August.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0060"><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“My dear Sir, the moment Mr Lópe de Mazarredo received Dr Husson's work on inoculation of the vaccine, he began to make an extract with the idea of giving it to some friends; in effect, he has printed it anonymously, as you see. The first to come off the printing press are these I am sending you; I said that I wanted to send you two copies”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this letter he reminded once again of the need for vaccine fluid:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0065"><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] I would greatly appreciate if you would not forget to send me the vaccine material as I asked in my previous letter”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This first work, very few copies of which are known to remain,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a> was cited in his writings by the linguist and diplomat Wilhem von Humboldt (1767–1835), brother of the well-known geographer and naturalist Alexander, who visited the Basque provinces in 1799 and 1801, describing their customs, language and intellectual life. Humboldt had contacts with prominent members of Basque society. In one of his writings on the Basques, Humboldt wrote:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0070"><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“Mr Lope de Mazarredo in Bilbao, nephew of the well-known Admiral, has translated one of the best pieces of writing to have come from Paris on this subject and has had his daughter vaccinated first. Others in Bilbao and other towns have followed his example”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">A passing uncertainty</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A month later, on 29 September 1801, Lope de Mazarredo sent a letter to Ruiz de Luzuriaga, informing him of the success of the second vaccination of his daughter, who:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0075"><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] it went perfectly, with three pockmarks showing that it had taken effect in the second vaccination she was given”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">He also indicated that the operations were spreading across the town but could be slowed down by the news of a vaccination-related adverse event in the son of a distinguished family from Madrid.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0080"><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“Here the vaccination is spreading, but I think a voice coming from Pamplona will stop the progress. They say that the son of Castro Terreño, whom you inoculated, died on the ninth day after being vaccinated and died of the vaccine: I do not believe in such a death and especially from the effect of the vaccine, but I would greatly appreciate if by return of post you might tell me if it is true, and if so, what the circumstances of his death were, in order to publish them, and not stop the progress of the vaccine”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of all this set of correspondence, the text of this letter is the only document that shows a barrier or uncertainty in the dissemination of vaccinations in Bilbao. The death in Madrid of one of the sons of the Count of Castro Terreño in September 1801 was the vaccination-related adverse event to have the greatest impact on Spanish public opinion and for which Ruiz de Luzuriaga had to provide the most explanations. Although he could not clarify the event, he associated it with statistical probability and the high infant mortality rates of the time, as he recorded in his impartial report<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0085"><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] if in all countries two thirds of children born die before the age of two, as it would seem from the obituaries, why should it not happen in a capital city, where the bad hereditary dispositions are so common, where the vices of scrofula and rickets dominate, the former of which aggravates the smallpox”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The event endangered the continuity of the vaccinations, but the problem was overcome thanks to the help of the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, who continued with the vaccinations and so encouraged the rest of the population.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lope de Mazarredo concludes his letter of 29 September communicating to Ruiz de Luzuriaga that the vaccinations will continue to be practiced in the town, and that they would continue reporting the result and observations to the secretary:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0090"><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“Ugalde and I are observing and we will pass the results on to you once we have a reasonable number of vaccinated cases”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></span></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Lope de Mazarredo as catalyst</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lope de Mazarredo's activities as an authority on and spreader of the vaccine in these early stages continued to grow and even became international. An example of this is the letter sent to Humboldt at the end of September by the prominant member of Bilbao society, José María de Murga, who wrote in friendly tones that:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0095"><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] the only novelty I am able to inform you of is the introduction of the vaccine, thanks to the effective endeavours of friend Mazarredo who has even given birth to an extract in the work published in Paris by Husson on this matter”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ruiz de Luzuriaga also cited him in a letter to Joseph-Louis Proust (1754–1826)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0100"><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“In the Province of Biscay, Mr Lope Mazarredo, who has translated and printed the practical instructions for the inoculation of Dr Husson's vaccine at his own expense, has propagated the vaccine in Bilbao and the Province, assisted by the head surgeon of Bilbao, Mr Juan Antonio Ugalde”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">He also highlighted the activity of the surgeon Ugalde, whom he quoted again in the impartial report, giving him his due importance:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0105"><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“As my first aim has been to provide this benefit to all parts of the Peninsula, I am able to make use of the observations of my correspondents. […] Mr Juan Antonio Ugalde, Surgeon of Bilbao, and a vast number of other correspondents, whose results I await, the total number I have been notified of being 1,126 people”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even so, the active Lope de Mazarredo became the supplier of the vaccine fluid in the surrounding areas, as was communicated from Azpeitia (Guipúzcoa) to Ruiz de Luzuriaga by the noble Xaviera de Murgategui in a letter dated 9 November 1801:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0110"><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“As I promised to do, I am writing to tell you that of the four incisions that were made on my little girl with the fluid that you sent me, none of them took effect. Our doctor states that as the vial was cracked, the fluid may have been spoiled; 20 days later he brought new fluid from Bilbao, with which they gave her two pricks and both took effect”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lope de Mazarredo contacted Ruiz de Luzuriaga again on 16 December 1801, transmitting the progress of the vaccine in the Province of Biscay, and using the opportunity to consult on a technical matter regarding the operation:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0115"><p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“[…] I just need to ask you about something I have continuously observed, about what it could be. In some fifteen or sixteen children who I am sure have not had the old smallpox, having vaccinated them, it turned out to be a false vaccine due to irritation. I inoculated them again 10 or 12 days later. These new vaccines, with the greatest care and the best pus, also turned out to be false due to irritation in all the incisions that showed effect. Could it possibly be that the nature of these children has been irritated by the first false vaccine, and that it is necessary to let it rest for a while?”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was a break in the correspondence for five months, with it resuming on 15 May 1802, when Ugalde contacted Ruiz de Luzuriaga to request another shipment of vaccine fluid:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0120"><p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“Mr Lope de Mazarredo tells me he is at your disposal and asks you to try to send him the vials as soon as possible, as well as the funnels that he recently ordered from you”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lope de Mazarredo's correspondence closes with the letter sent from Bilbao on 12 October, in which he mentions that he has been in contact with Pascual Quartero, surgeon of “San Clemente, Province of Cuenca”, having seen that the surgeon had published in the<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0125"><p id="spar0135" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gaceta de España [Spanish Gazette] of 14 September […] that he had vaccinated many children and from day two the smallpox boils had started to erupt,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> an occurrence typical of a false vaccination, notes Lope de Mazarredo. For that reason he sent him a letter along with his translation of Husson. He continued telling Ruiz de Luzuriaga what the Cuenca surgeon claimed, “[…] that the vaccinated children have slept with epidemic smallpox victims without having become infected”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A situation that had to be checked before issuing a report to the medical tribunal, although he concluded that Quartero was wrong and only distinguished the false vaccine.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lope de Mazarredo continued his letter alluding to the value of a pro-vaccine collective to honour Jenner:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0130"><p id="spar0140" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“I believe, as you do, that what is taken out of the subscription in Spain for Jenner will not be much and if it actually happens, I think that with you leading, in terms of collecting it, using your name, more will be raised; I would gladly take charge of it for you, to raise the money and make it work. […] It is a good idea that Jenner be given a platinum medal with his portrait; if it was up to me, it would be already have been done; you have influence and vote in these matters and nobody like you could have persuaded the Minister”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p></span></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lope de Mazarredo capitalised on the distribution of vaccine fluid and rose to be an authority on the technique among the Basque vaccinators. Moreover, without any previous training in vaccines, he produced a summary of Husson's work, thereby contributing to his professional and social-scientific prestige, as well as unexpected, although meagre, international recognition.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This set of correspondence, as a process, bears a degree of similarity to the institution of vaccines in other towns across the country.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, we should mention a note from John Baron, Jenner's biographer, who referred to a letter sent by Lope de Mazarredo to the English surgeon on 3 October 1801, to tell him that the practice of vaccination was reasonably widespread in Spain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Funding</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work is included within the framework of the research project “The roles of the vaccine” that has received funding from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Spanish Vaccinology Foundation</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">FEV1-11PA</span>).</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres954658" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec926359" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres954657" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec926360" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "The first vaccinations against smallpox in Bilbao" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Lope de Mazarredo's interest in the vaccine" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "A passing uncertainty" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Lope de Mazarredo as catalyst" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-09-13" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-10-16" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec926359" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Smallpox" 1 => "Vaccine" 2 => "Bilbao" 3 => "Lope García de Mazarredo" 4 => "Juan Antonio de Ugalde" 5 => "Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec926360" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Viruela" 1 => "Vacuna" 2 => "Bilbao" 3 => "Lope García de Mazarredo" 4 => "Juan Antonio de Ugalde" 5 => "Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The dissemination of the Jennerian vaccine in Spain began with similar readiness to that of other European countries. However, this expansion did not occur simultaneously in Spain. Several groups of illustrious physicians and surgeons linked to academic institutions, and with contacts in France and England took the initiative to practice vaccination. The pioneers of vaccine distribution emerged in Catalonia, Madrid, and the Basque Country. The enthusiasm of the first vaccinators was supported by the bourgeoisie, aristocrats, and state officials. Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga, secretary of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Madrid, had a prominent role as a coordinator between those interested in administering or receiving the vaccine, whether they were health workers or parents. The correspondence between them allows to determine the circumstances of that expansion. This case study analyses the introduction of the vaccine in Bilbao, through a series of letters from Juan Antonio de Ugalde, surgeon of the town, and Lope García de Mazarredo sent to Ruiz de Luzuriaga.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La difusión de la vacuna jenneriana en España se inició con similar prontitud a la de otros países europeos. Sin embargo, esta expansión no se produjo de forma simultánea en nuestro país, varios grupos de médicos y cirujanos ilustrados vinculados a instituciones académicas y con contactos en Francia e Inglaterra tomaron la iniciativa de practicar la vacunación. En Cataluña, Madrid y el País vasco-navarro surgieron los núcleos pioneros de distribución de la vacuna. Al entusiasmo de los primeros vacunadores se sumó el apoyo de burgueses, aristócratas y funcionarios del Estado. Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga, secretario de la Real Academia de Medicina Matritense, tuvo un destacado papel como conector entre los interesados en administrar o recibir la vacuna, ya fueran sanitarios o padres. La correspondencia que mantuvo con ellos permite conocer las circunstancias particulares de esa expansión. Este estudio de caso analiza la introducción de la vacuna en Bilbao a través de un conjunto de cartas de Juan Antonio de Ugalde, cirujano de la villa, y Lope García de Mazarredo remitidas a Ruiz de Luzuriaga.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Tuells J, Duro Torrijos JL. Propagación de la vacuna contra la viruela en Bilbao (1801-1802), el papel de Lope de Mazarredo (1769-1820). Vacunas. 2017;18:79–84.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Propaganda y filantropismo: los primeros textos sobre la vacunación jenneriana en España (1799-1801)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G. Olagüe de Ros" 1 => "M. 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History of Vaccinology
Spread of the smallpox vaccine in Bilbao (1801–1802), the role of Lope de Mazarredo (1769–1820)
Propagación de la vacuna contra la viruela en Bilbao (1801-1802), el papel de Lope de Mazarredo (1769-1820)
Cátedra Balmis de Vacunología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain