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Vol. 55. Núm. 5.
Páginas 476-487 (enero 2003)
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Vol. 55. Núm. 5.
Páginas 476-487 (enero 2003)
Acceso a texto completo
Actualización en trombosis venosa profunda que afecta a las extremidades inferiores: diagnóstico
Update on deep vein thrombosis involving the lower limbs: diagnosis
Actualização na trombose venosa profunda que envolve os membros inferiores: diagnóstico
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F. Lozano
Autor para correspondencia
ozano@usal.es

Correspondencia: Unidad de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular. Hospital Universitario. Universidad de Salamanca. P.o San Vicente, 58-182. E-37007 Salamanca.
Unidad de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular. Hospital Universitario. Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca, España.
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Estadísticas
Summary
Aims

The purpose of this study is to update the knowledge available about the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) involving the lower limbs.

Development

The process begins with a clinical suspicion (symptomatology). A diagnostic strategy that includes a predictive model, D-dimers and Doppler ultrasound recording –the first choice complementary exploration– can then be decisive. Phlebography remains the ‘gold standard’, but is reserved for dubious cases. Old complementary tests, i.e. different types of plethysmography, are still trying to find their place in today’s practice. Finally, modern isotopic methods, spiral computed axial tomography and magnetic resonance, although very advanced, are still in the phase of being clinically validated.

Conclusions

1. The clinical diagnosis of DVT is difficult (scarce sensitivity and specificity); 2. The association between symptoms, signs and the presence/absence of risk factors enables us to predict the possibility of suffering from DVT (Wells’ test); 3. The added value of D-dimers in the exclusion of DVT; 4. The need, where necessary, to confirm or exclude a DVT (Doppler ultrasound); 5. Phlebography must be saved only for cases where it is strictly necessary; 6. The compulsory implementation of efficient strategies (algorithms) in clinical practice; 7. We must not be satisfied with a ‘simple’ diagnosis of DVT: other diagnostic objectives, such as the search for the cause, must be evaluated.

key words:
D-dimers
Deep vein thrombosis
Diagnosis
Doppler ultrasound
Phlebography
Venous thromboembolic disease
Resumen
Objetivo

El presente trabajo realiza una puesta a día sobre el diagnóstico de la trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) que afecta a las extremidades inferiores.

Desarrollo

El proceso se inicia con la sospecha clínica (sintomatología). A continuación, una estrategia diagnóstica que incluye un modelo predictivo, los dímeros D y el eco-Doppler–exploración complementaria de primera elección–, p uede ser definitiva. La flebografía se mantiene como la ‘prueba oro’, pero se reserva para casos dudosos. Antiguas pruebas complementarias –distintos tipos de pletismografía– buscan todavía su hueco. Finalmente, modernos métodos isotópicos, la tomografía axial computerizada helicoidal y la resonancia magnética, aunque muy desarrollados, están en fase de validación clínica.

Conclusiones

1. El diagnóstico clínico de TVP es difícil (escasa sensibilidad y especificidad); 2. La asociación síntomas, signos y presencia-ausencia de factores de riesgo, permite predecir la posibilidad de padecer una TVP (test de Wells); 3. El valor añadido de los dímeros D en la exclusión de TVP; 4. La necesidad, en los casos necesarios, de confirmar/ excluir una TVP (eco-Doppler); 5. Reservar la flebografía para los casos estrictamente necesarios; 6. La obligatoriedad de implantar estrategias (algoritmos) eficientes en la práctica clínica; 7. No debemos conformarnos con el ‘simple’ diagnóstico de TVP; se han de valorar otros objetivos diagnósticos, como la búsqueda de la causa.

Palabras clave:
Diagnóstico
Dímeros D
Eco-Doppler
Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa
Flebografía
Trombosis venosa profunda
Resumo
Objectivo

O presente trabalho realiza uma actualização sobre o diagnóstico da trombose venosa profunda (TVP) que envolve os membros inferiores.

Desenvolvimento

O processo inicia-se com a suspeita clínica (sintomatologia). Posteriormente, uma estratégia diagnóstica que inclui um modelo predictivo, os D-dímeros e o eco-Doppler (exploração complementar de primeira eleição), pode ser definitiva. A flebografia mantém-se como a ‘prova dos nove’, mas é reservada para os casos duvidosos. Antigas provas complementares (distintos tipos de pletismografia) ainda buscam o seu lugar. Finalmente, modernos métodos isotópicos, a tomografia axial computorizada helicoidal e a ressonância magnética, embora muito desenvolvidos, estão em fase de validação clínica.

Conclusões

1. O diagnóstico clínico de TVP é difícil (fraca sensibilidade e especificidade); 2. A associação sintomas, sinais e presença/ausência de factores de risco, permite predizer a possibilidade de sofrer uma TVP (teste de Wells); 3. O valor aumentado dos D-dímeros na exclusão de TVP; 4. A necessidade, nos casos necessários, de confirmar/excluir uma TVP (eco-Doppler); 5. Reservar a flebografia para os casos estritamente necessários; 6. A obrigatoriedade de implantar estratégias (algoritmos) eficientes na prática clínica; 7. Não devemos conformar-nos com o ‘simples’ diagnóstico de TVP; devem valorizar-se outros objectivos diagnósticos, como a busca da causa.

Palavras chave:
D-dímeros
Diagnóstico
Doença tromboembólica venosa
Eco-Doppler
Flebografia
Trombose venosa profunda
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