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Afectación cardiovascular en pacientes con edema macular diabético tratados con ranibizumab intravítreo en la práctica clínica habitual
Cardiovascular involvement in patients with diabetic macular oedema treated with intravitreal ranibizumab in routine clinical practice
R. Díaz-Rodrígueza,
Autor para correspondencia
raquel.diazrguez@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, R. Abreu-Gonzáleza, R. Dolz-Marcob,c, R. Gallego-Pinazob,c
a Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, España
b Unidad de Mácula, Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
c RETICS RD160008 Enfermedades oculares. Prevención, detección precoz, tratamiento y rehabilitación de las patologías oculares, , Valencia, España
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que hubieran iniciado RBZ intrav&#237;treo en monoterapia entre enero y diciembre de 2014&#44; tanto en el HUNSC de Tenerife como en el Hospital Universitario y Polit&#233;cnico La Fe de Valencia&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El per&#237;odo de final de estudio se estableci&#243; en el mes de agosto de 2015&#44; y se estudiaron un total de 17 variables&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; peso&#44; altura&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; tabaquismo&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial &#40;HTA&#41;&#44; dislipidemia&#44; tipo de DM&#44; a&#241;os de evoluci&#243;n de la misma&#44; uso de insulina&#44; uso de antidiab&#233;ticos orales&#44; hemoglobina glucosilada &#40;Hb1Ac&#41;&#44; IAM previo y posterior al tratamiento ocular y&#44; por &#250;ltimo&#44; ACV previo y posterior al tratamiento ocular&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se obtuvieron de la historia cl&#237;nica electr&#243;nica&#44; tanto de atenci&#243;n primaria como de atenci&#243;n especializada&#44; para las variables generales y sist&#233;micas&#44; y la historia cl&#237;nica electr&#243;nica espec&#237;fica del Servicio de Oftalmolog&#237;a para las variables oftalmol&#243;gicas&#46; El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se realiz&#243; con el paquete estad&#237;stico SPSS v&#46;15&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EE&#46; UU&#46;&#41;&#44; utilizando el test de McNemar&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De las 1&#46;324 inyecciones de RBZ intrav&#237;treo &#40;572 HUNSC&#44; 752 La Fe&#41; administradas en 2014 bajo la indicaci&#243;n de EMD&#44; solo 159 fueron como inicio de tratamiento&#59; estas se administraron a un total de 99 pacientes &#40;76 HUNSC&#44; 23 La Fe&#41;&#44; ya que m&#225;s de la mitad de ellos &#40;58&#44;6&#37;&#41; precis&#243; tratamiento en ambos ojos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; La media de tratamientos realizados fue de 3&#44;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;27 &#40;rango 12&#41; con un seguimiento medio de 9&#44;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;87 meses &#40;rango 17&#41;&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas y metab&#243;licas basales de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio se recogen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De los 99 pacientes&#44; 58 fueron hombres &#40;58&#44;6&#37;&#41; y 41 mujeres &#40;41&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; con una edad media de 63&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;7 a&#241;os &#40;rango 59&#41; y 69&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;6 a&#241;os &#40;rango 36&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes no eran fumadores &#40;85&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; pero s&#237; hipertensos &#40;70&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; y dislipid&#233;micos &#40;65&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; De los 6 pacientes con IAM previo&#44; solo uno &#40;16&#44;6&#37;&#41; era fumador y de los 8 pacientes con ACV previo&#44; solo uno &#40;12&#44;5&#37;&#41; era fumador&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 91&#44;9&#37; era diab&#233;tico tipo 2&#44; con una media de 16&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;1 &#40;rango 47&#41; a&#241;os de evoluci&#243;n&#44; en tratamiento combinado &#40;insulina 70&#44;7&#37;&#44; antidiab&#233;ticos orales 72&#44;7&#37;&#41; y con una Hb1Ac media de 7&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&#37; &#40;rango 7&#44;80&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a los eventos cardiovasculares sist&#233;micos&#44; se encontraron 6 pacientes con IAM y 8 con ACV previos al tratamiento ocular con RBZ&#44; lo que supone una prevalencia en nuestra serie del 6&#44;1&#37; y del 8&#44;1&#37; respectivamente&#46; En cuanto a la incidencia&#44; solo uno &#40;1&#37;&#41; de los pacientes present&#243; un ACV posterior al tratamiento intrav&#237;treo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;039&#41;&#44; que ocurri&#243; 6 meses despu&#233;s del mismo y en el contexto de una meningitis bacteriana&#46; No se registr&#243; ning&#250;n caso de IAM postratamiento &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;031&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados del estudio&#44; derivados del an&#225;lisis de una muestra de pacientes con diabetes procedente de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#44; representan el perfil de un paciente que coincide con el descrito previamente en la literatura&#44; es decir&#58; la afectaci&#243;n ocular se produce en el contexto de una diabetes mal controlada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> y de larga evoluci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;12</span></a> a la que se asocian otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular comunes&#44; tales como HTA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> y dislipidemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;12</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; tienen una tasa de ictus y de IAM que dobla la que tienen los pacientes diab&#233;ticos sin retinopat&#237;a diab&#233;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; el RBZ intrav&#237;treo&#44; como el resto de anti-VEGF de uso intraocular&#44; se ha asociado&#44; aunque en baja frecuencia&#44; a un riesgo potencial no confirmado de eventos adversos sist&#233;micos cardiovasculares&#44; tales como hemorragias&#44; ACV e IAM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Esto hay que sumarlo al hecho de que hay datos limitados en cuanto a la seguridad de estos f&#225;rmacos en pacientes con antecedentes de ACV e IAM&#44; y que los pacientes con EMD tienen m&#225;s riesgo de absorci&#243;n sist&#233;mica a pesar de la administraci&#243;n local<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; La semivida sist&#233;mica del RBZ es de una fracci&#243;n de la del aflibercept &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h frente a 5-6 d&#237;as respectivamente&#41; seg&#250;n est&#225; descrito en sus respectivas fichas t&#233;cnicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio muestra que el RBZ intrav&#237;treo en monoterapia&#44; en los pacientes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">na&#239;ve</span> con EMD con afectaci&#243;n central&#44; podr&#237;a constituir una alternativa segura&#44; ya que a pesar del alto riesgo cardiovascular sist&#233;mico la prevalencia de eventos adversos cardiovasculares result&#243; similar a la de la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> y la incidencia fue solo del 1&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestra hip&#243;tesis sigue la l&#237;nea mostrada por diferentes estudios&#44; englobados en su mayor&#237;a en un metaan&#225;lisis de ensayos aleatorizados publicado en 2014 por Yanagida y Ueta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; buscando evaluar la seguridad sist&#233;mica del RBZ en los pacientes con EMD&#46; Incluy&#243; 6 de los m&#225;s importantes ensayos cl&#237;nicos multic&#233;ntricos que comparaban RBZ con o sin l&#225;ser combinado frente a controles &#40;RESOLVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; RISE &#38; RIDE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#44; DRCR&#46;net<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;20</span></a>&#44; RESTORE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; REVEAL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#44; READ-2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#41;&#46; Se incluyeron 2&#46;459 pacientes entre los que se compar&#243;&#44; entre otras variables&#44; la frecuencia de efectos adversos sist&#233;micos tales como ACV e IAM&#46; Respecto a los ACV&#44; no encontraron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas entre el grupo control y el de tratamiento &#40;RR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;&#46;80&#59; 0&#44;37-1&#44;73&#41;&#44; as&#237; como tampoco en la frecuencia de IAM &#40;RR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;91&#59; 0&#44;46-1&#44;80&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se presenta el n&#250;mero de ACV e IAM observados en cada uno de los ensayos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sin embargo&#44; en 5 de los ensayos incluidos fueron excluidos los pacientes con antecedentes de ACV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;7&#44;17&#44;19&#44;20</span></a> y en 3 los pacientes con antecedentes de IAM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;17&#44;19</span></a>&#46; La insuficiencia renal tambi&#233;n fue criterio de exclusi&#243;n en 4 de los estudios<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;18&#44;21</span></a>&#44; en 4 de los 6 ensayos incluidos se consider&#243; excluyente un mal control gluc&#233;mico <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8&#44;18&#44;21</span></a> y en 5 un mal control hipertensivo &#40;todos excepto 7&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; el RBZ intrav&#237;treo no ha sido estudiado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> en pacientes con insuficiencia hep&#225;tica&#44; inyecciones intrav&#237;treas previas&#44; infecciones sist&#233;micas activas&#44; retinopat&#237;a diab&#233;tica proliferativa o con enfermedades oculares simult&#225;neas &#40;DR&#44; agujero macular&#8230;&#41;&#44; y existe experiencia limitada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> en pacientes mayores de 75 a&#241;os&#44; DM tipo 1&#44; HbA1c<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#37; e HTA mal controlada&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque en nuestro estudio no excluimos a los pacientes con antecedentes de ACV e IAM&#44; solo un 5&#44;3&#37; y un 7&#44;9&#37; respectivamente presentaron estos eventos adversos antes del tratamiento&#44; por lo que consideramos que son necesarios m&#225;s estudios en este tipo de poblaci&#243;n&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el corto tiempo de seguimiento del estudio&#44; de tan solo 9&#44;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;87 meses&#44; podr&#237;a ser ampliado con el objeto de analizar la afectaci&#243;n cardiovascular a largo plazo&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Parece l&#243;gico deducir que el RBZ intrav&#237;treo como tratamiento del EMD es una alternativa segura siempre y cuando se seleccionen los pacientes en base a sus comorbilidades y se siga un r&#233;gimen PRN&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la afectaci&#243;n cardiovascular a corto plazo de los pacientes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">na&#239;ve</span> con edema macular diab&#233;tico&#44; tratados con ranibizumab intrav&#237;treo&#44; tanto pre- como postratamiento&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de pacientes con edema macular diab&#233;tico con afectaci&#243;n central&#44; que hubieran iniciado tratamiento con ranibizumab intrav&#237;treo en 2014 en el Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se&#241;ora de Candelaria y el Hospital Universitario y Polit&#233;cnico La Fe&#46; Se siguieron hasta agosto de 2015&#44; estudiando&#44; entre otras variables&#44; la prevalencia e incidencia de accidente cerebrovascular y de infarto agudo de miocardio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De las 1&#46;324 inyecciones de ranibizumab intrav&#237;treo que se administraron en 2014&#44; solo 159 fueron como inicio de tratamiento&#44; repartidas entre un total de 99 pacientes&#44; ya que m&#225;s de la mitad de ellos precis&#243; tratamiento de ambos ojos &#40;58&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; El 58&#44;4&#37; de los pacientes fueron hombres&#44; en la sexta d&#233;cada de la vida &#40;X&#175;&#61;65&#44;93 a&#241;os<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;24&#41; y&#44; en su mayor&#237;a&#44; no fumadores &#40;86&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 &#40;91&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; hipertensos &#40;70&#44;7&#37;&#41; y dislipid&#233;micos &#40;65&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Se encontraron 6 pacientes &#40;6&#44;1&#37;&#41; con infarto agudo de miocardio y 8 &#40;8&#44;1&#37;&#41; con accidentes cerebrovasculares &#40;ACV&#41; previos al inicio del tratamiento&#44; y solo uno &#40;1&#37;&#41; con accidente cerebrovascular posterior &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;039&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En nuestra experiencia el ranibizumab intrav&#237;treo en pacientes con edema macular diab&#233;tico&#44; con antecedentes de accidente cerebrovascular e infarto agudo de miocardio podr&#237;a ser una alternativa segura&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the cardiovascular events in na&#239;ve patients with diabetic macular oedema&#44; before and after being treated with intravitreal ranibizumab&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective and descriptive study was conducted on patients with diabetic macular oedema and foveal involvement&#44; who started treatment with intravitreal ranibizumab in 2014 in the Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se&#241;ora de Candelaria and the Hospital Universitario y Polit&#233;cnico La Fe&#46; During the follow-up until August 2015&#44; a record was made of parameters&#44; including the prevalence and incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Among the 1&#44;324 intravitreal ranibizumab injections administered in 2014&#44; only 159 of them corresponded to treatment initiation in 99 patients&#44; with more than half requiring treatment of both eyes&#46; The study patients included 58&#46;4&#37; males&#44; in the 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>th decade of life &#40;Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#46;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;24 years&#41;&#44; non-smokers &#40;86&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; type 2 diabetes &#40;91&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; hypertension &#40;70&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; and with dyslipidaemia &#40;65&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Prior to treatment initiation&#44; it was found that 6 patients &#40;6&#46;1&#37;&#41; suffered from an acute myocardial infarction&#44; and 8 &#40;8&#46;1&#37;&#41; from stroke&#44; and only one &#40;1&#37;&#41; with post-stroke &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;039&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In our experience it seems that the intravitreal ranibizumab in diabetic macular oedema could be a safe alternative in patients with a history of stroke and myocardial infarction&#46;</p></span>"
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                      "titulo" => "Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema&#46; Results from 2 phase III randomized trials&#58; RISE and RIDE"
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                          "colaboracion" => "RISE and RIDE Research Group"
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