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Giambruni, C. Pagano, T. Ortiz Basso, A.I. Burchakchi, M.C. Pozzoni, D.V. Diamint, C.F. Challiol, G. Gossn, B. Boietti" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Giambruni" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "juangiambruni@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Pagano" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Ortiz Basso" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.I." "apellidos" => "Burchakchi" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.C." "apellidos" => "Pozzoni" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D.V." "apellidos" => "Diamint" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.F." "apellidos" => "Challiol" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Gossn" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Boietti" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Análogos de prostaglandinas y desarrollo de membrana epirretinal" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The epiretinal membrane (ERM) is characterized by the proliferation of fibrocellular tissue over the surface of the retina. Presentation ranges from the presence of a discrete cellophane-like reflection that does not produce visual consequences (simple ERM) to markedly contractile membranes featuring the presence of wrinkles or folds in the macular area that diminish visual acuity and produce metamorphopsia (tractional ERM).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Overall, 14.8% of ERM are related to numerous ocular diseases including diabetes, cataract surgery<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and ocular inflammatory diseases among others.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> ERM has been classified in different manners, the most classic differentiating ERM types according to etiology and defining them as idiopathic (which present in eyes without previous ocular disease) or secondary (associated to other ocular diseases).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even though the etiopathogeny of ERM remains uncertain, it is believed that inflammation could play an important role. The most widely accepted theory maintains that, starting from the ruptures that occur in the internal limiting membrane as the result of vitreous detachment, glial cells migrate and proliferate through said defect and end up forming ERM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Another theory, proposed by Sebag et al., maintains that anomalous posterior vitreous detachment triggers ERM formation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prostaglandin analogs (PA) are powerful ocular hypotensor agents utilized for treating glaucoma. Even though PA are not pro-inflammatory molecules per se, they could regulate the synthesis of endogenous prostanoids that participate in the inflammatory cascade.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common collateral effects produced by PA include hyperemia, changes in eyelids, darkening of the iris and periocular skin hyperpigmentation. Less frequent but potentially more severe adverse effects include the formation of iris cysts, cystoid macular edema, anterior uveitis and the reactivation of herpes simplex keratitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The physiopathological mechanism of macular edema caused by PA could be due to the rupture of the blood-aqueous barrier which, associated to the posterior capsular disruption of the lens after cataract surgery, would enable the entry of inflammatory substances from the anterior segment into the macula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In addition, there is evidence of anterior uveitis episodes caused by the use of latanoprost in patients without previous uveitis or iritis history which receded completely after interrupting treatment with said medicament. The risk of these episodes is low although they could be potentially severe.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the possible inflammatory causes mentioned above that influence the etiopathogeny of ERM and the potential indirect pro-inflammatory effect of PAs, the authors decided to undertake a study of the relationship between the use of PAs and the development of ERM in patients with glaucoma.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following study was carried out in accordance with the standards of the Helsinki declaration and was approved by the Research Protocol Ethics Committee (IRB000003580).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The design of the study was retrospective and based on the analysis of cases and controls. It included patients over 18 years of age. Cases were defined as patients exhibiting idiopathic ERM who applied drops for glaucoma during the period exceeding 3 months. Controls were patients without the presence of ERM who also used drops for glaucoma for a period exceeding 3 months. Information on the types of utilized drops was collected. The minimum time limit of 3 months of medicament application was selected for the analysis of cases and controls because after said period histological changes are evidenced at the conjunctival level. This has given rise to the thoughts that lesions could occur in the rest of the eye due to chronic use.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both the PAs as well as the rest of medicaments utilized in cases and controls included benzalkonium chloride as preservative. The exclusion criteria were: possible secondary causes of ERM, inflammatory ocular diseases (uveitis, endophthalmitis), vitreoretinal ocular surgery history, retinal laser application history, previous retinal detachments or tears, penetrating ocular traumatism, ocular radiotherapy application, presence of intraocular tumors and complicated cataract surgery (cataract surgery was defined as complicated when loss of vitreous occurred, such as in capsular rupture or zonular dialysis).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data of participants were collected on the basis of searches in the e-clinical records system.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence or absence of ERM was diagnosed by clinical examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) utilizing Optovue OCT (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) and Spectralis HRA-Heidelberg Engineering (Heidelberg Eye Explorer version: 1.8.6.0. Heidelberg, Germany). Examinations were carried out by two of the authors (CFC. and MCP). The presence of ERM was considered in OCT if a hyper-reflective strip was observed in contact with the internal retina surface, associated or not to internal retinal layer folds, or if the foveolar contour was changed or increased, as well as the presence of pseudoforamen or lamellar foramen or retinal thickening (a normal central macular thickness value of 256<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm was taken for OCT performed with the Optovue device and 270.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm for the measurements taken with the Spectralis device).</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to describe continuous variables, the central tendency measurements and dispersion were assessed according to their distribution, informing the mean or median values with standard deviation or interquartile range (IQR), respectively. The categorical and ordinal variables were showed as absolute and relative frequencies.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bivariate analysis was used to assess associated factors. The Chi square test or Fisher's exact test were utilized for categorical variables as per assumptions. The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>-test was used for quantitative variables, and the Mann–Whitney test was applied for nonparametric analysis. The multivariate analysis based on a logistic regression model adjusted by different variables.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A logistics regression model was utilized for the multivariate analysis, adjusted for different variables (age, sex, phacoemulsification, yag laser or DMRE).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Probabilities smaller than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. The statistical analysis was carried out utilizing the STATA software version 13 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinic records of 485 patients with ERM were reviewed, 11.54% (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56) of which had glaucoma history. The study included 56 cases with ERM and glaucoma, 2 of which were excluded due to trabeculectomy, 1 due to trabeculoplasty and 1 for argon laser retinal photocoagulation, leaving 52 cases for analysis. The clinic records of 63 controls with glaucoma but without ERM were reviewed.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age of cases was 77 years (SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.68; CI 95%: 74.3–79.4) and of controls was 63 years (SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.6; CI 95%: 70.1–78.5). Overall, 50% of cases (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26) were males and 50% females (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26), while 25.4% of controls were males (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16) and 74.6% were females (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47).</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case group, 22 phacoemulsification surgeries were performed, 6 of which included posterior capsulotomy with YAG laser. In turn, in the control group 21 phacoemulsification surgeries were performed, with 2 posterior capsulotomies. Overall, 59.6% of cases (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31) were treated with PA, as well as 60.3% of controls (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.939) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). As the present study utilized a logistic regression model, the sample did not identify associations between the use of PA and ERM, independently of age, sex, phacoemulsification YAG laser or DMRE (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.430). In addition, no significant differences were observed in the distribution of drops between both populations, with the exception of dorzolamide (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean visual acuity (measured in LogMar units) for the right eye (RE) in the control group was 1 (IQR 0.7–1), in el cases group was 8 (IQR 0.5–0.9) with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01; in the left eye (LE) the mean VA in the control group was 9 (IQR 0.6–1) and in the case group VA was also of 9 (IQR 0.6–1; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.52).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean macular thickness found in OCT for the RE of the control group was 264.5 (IQR 253–284), whereas for the cases group it was 305 (IQR 265–383) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01). Macular thickness for the LE in the control group was 263 (IQR 251–281), in the cases group 303 (IQR 271–382) with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01 (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ERM was initially described by Iwanoff in 1865. It presents with greater frequency in individuals over 50 years of age, regardless of sex, and can be bilateral between 20 and 35% of cases. Several studies found a greater frequency of ERM in Asian patients, particularly Chinese. A multiracial study found an overall prevalence of 28.9%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The risk factors most frequently associated to this disease are cataract surgery and diabetes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–12</span></a> In 16.4% of cases, ERM can be secondary to numerous ocular diseases such as posterior vitreous detachment, retinal tears, retina detachment, ocular inflammatory disease, venous occlusive disease, trauma and vitreous hemorrhage. However, the highest percentage of cases debut without any apparent etiology, and are defined as idiopathic ERM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The etiopathogeny of ERM formation remains uncertain. The most widely accepted theory is that the membrane could form due to the emergence of internal limiting membrane ruptures as a consequence of posterior vitreous detachment, giving rise to the proliferation and migration of cells through said surface defect and thus producing the appearance of ERM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> New theories have been proposed in recent years about the importance of the vitreous in the process of membrane formation. Kishi and Shimizu observed the presence of oval or round shapes in the detached hyaloid membranes of patients with pre-retinal fibrosis, and postulated that these defects could play a role in the pathogenesis of ERM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> During the posterior vitreous detachment process, the remaining vitreous would be the cause of the defects observed in the detached hyaloid membrane and accordingly would be the trigger factor constituting the support on which glial cells and hyalocytes would proliferate to form ERM.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sebag maintained the same principle in what concerns the role played by the vitreous in the formation of ERM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recently published study discussed the anatomy of the vitreous, in which the authors postulated the existence of direct anteroposterior communication between the retrolental and premacular space. Said communication could have a direct influence in the arrival of inflammatory agents generated in the anterior segment of the eye.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition, PAs are powerful ocular hypotensor agents associated to the rupture of the blood-retina barrier and to the generation of cystoid macular edema. This is even more evident in pseudophakic and aphakic patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> Some studies proposed that latanoprost increases the release of endogenous prostaglandin E2 in the iris and the ciliary body. Even though the specific prostanoid receptor is not yet identified with precision, it is likely that PAs are indirect agents of the PGE2 system. It is not clear how the topical application of PA could regulate an inflammatory response that causes the disruption of the blood-retina barrier and accordingly increase permeability and the formation of macular edema.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study, all the patients utilized products containing benzalkonium chloride. However, a study evidenced the formation of macular edema in a patient who had previously undergone uncomplicated cataract surgery and used preservative-free prostaglandins months after surgery, with the edema resolving immediately after terminating the use of said medicament. Accordingly, it could be assumed that the preservative could be discarded as a factor that triggers macular edema.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the present study were unable to demonstrate the association between the use of prostaglandins and the development of ERM. This is probably because the sample was not sufficiently significant. However, the authors believe that it is relevant to propose said association due to the scarce amount of information found in the references. In addition, an association between the use of dorzolamide and the development of ERM has been found. The authors consider that additional studies are required to establish the existence of said relationship.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, 11.5% of patients with ERM in the present study exhibited glaucoma. Even though this is not the objective of the study, said percentage is in contrast with the prevalence of glaucoma in the general population (2–4%), which could imply the existence of an association between these 2 entities or with the chronic use of anti-glaucomatous medicaments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> This indicates the necessity of carrying out association studies between glaucoma and ERM.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, the authors believe that future studies should carry out a full analysis between patients who were intervened for cataracts and those who were not because, even though the present study was unable to find differences between both groups, some studies make reference to said differences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusion</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ERM is an entity with variable etiology. However, inflammation plays a significant role in the formation thereof. Ocular inflammatory processes are highly relevant within known etiologies. Even though it has been observed that latanoprost increases the release of endogenous prostaglandin E2 which, in turn, develops macular edema in aphakic and pseudophakic patients through an inflammatory process, the present study was unable to demonstrate the association between the use of PAs and the development of ERM. Prospective studies are needed to obtain an in-depth understanding of the etiopathogeny of this disease, and the authors consider that the present study is an initial step to assess the existence of any relationship between the development of ERM and PAs.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Funding</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Italian Hospital, Buenos Aires.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors stated they have no commercial interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1008914" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec968554" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1008915" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec968555" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-05-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-12-11" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec968554" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Epiretinal membrane" 1 => "Epimacular membrane" 2 => "Macular pucker" 3 => "Prostaglandin analogues" 4 => "Glaucoma" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec968555" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Membrana epirretinal" 1 => "Membrana epimacular" 2 => "Pucker macular" 3 => "Análogos de prostaglandinas" 4 => "Glaucoma" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine whether patients with glaucoma and epiretinal membrane (ERM) use a greater proportion of prostaglandin analogues (PA) than a control group of patients with glaucoma without ERM.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study of cases and controls was conducted in order to determine whether patients with glaucoma and ERM used a greater proportion of PA than a control group of patients with glaucoma without ERM.</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of de ERM was made by clinical examination and optical coherence tomography.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The mean age of the cases was 77 years (SD: 8.68; 95% CI: 74.3–79.4), compared to the controls with 63 years (SD: 16.6; 95% CI: 70.1–78.5). The cases included 50% (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26) men and 50% women (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26), whereas in the controls 25.4% (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16) of the cases were men and 74.6% (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>47) women. PA treatment was used in 59.6% (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31) and 60.3% (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38) of the cases and controls, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in PA use between the 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.939).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this study, an association between the use of AP and the development of ERM could not be demonstrated.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la posible asociación entre el uso de análogos de prostaglandinas (AP) y el desarrollo de membrana epirretinal (MER) en pacientes con glaucoma.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Método</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mediante el método comparativo se realizó un diseño retrospectivo de casos y controles. Se compararon pacientes que presentaban glaucoma y, a su vez, MER y que utilizaban una mayor proporción de AP con un grupo control de pacientes que presentaban glaucoma pero sin MER. El diagnóstico de MER ha sido realizado mediante un examen clínico y un estudio de tomografía de coherencia óptica.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La edad media de los casos ha sido de 77 años, con DE de 8,68 (IC 95%: 74,3-79,4) y la de los controles de 63 años, con DE de 16,6 (IC 95%: 70,1-78,5). El 50% de los casos (n = 26) estaba compuesto por hombres y el otro 50% eran mujeres (n = 26), mientras que para los controles el 25,4% eran hombres (n = 16) y el 74,6% eran mujeres (n = 47). El 59,6% de los casos (n = 31) y el 60,3% de los controles (n = 38) fueron tratados con AP. No se ha observado ninguna diferencia de colocación de AP entre ambos grupos (p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,939).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este trabajo no hemos podido demostrar si existe asociación entre el uso de AP y el desarrollo de MER.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as: Giambruni JM, Pagano C, Ortiz Basso T, Burchakchi AI, Pozzoni MC, Diamint DV, et al. Análogos de prostaglandinas y desarrollo de membrana epirretinal. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2018;93:169–173.</p>" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">This paper was presented at the 2016 Annual Congress of the Ophthalmology Society of Argentina.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD: standard deviation.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cases (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>63) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mea</span>n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">age (SD)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77 (8.68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63 (16.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.147<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex % (</span>n<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Males \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 (26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.4 (16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Females \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 (26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74.6 (47) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phacoemulsificatio</span>n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.2 (22) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33.3 (21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.772<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Yag laser</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.7 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.1 (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.682<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prostagla</span>n<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">di</span>n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">analogs</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.35 (31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.3 (38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.939<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1708694.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>-test.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Chi<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and association data.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cases (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56) % (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>63) % (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Latanoprost \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.5 (17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36.50 (23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.339 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Travoprost \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.07 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.87 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.782 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bimatoprost \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.92 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.93 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.850 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tafluprost \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.35 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.34 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Timolol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.14 (32) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.9 (39) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Betaxolol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.92 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.76 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.242 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dorzolamide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 (28) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.74 (20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.037 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Brinzolamide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.14 (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.76 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.524 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Brimonidin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.07 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.52 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.222 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Carteolol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.78 (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1708695.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of medicaments.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">AVOD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 (0.7–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 (0.5–0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">AVOI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (0.6–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 (0.6–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OCT thickness RE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">264.5 (253–284) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">305 (265–383) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OCT thickness LE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">263 (251–281) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">303 (271–382) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1708693.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Median (interquartile range).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Visual acuity measured in Logmar and macular thickness in cases and controls.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:21 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Inflammatory mechanisms of idiopathic epiretinal membrane formation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. 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Original article
Topical prostaglandin analogues and development of epiretinal membrane
Análogos de prostaglandinas y desarrollo de membrana epirretinal
J.M. Giambruni
, C. Pagano, T. Ortiz Basso, A.I. Burchakchi, M.C. Pozzoni, D.V. Diamint, C.F. Challiol, G. Gossn, B. Boietti
Autor para correspondencia
Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina