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Inicio Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis Seguridad de las estatinas en el paciente con insuficiencia renal
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Vol. 17. Núm. S1.
Hot topics en Arteriosclerosis
Páginas 83-92 (mayo 2005)
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Vol. 17. Núm. S1.
Hot topics en Arteriosclerosis
Páginas 83-92 (mayo 2005)
Hot topics en arteriosclerosis
Acceso a texto completo
Seguridad de las estatinas en el paciente con insuficiencia renal
Safety of statins in patients with renal failure
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A. Martínez Castelao
Autor para correspondencia
amcastel@terra.es

Correspondencia: Dr. A. Martínez Castelao. Servicio de Nefrología. Hospital de Bellvitge Príncipes de España. Feixa Llarga, s/n. 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España.
Servicio de Nefrología. Hospital de Bellvitge Príncipes de España. IDIBELL. Barcelona. Profesor Asociado de Medicina. Universidad de Barcelona. Barcelona. España
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Información del artículo

La dislipemia es uno de los factores de riesgo vascular más frecuentes en los pacientes con una nefropatía y contribuye a su mayor morbilidad y mortalidad.

Las estatinas son los fármacos de primera elección para tratar la dislipemia en el paciente con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), a pesar de que su potencia para reducir la hipertrigliceridemia es habitualmente inferior a la de los derivados del ácido fíbrico. Sin embargo, éstos no deben indicarse en presencia de insuficiencia renal y las estatinas más potentes pueden ayudar a controlar la hipertrigliceridemia.

En el paciente con insuficiencia renal progresiva, antes de iniciar diálisis deben controlarse con cuidado los efectos adversos de las estatinas, principalmente la miositis y la rabdomiólisis causadas por el incremento de las dosis. Por este motivo, en estos pacientes las estatinas deben utilizarse en dosis moderadas y siempre vigilando la función renal y la actividad de la creatincinasa. Debe evitarse su uso asociado con otros fármacos hipolipemiantes, muy especialmente con derivados del ácido fíbrico.

En el paciente en diálisis el riesgo es menor, aunque periódicamente debemos controlar las concentraciones de transaminanas y creatincinasa, y vigilar los tratamientos concomitantes, como digoxina, dicumarínicos, antagonistas del calcio etc.

En los pacientes con trasplante renal en tratamiento inmunosupresor con anticalcineurínicos –ciclosporina, tacrolimus– debemos controlar las concentraciones del inmunosupresor y no recurrir a la dosis máxima de la estatina. En caso de que esto sea necesario se realizará una vigilancia continua, ya que dichos tratamientos deben mantenerse a largo plazo.

Conviene no olvidar que alguno de los efectos pleiotrópicos de las estatinas, beneficiosos en la ERC, pueden resultar adversos como, por ejemplo, el exceso de inmunodepresión. Por ello es necesario controlar siempre la función renal y las «dianas» de posibles efectos adversos.

Palabras clave:
Dislipemia
Estatinas
Enfermedad renal crónica
Insuficiencia renal
Trasplante renal
Inmunosupresión

Dyslipidemia is one of the most frequent vascular risk factors in patients with kidney disease and contributes to the higher morbidity and mortality in these patients.

Statins are the first line drugs in the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with chronic renal disease (CRD), although they are usually less effective in lowering hypertriglyceridemia than fibric acid derivatives. However, the latter are not indicated in renal failure and the most potent statins can help to control hypertriglyceridemia.

In patients with progressive renal failure the adverse effects of statins, such as myositis and rhabdomyolysis, should be carefully controlled before dialysis is started, since these effects can appear on increasing the dose. Consequently, in these patients moderate doses of statins should be used and renal function and creatin kinasa (CK) activity should be closely monitored. Combinations with other lipid-lowering drugs, especially fibric acid derivatives, should be avoided. In patients on dialysis, the risk is lower although transaminase and CK levels should be periodically monitored, and concomitant treatments (digoxin, anticoagulants, calcium channel blockers, etc.), should be closely followed-up. In renal transplant recipients undergoing immunosuppression with anticalcineurinic drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus) immunosuppressor levels should be monitored, without resorting to the maximum statin dose. If this is necessary, then monitoring should be continuous, given that these treatments must be maintained in the long-term. Some of the pleiotropic effects of statins, which are beneficial in CRD, can be harmful, for example, an excess of immunosuppression. Consequently, renal function and the “targets” of possible adverse effects should always be monitored.

Key words:
Dyslipidaemia
Statins
Renal failure
Chronic renal insufficiency
Kidney transplant
Immunosuppression
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Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis y Elsevier España S.L.
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