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REVISIÓN DE CONJUNTO
Uso de indometacina y antibioterapia para el manejo de cérvix corto asintomático
Use of indomethacin and antibiotherapy for the management of asymptomatic short cervix
P. Luque Gonzáleza, I.M. Fontán Atalayaa, J.C. Mora Palmab,
Autor para correspondencia
josecarlosmorapalma@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
a Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, España
b Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital de Alta Resolución de Écija, Écija, Sevilla, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El parto pret&#233;rmino es una de las principales causas mundiales de morbimortalidad perinatal&#44; con una incidencia de 6&#44;5-9&#37; que puede alcanzar el 12&#44;5&#37; en centros de tercer nivel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a>&#46; El c&#233;rvix uterino corto es un factor de riesgo para el parto antes de las 37 semanas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Se define como la longitud cervical ecogr&#225;fica de 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm o menos en el segundo trimestre de la gestaci&#243;n &#40;18-22 semanas&#41; sin presencia de contracciones uterinas&#44; de manera que cuanto m&#225;s corta es la longitud&#44; mayor es el riesgo de parto pret&#233;rmino espont&#225;neo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;7</span></a>&#46; Se relaciona con el concepto de incompetencia cervical&#44; definida como la dilataci&#243;n cervical indolora o maduraci&#243;n cervical pret&#233;rmino debida a un defecto funcional o estructural en ausencia de contracciones uterinas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46; La etiopatogenia del c&#233;rvix corto es amplia y variada&#44; entre la que encontramos factores relacionados tambi&#233;n con la incompetencia cervical como el antecedente de cirug&#237;a cervical previa&#44; defectos cong&#233;nitos como la hipoplasia cervical debida a la exposici&#243;n a dietilestilbestrol&#44; s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticos como el de Ehlers-Danlos&#44; variaci&#243;n de la microbiota vaginal y&#44; sobre todo&#44; la inflamaci&#243;n y&#47;o infecci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica diagnosticada por amniocentesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;16</span></a>&#46; Se piensa que la infecci&#243;n intrauterina podr&#237;a ser responsable hasta del 25-40&#37; de los casos de parto pret&#233;rmino&#44; siendo en su mayor&#237;a causada por v&#237;a ascendente desde un origen cervical&#46; Los microorganismos m&#225;s frecuentes son <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ureaplasma</span>&#44; pero tambi&#233;n pueden hallarse <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gardnerella vaginalis</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus</span> del grupo B<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a>&#46; La mayor&#237;a de las gestantes con c&#233;rvix corto presentan una inflamaci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica est&#233;ril sin poder aislar como responsable un determinado microorganismo&#44; pero con un aumento en el l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico de citocinas como MIP-1&#945;&#44; MCP-1 e IL-6&#44; y factores del complemento&#44; sobre todo en casos de c&#233;rvix de 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm o menos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;19&#8211;24</span></a>&#46; Un trabajo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> publicado en 2020 estudi&#243; una cohorte de gestantes con c&#233;rvix corto e incompetencia cervical y lleg&#243; a la conclusi&#243;n de que los niveles plasm&#225;ticos de IL-6&#44; C3a y C5a pueden ser factores predictores no invasivos de parto pret&#233;rmino antes de las 32 semanas&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se ha demostrado la relaci&#243;n de c&#233;rvix corto con la presencia de agregados ecog&#233;nicos libres en la cavidad amni&#243;tica cerca del orificio cervical interior&#44; lo que se conoce como <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Este hallazgo ecogr&#225;fico detectado entre las semanas 15 y 24 se ha asociado a infecciones a largo plazo y corioamnionitis histol&#243;gica&#44; por lo que se considera asimismo un marcador de infecci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; El manejo del c&#233;rvix corto asintom&#225;tico est&#225; marcado por la controversia con gran variabilidad entre autores&#46; Cl&#225;sicamente se ha usado la progesterona&#44; el pesario y el cerclaje&#44; aunque se ha estudiado tambi&#233;n el uso de indometacina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;28&#8211;31</span></a>&#46; Dada la hip&#243;tesis de que el c&#233;rvix corto y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> se pueden relacionar con una infecci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica&#44; se piensa que la antibioterapia podr&#237;a formar parte de su tratamiento y manejo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Debido a la variedad de opiniones y la falta de unas pautas claras sobre el manejo del c&#233;rvix corto&#44; a&#241;adido a la importancia y morbilidad del parto pret&#233;rmino&#44; se plantea el objetivo de realizar una revisi&#243;n bibliogr&#225;fica acerca del efecto y posible beneficio de la indometacina y la antibioterapia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una b&#250;squeda bibliogr&#225;fica en la literatura disponible a trav&#233;s de las bases de datos PubMed&#44; Scopus&#44; MEDLINE y SciELO&#44; para identificar art&#237;culos publicados en ingl&#233;s o en espa&#241;ol que incluyeran los t&#233;rminos &#171;indometacin&#187;&#44; &#171;antibiotic&#187; y &#171;short cervix&#187; y abordaran su eficacia y manejo&#46; Se seleccionaron los art&#237;culos publicados entre enero de 2017 y marzo de 2022&#44; con la finalidad de recoger la &#250;ltima evidencia sobre el tema&#59; no obstante&#44; la revisi&#243;n incluye referencias m&#225;s antiguas&#44; dada la bibliograf&#237;a escasa y que algunos art&#237;culos contienen rese&#241;as de publicaciones anteriores a esta fecha&#46; Se han excluido los art&#237;culos con escasa relevancia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Indometacina</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La indometacina es un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo que act&#250;a bloqueando la ciclooxigenasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a>&#46; Presenta un efecto tocol&#237;tico e inhibidor de la acci&#243;n de la metaloproteinasa del tejido cervical&#44; por lo que puede considerarse como tratamiento del c&#233;rvix corto al disminuir la contractilidad uterina y la maduraci&#243;n cervical<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#8211;38</span></a>&#46; Como efectos secundarios se ha descrito cl&#225;sicamente que hay que ser cauto con su administraci&#243;n&#44; dado que atraviesa la barrera fetoplacentaria y puede ocasionar el cierre del ductus arterioso&#44; originar hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar fetal y disminuir el volumen de l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico&#44; lo que a su vez puede ayudar a disminuir la presi&#243;n uterina sobre el c&#233;rvix y prevenir el acortamiento cervical<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#8211;44</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; un estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> publicado en 2021 ha demostrado que el tratamiento de mantenimiento con indometacina iniciado antes de la semana 25 no aumenta las complicaciones fetales o neonatales&#46; Se compar&#243; una cohorte de 332 controles con 166 gestantes en tratamiento con indometacina tras el diagn&#243;stico de c&#233;rvix corto con la pauta de dosis inicial de 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; luego 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg cada 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h durante 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h y&#44; por &#250;ltimo&#44; 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg cada 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de mantenimiento hasta las 32 semanas&#46; &#218;nicamente se describieron efectos secundarios en este grupo como oligoamnios o cierre del ductus arterioso&#44; con tasas del 2&#44;9 y 0&#44;6&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; Existe una bibliograf&#237;a muy escasa sobre el uso de indometacina como tratamiento de c&#233;rvix corto&#46; Se describen en la literatura algunos casos puntuales de su utilizaci&#243;n como tratamiento&#44; sobre todo en casos de incompetencia cervical&#46; En 2021 Font&#225;n Atalaya et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> presentaron una serie de 11 casos de gestantes en los que se consigui&#243; prolongar el embarazo entre 2&#44;1 y 16 semanas realizando un tratamiento conservador con indometacina 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg v&#237;a oral cada 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de manera intermitente&#44; con controles ecogr&#225;ficos de volumen de l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico y eco-doppler fetal&#46; A esto se asoci&#243; antibioterapia intravenosa y oral y progesterona vaginal&#46; Se ha demostrado que en gestantes asintom&#225;ticas con c&#233;rvix de menos de 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm entre las 14 y 27 semanas este tratamiento no evit&#243; el parto pret&#233;rmino antes de las 35 semanas&#44; pero s&#237; antes de las 24 semanas&#46; Berghella et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> realizaron una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica en la que compararon 99 gestantes en tratamiento con indometacina &#40;dosis &#250;nica de 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg v&#237;a rectal seguida de 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg cada 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h v&#237;a oral durante 48-72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; y 40 sin &#233;l&#46; Reportaron unas tasas de parto pret&#233;rmino antes de las 35 semanas de 29&#44;3 vs&#46; 42&#44;5&#37;&#44; respectivamente &#40;riesgo relativo &#91;RR&#93; 0&#44;69&#44; intervalo de confianza al 95&#37; &#91;IC95&#37;&#93; 0&#44;44-1&#44;13&#41;&#44; y antes de las 24 semanas de 1 vs&#46; 7&#44;5&#37; &#40;RR 0&#44;14&#59; IC95&#37; 0&#44;02-0&#44;92&#41;&#46; La incidencia de muerte perinatal fue similar en los 2 grupos &#40;6 vs&#46; 10&#37;&#59; RR 0&#44;61&#59; IC95&#37; 0&#44;19-1&#44;95&#41;&#46; Es frecuente realizar un ciclo de tratamiento tocol&#237;tico con indometacina al realizar un cerclaje obst&#233;trico&#44; aunque no hay evidencia suficiente para hacer una recomendaci&#243;n clara sobre su uso&#46; Una revisi&#243;n de la Cochrane<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> de 2020 analiz&#243; la combinaci&#243;n de realizaci&#243;n de cerclaje junto con el uso de antibioterapia con cefazolina o clindamicina y tocolisis con indometacina vs&#46; el uso solo de cerclaje&#46; No se describi&#243; evidencia suficiente para recomendar estos tratamientos combinados o no tanto para prevenir el parto pret&#233;rmino antes de las 34 semanas en gestaciones &#250;nicas &#40;RR 0&#44;78&#59; IC95&#37; 0&#44;44-1&#44;4&#41; como para disminuir el riesgo de morbilidad neonatal &#40;RR 0&#44;62&#59; IC95&#37; 0&#44;31-1&#44;24&#41;&#46; En otro estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> que incluy&#243; 101 gestantes se obtuvieron unas tasas de &#250;nicamente un 39&#37; de parto pret&#233;rmino en el grupo con indometacina vs&#46; 34&#37; en el grupo con solo cerclaje &#40;RR 1&#44;15&#59; IC95&#37; 0&#44;69-1&#44;93&#41;&#46; Seg&#250;n el estudio de potencia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post hoc&#44;</span> se habr&#237;an necesitado 190 pacientes para detectar una reducci&#243;n del 50&#37; en dicha tasa&#46; Por tanto&#44; el uso de indometacina podr&#237;a ser beneficioso sobre todo para evitar casos de prematuridad extrema y aunque sus efectos secundarios son infrecuentes&#44; su uso debe ser racional y controlado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Antibioterapia</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudios recientes apoyan el uso de antibioterapia en casos de infecci&#243;n o inflamaci&#243;n amni&#243;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46; Aunque la mayor&#237;a de estos incluyen gestantes con diagn&#243;stico de incompetencia cervical&#44; parece extrapolable a aquellas con c&#233;rvix corto&#44; dada la etiolog&#237;a en com&#250;n&#46; Una revisi&#243;n Cochrane<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> de 2013 que evalu&#243; los efectos de los antibi&#243;ticos profil&#225;cticos administrados a mujeres con trabajo de parto pret&#233;rmino sin rotura prematura de membranas concluy&#243; que no hab&#237;a un beneficio demostrable de su uso profil&#225;ctico&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en 2019 un estudio de Yoon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> inform&#243; que la antibioterapia era efectiva como tratamiento de la infecci&#243;n o inflamaci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica en gestaciones &#250;nicas con trabajo de parto pret&#233;rmino y bolsa amni&#243;tica &#237;ntegra&#44; entendiendo dicho &#233;xito como resoluci&#243;n de la infecci&#243;n o inflamaci&#243;n tras una amniocentesis de control o como parto a una edad gestacional a t&#233;rmino&#46; La tasa general de &#233;xito entre las 50 gestantes que recibieron antibioterapia fue del 32&#37;&#46; Se us&#243; una pauta de duraci&#243;n variable con ceftriaxona 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g intravenoso diario&#44; metronidazol 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg intravenoso cada 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h y claritromicina 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg oral cada 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; Otro estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> reciente defiende el uso de antibioterapia para el manejo de incompetencia cervical en casos de infecci&#243;n o inflamaci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica&#46; En el 75&#37; de 22 pacientes con este diagn&#243;stico se resolvi&#243; el proceso tras realizar tratamiento antibi&#243;tico con la misma pauta que el anterior estudio descrito&#44; lo que se asoci&#243; a un beneficio en aproximadamente el 60&#37; de los casos&#46; El r&#233;gimen de antibioterapia puede variar seg&#250;n el &#225;rea sanitaria del centro hospitalario y la experiencia de cada profesional&#46; En esos estudios se opt&#243; por la pauta descrita por el mayor paso transplacentario de dichos antibi&#243;ticos y la eficacia frente a especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ureaplasma</span> &#40;el microorganismo m&#225;s frecuente&#41; y bacterias anaerobias&#46; Antibi&#243;ticos usados en otros estudios&#44; como la azitromicina y la eritromicina&#44; tienen peor paso &#40;solo el 3 y el 2&#44;6&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#41; y son menos eficaces contra dichas especies bacterianas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52&#8211;56</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; otros autores consideran el uso de pautas de antibioterapia combinada con ampicilina 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g intravenoso cada 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; gentamicina 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg intravenoso cada 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h durante 7 d&#237;as asociado a azitromicina 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g oral en dosis &#250;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#59; o pautas de antibioterapia &#250;nicamente por v&#237;a intravenosa como clindamicina 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg cada 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h y cefalotina 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g cada 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#46; En 2021 Yeo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> reportaron un caso de incompetencia cervical con inflamaci&#243;n amni&#243;tica est&#233;ril y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> diagnosticada a las 22 semanas de gestaci&#243;n&#46; Tras el tratamiento durante 11 d&#237;as con la antibioterapia descrita por Yoon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> se resolvieron estos hallazgos&#44; encontrando en posteriores controles un c&#233;rvix largo competente sin <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> y finalizando la gestaci&#243;n a las 36 semanas mediante ces&#225;rea electiva&#46; En cuanto al <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span>&#44; varios autores han demostrado que el tratamiento antibi&#243;tico oral con moxifloxacino y azitromicina no influye ni en su resoluci&#243;n ni en la reducci&#243;n del parto pret&#233;rmino<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&#44; a diferencia de la antibioterapia intravenosa&#46; Pustotina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> estudi&#243; 29 gestantes con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> entre las 15-24 semanas con o sin c&#233;rvix corto en las que se instaur&#243; tratamiento antibi&#243;tico &#40;intravenoso&#44; oral o vaginal&#41;&#46; Se usaron pautas de antibioterapia con clindamicina 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg v&#237;a vaginal&#44; amoxicilina&#47;&#225;cido clavul&#225;nico 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g v&#237;a oral y cefoperazona&#47;sulbactam 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g intravenoso&#46; Las gestantes con tratamiento intravenoso tuvieron tasas menores de parto pret&#233;rmino&#44; endometritis posparto y sepsis neonatal&#44; describiendo un periodo mayor hasta el parto &#40;18&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;8 vs&#46; 11&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;5 semanas&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0416&#41; en comparaci&#243;n con las que recibieron terapia oral o vaginal&#46; En cuanto a la presencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge&#44;</span> su permanencia estuvo relacionada con el tipo de antibioterapia&#46; Tras 2 semanas desapareci&#243; en las pacientes que hab&#237;an recibido tratamiento intravenoso y permaneci&#243; sin cambios en las que recibieron terapia oral o vaginal&#46; Estas &#250;ltimas v&#237;as terap&#233;uticas se asociaron a un mayor riesgo de parto pret&#233;rmino antes de las 28 semanas de gestaci&#243;n &#40;RR 23&#44;5&#59; IC95&#37; 2&#44;68-206&#44;36&#41;&#46; En mujeres con c&#233;rvix corto asintom&#225;tico y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> la mediana de la edad gestacional en el momento del parto fue significativamente menor &#40;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;6 vs&#46; 39&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4 semanas&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0011&#41;&#44; con un riesgo mayor de parto prematuro antes de las 37 semanas &#40;RR 11&#44;33&#59; IC95&#37; 1&#44;44-89&#44;19&#41; que en los casos de c&#233;rvix corto sin <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span>&#46; De esta manera&#44; la antibioterapia &#40;principalmente intravenosa&#41; se considera que se relaciona con la resoluci&#243;n de la infecci&#243;n o inflamaci&#243;n est&#233;ril intraamni&#243;tica y del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span>&#44; por lo que juega un papel importante en el tratamiento etiol&#243;gico y pron&#243;stico del c&#233;rvix corto&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Amniocentesis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada la asociaci&#243;n entre c&#233;rvix corto&#44; inflamaci&#243;n y&#47;o infecci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span>&#44; la realizaci&#243;n de una t&#233;cnica invasiva como la amniocentesis podr&#237;a dar m&#225;s informaci&#243;n&#46; Aunque la presencia del signo ecogr&#225;fico <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> es un marcador de infecci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; el diagn&#243;stico de certeza de infecci&#243;n o inflamaci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica subcl&#237;nica requiere de la realizaci&#243;n de una amniocentesis y del estudio del l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de infecci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica subcl&#237;nica se establece al obtener en la muestra de l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico un cultivo positivo o una tinci&#243;n de Gram para microorganismos aerobios&#44; anaerobios y micoplasmas&#44; asociado a unos niveles bajos de glucosa &#40;menor de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61&#44;62</span></a>&#46; En cambio&#44; la muestra en los casos de inflamaci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica es est&#233;ril con valores en l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico de IL-6 de m&#225;s de 2&#44;6 <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml o un recuento de al menos 50 leucocitos por campo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0670"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63&#8211;65</span></a>&#46; Un trabajo de Kusanovic et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> intent&#243; describir las caracter&#237;sticas del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> en 25 pacientes con trabajo de parto inminente entre las 18 y 41 semanas&#46; Se realiz&#243; un estudio con tinci&#243;n de Gram y cultivo del l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico obtenido mediante amniotom&#237;a ecoguiada con aguja por v&#237;a transvaginal&#46; Se concluy&#243; que las caracter&#237;sticas del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> var&#237;an en funci&#243;n de la edad gestacional&#46; En las 13 gestaciones pret&#233;rmino estudiadas la presencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> se relacion&#243; con un proceso inflamatorio&#44; presentando una apariencia purulenta y signos de corioamnionitis histol&#243;gica en todas estas gestaciones y el aislamiento de alg&#250;n microorganismo en 10 &#40;principalmente <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ureaplasma urealyticum</span> &#91;46&#37;&#93;&#41;&#46; Estos hallazgos no se encontraron en las gestaciones con trabajo de parto iniciado a t&#233;rmino&#44; en las que el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span> parec&#237;a corresponderse con v&#233;rnix caseosa &#40;10 de las 12 gestaciones&#41; y representar un proceso madurativo sin signos de corioamnionitis ni funisitis histol&#243;gica&#46; La amniocentesis suele realizarse para descartar infecci&#243;n o inflamaci&#243;n intraamni&#243;tica en caso de plantear el cerclaje cervical como tratamiento de la incompetencia cervical<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0690"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#8211;69</span></a>&#46; Incluso se podr&#237;an realizar amniocentesis en varias ocasiones como control del tratamiento antibi&#243;tico&#44; tal y como se ha mencionado en el anterior apartado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; si se instaura un tratamiento conservador con indometacina y&#47;o antibioterapia cabr&#237;a plantear el dilema de realizar dicha t&#233;cnica invasiva o no&#44; dado que a pesar del diagn&#243;stico al que se llegue y la opci&#243;n de una antibioterapia m&#225;s dirigida&#44; la finalizaci&#243;n electiva de la gestaci&#243;n &#250;nicamente vendr&#237;a determinada por el desarrollo de una corioamnionitis cl&#237;nica y el riesgo de p&#233;rdida de bienestar fetal&#46; La &#250;ltima evidencia cient&#237;fica parece defender la realizaci&#243;n de una amniocentesis&#44; al menos al inicio del tratamiento&#44; para valorar la presencia de microorganismos o la inflamaci&#243;n de la cavidad amni&#243;tica&#44; principalmente ante el hallazgo ecogr&#225;fico de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;70&#44;71</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tratamiento de c&#233;rvix corto est&#225; en continuo estudio y revisi&#243;n&#44; sin llegar a definir unas pautas claras de asistencia&#46; La gran variedad de m&#233;todos de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica fundamentados en la experiencia dificultan el desarrollo de unas medidas concretas que permitan tanto un manejo imparcial y protocolizado como su investigaci&#243;n&#46; Resulta fundamental indagar m&#225;s en estos tratamientos que pueden suponer una disminuci&#243;n del parto pret&#233;rmino y su morbimortalidad asociada junto con los habitualmente conocidos y usados &#40;progesterona&#44; pesario y cerclaje&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Responsabilidades &#233;ticas</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Protecci&#243;n de personas y animales&#46;</span> Los autores declaran que para esta investigaci&#243;n no se han realizado experimentos en seres humanos ni en animales&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Confidencialidad de los datos&#46;</span> Los autores declaran que en este art&#237;culo no aparecen datos de pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Derecho a la privacidad y consentimiento informado&#46;</span> Los autores declaran que en este art&#237;culo no aparecen datos de pacientes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no haber recibido ning&#250;n tipo de financiaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El c&#233;rvix corto es un factor de riesgo para el parto pret&#233;rmino con etiopatogenia variada y tratamiento a&#250;n por dilucidar&#46; Se piensa que la indometacina y la antibioterapia podr&#237;an ser &#250;tiles en su manejo&#44; lo que ayudar&#237;a a disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada al parto pret&#233;rmino&#46; Dada la controversia existente se ha realizado una b&#250;squeda bibliograf&#237;a en las principales bases de datos sobre su uso y beneficio&#46; El uso de indometacina podr&#237;a evitar los casos de parto pret&#233;rmino en edades gestacionales extremas seg&#250;n los &#250;ltimos estudios&#44; con una tasa de efectos secundarios baja&#46; Mientras tanto&#44; la antibioterapia ser&#237;a beneficiosa al intervenir en la resoluci&#243;n de la infecci&#243;n o inflamaci&#243;n est&#233;ril intraamni&#243;tica y del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sludge</span>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el tratamiento de c&#233;rvix corto persiste en revisi&#243;n y discusi&#243;n&#44; al igual que el uso o no de la amniocentesis para el estudio del l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico en estos casos&#46; El consenso en cuanto a su manejo est&#225; dificultado por la gran variedad de actuaciones que se realizan en la pr&#225;ctica basadas en la experiencia cl&#237;nica&#46; Esto impide el establecimiento de una serie de pautas concretas de asistencia&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Short cervix is a risk factor for preterm delivery with varied aetiopathogenesis and its treatment is still to be specified&#46; It is thought that indomethacin and antibiotherapy could be useful in its management&#44; which would help reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with preterm delivery&#46; Given the existing controversy&#44; a literature search about its use and benefit was conducted in the main databases&#46; The use of indomethacin could prevent cases of preterm birth at extreme gestational ages according to recent studies&#44; with a low rate of side effects&#46; Meanwhile antibiotherapy would be beneficial in intervening in the resolution of infection or sterile intraamniotic inflammation and sludge&#46; However&#44; the treatment of short cervix remains under review and discussion&#44; as does the use or otherwise of amniocentesis to study the amniotic fluid in these cases&#46; Consensus on its management is hampered by the great variety of actions that are carried out in practice based on clinical experience&#46; This prevents the establishment of a series of specific care guidelines&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
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              "identificador" => "bib0360"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global&#44; regional&#44; and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13&#44; with projections to inform post-2015 priorities&#58; An updated systematic analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Liu"
                            1 => "S&#46; Oza"
                            2 => "D&#46; Hogan"
                            3 => "J&#46; Perin"
                            4 => "I&#46; Rudan"
                            5 => "J&#46;E&#46; Lawn"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61698-6"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "385"
                        "paginaInicial" => "430"
                        "paginaFinal" => "440"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25280870"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0365"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global&#44; regional&#44; and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014&#58; A systematic review and modelling analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Chawanpaiboon"
                            1 => "J&#46;P&#46; Vogel"
                            2 => "A&#46;B&#46; Moller"
                            3 => "P&#46; Lumbiganon"
                            4 => "M&#46; Petzold"
                            5 => "D&#46; Hogan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30451-0"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Glob Health&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e37"
                        "paginaFinal" => "e46"
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                          0 => array:2 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0370"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Estad&#237;stica&#46; Estad&#237;stica de nacimientos&#46; Movimiento natural de la poblaci&#243;n&#46; Semestre enero 2019&#46; &#91;consultado 15 Enero 2022&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ine&#46;es&#47;dyngs&#47;INEbase&#47;es&#47;operacion&#46;htm&#63;c&#61;Estadistica&#95;C&#38;cid&#61;1254736177007&#38;menu&#61;resultados&#38;secc&#61;1254736195442&#38;idp&#61;1254735573002"
                ]
              ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0375"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46;A&#46; Moroz"
                            1 => "C&#46;O&#46; Brock"
                            2 => "S&#46; Govindappagari"
                            3 => "D&#46;L&#46; Johnson"
                            4 => "B&#46;H&#46; Leopold"
                            5 => "C&#46; Gyamfi-Bannerman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "216"
                        "paginaInicial" => "159&#46;e1"
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                ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0380"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                            0 => "N&#46; Melamed"
                            1 => "A&#46; Pittini"
                            2 => "L&#46; Hiersch"
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                            5 => "R&#46; Romero"
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                      ]
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                  ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "215"
                        "paginaInicial" => "616&#46;e1"
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0385"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Short cervix in twin pregnancies&#58; Current state of knowledge and the proposed scheme of treatment"
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "H&#46; Puras"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5603/GP.a2017.0112"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "88"
                        "paginaInicial" => "626"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29303217"
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              "etiqueta" => "7"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The risk of preterm delivery and pregnancy outcomes in women with asymptomatic short cervix&#58; A retrospective cohort study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46;Z&#46; Liu"
                            1 => "N&#46; Ho"
                            2 => "A&#46;D&#46; Nguyen"
                            3 => "C&#46; Lehner"
                            4 => "R&#46; Sekar"
                            5 => "A&#46;A&#46; Amoako"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/14767058.2019.1647163"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1747"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1753"
                      ]
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cervical incompetence&#46; En&#58; StatPearls &#91;Internet&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Thakur"
                            1 => "K&#46; Mahajan"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "editorial" => "StatPearls Publishing"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Treasure Island &#40;FL&#41;"
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              "etiqueta" => "9"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#91;Clinical outcome of therapeutic cervical cerclage in short cervix syndrome&#93; Chinese"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "H&#46;L&#46; Wang"
                            1 => "Z&#46; Yang"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Shen"
                            3 => "Q&#46;L&#46; Wang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "paginaInicial" => "43"
                        "paginaFinal" => "46"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
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              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in asymptomatic patients with a sonographic short cervix&#58; Prevalence and clinical significance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Romero"
                            1 => "J&#46; Miranda"
                            2 => "T&#46; Chaiworapongsa"
                            3 => "P&#46; Chaemsaithong"
                            4 => "F&#46; Gotsch"
                            5 => "Z&#46; Dong"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3109/14767058.2014.954243"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1343"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1359"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123515"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0410"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of diethylstilbestrol on reproductive function"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Goldberg"
                            1 => "T&#46; Falcone"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00153-3"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "volumen" => "72"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0415"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> in pregnancy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Ploeckinger"
                            1 => "M&#46;R&#46; Ulm"
                            2 => "K&#46; Chalubinski"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1055/s-2007-994106"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "99"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0420"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Vaginal biomarkers that predict cervical length and dominant bacteria in the vaginal microbiomes of pregnant women"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;S&#46; Witkin"
                            1 => "A&#46;F&#46; Moron"
                            2 => "B&#46;J&#46; Ridenhour"
                            3 => "E&#46; Minis"
                            4 => "A&#46; Hatanaka"
                            5 => "S&#46;G&#46;P&#46; Sarmento"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1128/mBio.02242-19"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "mBio&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e02242-19"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31641087"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0425"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cervicovaginal microbial communities deficient in Lactobacillus species are associated with second trimester short cervix"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46;D&#46; Gerson"
                            1 => "C&#46; McCarthy"
                            2 => "M&#46;A&#46; Elovitz"
                            3 => "J&#46; Ravel"
                            4 => "M&#46;D&#46; Sammel"
                            5 => "H&#46;H&#46; Burris"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Obstet Gynecol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "222"
                        "paginaInicial" => "491&#46;e1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "491&#46;e8"
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            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0430"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The cytokine network in women with an asymptomatic short cervix and the risk of preterm delivery"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;L&#46; Tarca"
                            1 => "W&#46; Fitzgerald"
                            2 => "P&#46; Chaemsaithong"
                            3 => "Z&#46; Xu"
                            4 => "S&#46;S&#46; Hassan"
                            5 => "J&#46;C&#46; Grivel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/aji.12686"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Reprod Immunol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "78"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e12686"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28585708"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                ]
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            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0435"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Amniotic fluid inflammatory score is associated with pregnancy outcome in patients with mid trimester short cervix"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "D&#46;G&#46; Kiefer"
                            1 => "S&#46;M&#46; Keeler"
                            2 => "O&#46; Rust"
                            3 => "S&#46;S&#46; Chow"
                            4 => "M&#46;E&#46; Craig"
                            5 => "M&#46;R&#46; Peltier"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Obstet Gynecol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "206"
                        "paginaInicial" => "68&#46;e1"
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                ]
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            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0440"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The role of infection in preterm birth"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Petit"
                            1 => "A&#46; Abergel"
                            2 => "B&#46; Dedet"
                            3 => "D&#46; Subtil"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jgyn.2011.10.004"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "41"
                        "paginaInicial" => "14"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192232"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0445"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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ISSN: 0210573X
Idioma original: Español
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos