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Vol. 52. Núm. 9.
Páginas 484-492 (noviembre 2005)
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Vol. 52. Núm. 9.
Páginas 484-492 (noviembre 2005)
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Complicaciones crónicas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y HbA1c en la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 a los 14 años de diagnóstico
Chronic complications, cardiovascular risk factors and HbA1c values in type 1 diabetes mellitus 14 years after diagnosis
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4534
A. Martínez-Riquelme
Autor para correspondencia
amparitomartinez@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Dra. A. Martínez-Riquelme. Las Huertas, 9, 3.° B. Majadahonda 28220. Madrid. España.
, C. Castell, C. Mabres, M. Lara, el Grupo Para el Estudio de la Diabetes en Cataluña
Associació Catalana de Diabetes y Consell Assesor para la Diabetes en Cataluña. Barcelona. España
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Objetivo

Estudiar el grado de control glucémico (HbA1c) y prevalencia de complicaciones crónicas micro y macrovasculares, así como sus interrelaciones, en una cohorte de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) a los 14 años de diagnóstico.

Pacientes y métodos

Se estudió a 138 pacientes diagnosticados de DM1, edad (media±DE) 27,2±6,5 años [límite 13 a 42 años] y duración de la enfermedad de 14 años. Se revisaron, por un mismo equipo investigador, las historias clínicas y se realizaron cuestionarios estandarizados para neuropatía periférica, disautonomía y macroangiopatía, examen neurológico y vascular, estudio de fondo de ojo mediante retinografía bilateral amidriática, evaluación de la función autonómica cardíaca mediante sistema computarizado portátil y electrocardiograma. La determinación de la HbA1c se realizó mediante inmunoensayo en sangre capilar.

Resultados

El 89,8% de los pacientes estaba sometido a tratamiento con inyección múltiple de insulina o mediante bomba de insulina, dosis de insulina diaria media de 0,75±0,20 U/kg. El número de determinaciones de glucemia capilar fue de 18,2±11,65/ semana. La HbA1c obtenida fue de 8,3±1,44% [límite 5,2 a 13,1%] (valor de referencia para población no diabética: 5,0±0,4%), el 85,5% presentaba una HbA1c>7% (media±5DE) en relación negativa con el número de determinaciones de glucemia por semana (r=-0,31, p<0,001). La prevalencia de nefropatía fue del 9,4% a los 14 años del diagnóstico de la DM1, con una incidencia antes de 5 años del 0,9% (el 90% en fase de microalbuminuria y un 10% como macroalbuminuria). La incidencia acumulada de retinopatía simple (incipiente y de fondo) a los 5, 10 y 14 años del diagnóstico fue del 1,8%, 10% y 17,5% respectivamente, y para la retinopatía avanzada del 0, 1,5 y 1,5%, respectivamente. La prevalencia de neuropatía periférica somática clínica fue del 21,0%, y es más frecuente en mujeres. La función autonómica cardíaca fue anormal en el 12,4%, con mayor presión arterial diastólica (74±11,3 frente a 67±8,4 mmHg, p=0,04). No se encontró ningún caso de macroangiopatía. Los individuos con al menos alguna complicación microangiopática mostraban una HbA1c mayor (8,6±1,5% frente a 8,0±1,5%; p=0,045), y ésta aumentaba a medida que lo hacía el número de complicaciones (p<0,01).

Conclusiones

La presencia de complicaciones microvasculares en nuestra población es elevada y el 89,9% presenta un control glucémico malo, a pesar del tratamiento insulínico intensivo. La relación establecida entre grado de control glucémico con la aparición y/o progresión de las complicaciones crónicas de la DM1 hace necesario un control más estricto tanto de la glucemia como de los factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en nuestra población de personas con DM1.

Palabras clave:
Diabetes mellitus tipo 1
HbA1c
Complicaciones microvasculares
Aims

To evaluate glycemic control (HbA1c) and the prevalence of chronic micro- and macrovascular complications, as well as the interrelations among them, in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) 14 years after diagnosis.

Patients and methods

A total of 138 DM1 patients, with a mean age of 27.2±6.5 years (range 13 to 42 years), diagnosed between 1987 and 1988 (14 years from onset) were evaluated. Patients completed standardized questionnaires evaluating peripheral neuropathy, autonomic disease and vascular diabetes complications. All patients were evaluated by the same team. The medical records of all the patients were reviewed. Neurological and vascular clinical examination and bilateral amydriatic retinography were performed. Autonomic cardiac function was evaluated by a portable computer device and electrocardiogram. HbA1c was determined by immunoassay in capillary blood.

Results

A total of 89.8% of the patients were under intensive insulin treatment (subcutaneous injections or continuous insulin pump). The mean daily insulin dose was 0.75±0.20 U/kg. The mean number of weekly capillary glycemic determinations was 18.2±11.65. HbA1c was 8.3±1.44% (range 5.2 to 13.1%; non-diabetic reference value 5.0±0.4%); 85.5% of the patients were in control (HbA1c>5 SD), and the degree was negatively associated with the number of glycemic assessments per week (r=−0.31, p<0.001). The prevalence of nephropathy was 9.4% at 14 years after diagnosis and the incidence within 5 years after onset was 0.9%; 90% of the patients showed microalbuminuria and 10% showed macroalbuminuria. The cumulative incidence of simple retinopathy (incipient and background) at 5, 10 and 14 years after diagnosis was 1.8%, 10% and 17.5%, respectively, and that of advanced retinopathy was 0%, 1.5% and 1.5%, respectively. The prevalence of clinical somatic neuropathy was 21.0% and was more frequent in women. Autonomic cardiac function was abnormal in 12.4% of patients, who had higher than normal diastolic blood pressure (74±11.3 versus 67±8.4 mmHg, p=0.045). No macrovascular complications were observed. Patients with at least one microvascular complication had higher HbA1c values than those without microvascular complications (8.6±1.5% vs. 8.1±1.4%, p=045), and the greater the number of complications the greater the difference (p<0.01).

Conclusions

The prevalence of chronic microvascular complications in our DM1 patients is high, and 89.9% have poor glycemic control despite intensive insulin treatment. Given the established relationship between glycemic control and the onset or progression of chronic diabetes complications, stricter glycemic control and reduction of cardiovascular risk factors are required in our diabetic population.

Key words:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
HbA1c
Microvascular complications
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El proyecto fue financiado por los Laboratorios Lilly España, a través de una beca de la Associació Catalana de Diabetes (2001). El material utilizado fue suministrado por Laboratorios Bayer Diagnostics (DCA 2000®) y la Compañía Bloss Group.

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