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Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Concepto, etiología y epidemiología del hiperparatiroidismo primario
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Vol. 56. Núm. S1.
Puesta al día en hiperparatiroidismo primario
Páginas 2-7 (abril 2009)
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Vol. 56. Núm. S1.
Puesta al día en hiperparatiroidismo primario
Páginas 2-7 (abril 2009)
Acceso a texto completo
Concepto, etiología y epidemiología del hiperparatiroidismo primario
Concept, etiology and epidemiology of primary hyperparathyroidism
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21259
Guillermo Martínez Díaz-Guerra
Autor para correspondencia
gmdiazguerra@gmail.com

Correspondencia: Dr. G. Martínez Díaz-Guerra. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Residencia General. Planta baja. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n. 28041 Madrid. España.
, Federico Hawkins Carranza
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid. España
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El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HP) es uno de los trastornos endocrinológicos más frecuentes. En el HP se produce una regulación anormal de la secreción de parathormona (PTH) por el calcio, que se traduce en una secreción de PTH inapropiadamente alta para el grado de calcemia. La mayoría de pacientes con HP presentan valores aumentados de PTH sérica, con aumento de las concentraciones de calcio sérico, especialmente el calcio iónico. La incidencia aumenta con la edad, y la edad media al diagnóstico es de 55 años. Afecta predominantemente a las mujeres, con una proporción aproximada de 3:1, respecto a los varones. El 80-85% de los casos están producidos por un adenoma paratiroideo de células principales. Los factores implicados en la génesis del HP son en gran parte desconocidos. En una minoría se encuentran mutaciones genéticas que afectan a oncogenes (ciclina D1, RET) o genes supresores tumorales (MEN1, HRPT2). Tienen especial relevancia en las formas de HP familiares, como el síndrome de neoplasia endocrina múltiple (MEN1, MEN2A). No se han encontrado mutaciones que afecten al sensor-receptor de calcio (CaSR) o al gen del receptor de vitamina D (VDR).En los adenomas e hiperplasias paratiroideas puede existir una señalización anormal de la vía Wnt, con mutaciones del gen del correceptor LRP5 y acumulación de β-catenina. La expresión de la proteína Klotho, que interviene en la regulación del calcio sérico, está disminuida. Con frecuencia, pueden coexistir valores bajos de 25(OH) vitamina D, aunque se desconoce si la deficiencia de vitamina D tiene un papel patogénico en el HP.

Palabras clave:
Adenoma paratiroideo
Ciclina D1
RET
HRPT2
β-catenina
Klotho

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is one of the most frequent endocrinological disorders. In PHPT, there is abnormal regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by calcium, which translates into inappropriately high PTH secretion for the level of calcemia. Most patients with PHPT have increased serum PTH levels, with increases in serum calcium, especially ionic calcium. The incidence of PHPT rises with age, the mean age at diagnosis being 55 years. This disorder affects mainly women with a female-to-male ratio of approximately 3:1.

Most (80-85%) of cases are produced by chief cell parathyroid adenomas. The factors involved in the genesis of PHPT are largely unknown. Gene mutations affecting oncogenes (cyclin D1, RET) or tumor suppressor genes (MEN1, HRPT2) are found in a minority of cases. These mutations are especially important in familial forms of PHPT, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (MEN1, MEN2A). No mutations affecting the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) or vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been found.

In parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasias, there may be abnormal Wnt signalling, with mutations of the coreceptor LRP5 gene and β-catenin accumulation.

Expression of the Klotho protein, which intervenes in serum calcium regulation, is reduced. Low levels of 25(OH) vitamin D frequently coexist, although whether vitamin D deficiency plays a pathogenic role in PHPT is unknown.

Key words:
Parathyroid adenoma
D1 cyclin
RET
HRPT2
β-catenin
Klotho
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