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Vol. 56. Núm. S1.
Puesta al día en hiperparatiroidismo primario
Páginas 14-19 (abril 2009)
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Vol. 56. Núm. S1.
Puesta al día en hiperparatiroidismo primario
Páginas 14-19 (abril 2009)
Acceso a texto completo
Evaluación diagnóstica y diagnóstico diferencial del hiperparatiroidismo primario
Diagnostic evaluation and differential diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism
Visitas
9443
José Manuel Quesada Gómez
Autor para correspondencia
jmquesada@uco.es

Correspondencia: Dr. J.M. Quesada Gómez. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba. Avda. Conde de Vallellano, 13, 6.° 1a España.
Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF). Unidad de I+D+i de Sanyres. Centro CEDOS. Unidad de Metabolismo Mineral. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba. España
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El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HP) se caracteriza por la producción autónoma de parathormona (PTH), en el cual hay hipercalcemia o calcio sérico normal-alto, con valores séricos de PTH elevados o inapropiadamente “normales”.

Excepcionalmente, en pacientes sintomáticos, el diagnóstico puede hacerse a partir de la sintomatología. El HP siempre debe cribarse en pacientes con historia de cálculos renales, nefrocalcinosis, dolor óseo, fracturas patológicas, resorción subperióstica o que presenten osteoporosis-osteopenia en densitometría ósea de doble fotón o con historia personal previa de irradiación en cuello o familiar de neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1 o 2.

El diagnóstico de HP es bioquímico. La hipercalcemia (calcio total corregido por albúmina), asintomática, sin signos ni síntomas guía, es la manifestación más frecuente de la enfermedad. Para el diagnóstico diferencial, además de la PTH1-84, debe medirse fósforo, cloro, 25-hidroxivitamina D, 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D y calciuria.

La PTH1-84 suprimida, o inapropiadamente baja, orienta el diagnóstico a hipercalcemia tumoral y, de forma menos frecuente, a enfermedades granulomatosas (sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, etc.), toma inadecuada de calcitriol o 1α-hidroxivitamina D, intoxicación por vitamina D o A, toma de litio, endocrinopatías (hipertiroidismo, enfermedad de Addison, etc.), o tratamiento con tiazidas, entre otras.

El diagnóstico de HP se confirma cuando hay hipercalcemia, o calcio en el rango normal-alto, en presencia de PTH1-84 alta o inapropiadamente normal, excepto si la excreción urinaria de calcio corregido por creatinina es menor de 0,01, en ausencia de toma de tiazidas, o deficiencia grave de vitamina D, que orienta el diagnóstico a la hipocalciuria hipercalcémica familiar.

Las técnicas de imagen son útiles para localizar HP, pero no para su diagnóstico.

Palabras clave:
Hiperparatiroidismo primario
Hipercalcemia
Hipocalciuria hipocalcémica familiar
25-hidroxivitamina D
1,25-hidroxivitamina D
Osteoporosis
Osteopenia
Litiasis renal

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterized by the autonomous production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), in which there is hypercalcemia or normal-high serum calcium levels, in the presence of elevated or inappropriately normal serum PTH concentrations.

Exceptionally, in symptomatic patients, a diagnosis can be established on the basis of clinical data. PHPT must always be evaluated in patients with clinical histories of nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, osseous pain, subperiosteal resorption, and pathologic fractures, as well as in those with osteoporosis-osteopenia on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), a personal history of neck irradiation, or a family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (types 1 or 2).

Diagnosis of PHPT is biochemical. Asymptomatic hypercalcemia (total serum calcium corrected by albumin), without guiding signs or symptoms, is the most frequent manifestation of the disease. For the differential diagnosis, PTH1-84 must be measured, as well as phosphate, chloride, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium-to-creatinine clearance. Suppressed or inappropriately low PTH1-84 guides the diagnose toward tumoral hypercalcemia and less frequently to granulomatous disease (sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, etc.), inadequate intake of 1α-hydroxyvitamin D or calcitriol, vitamin D or A intoxication, lithium intake, endocrinopathies (hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease, etc.) or treatment with thiazides, among other possibilities. Diagnosis of PHPT is confirmed by demonstrating persistent hypercalcemia (or normal-high serum calcium levels) in the presence of inappropriately normal or elevated serum PTH1-84 concentrations, unless the urinary calcium-to-creatinine clearance ratio is lower than 0.01. In these cases, in the absence of thiazide intake or severe vitamin D deficiency, diagnosis should focus on benign familial hypercalcemic hypocalciuria.

Parathyroid gland imaging is useful for localization of PHPT, but not for diagnosis of this entity.

Key words:
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia
Familial hypercalcemic hypocalciuria
25-hydroxyvitamin D
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Osteoporosis
Osteopenia
Nephrolithiasis
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Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
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