covid
Buscar en
Endocrinología y Nutrición
Toda la web
Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Feocromocitoma
Información de la revista
Vol. 52. Núm. 6.
Páginas 309-320 (julio 2005)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 52. Núm. 6.
Páginas 309-320 (julio 2005)
Notas clínicas
Acceso a texto completo
Feocromocitoma
Pheochromocytoma
Visitas
17831
E. Delgadoa,
Autor para correspondencia
eliasdelgado@telefonica.net

Correspondencia: Dr. E. Delgado Álvarez. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. Celestino Villamil, s/n. 33006 Oviedo. Asturias. España.
, P. Botasb
a. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. Oviedo. Asturias. España
b. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital San Agustín. Avilés. Asturias. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

El feocromocitoma es un tumor productor de catecolaminas que se origina en las células cromafines de la médula suprarrenal. Supone menos del 0,2% de todos los pacientes hipertensos, pero la rareza del tumor no resta importancia a su gravedad, ya que el correcto diagnóstico y el adecuado tratamiento suelen conseguir su curación, mientras que errores diagnósticos o su inadecuado tratamiento puede tener consecuencias fatales. Es la urgencia vital de causa endocrinológica más grave. En la actualidad un porcentaje importante de feocromocitomas (el 10-49%, según las series) se diagnostica en el estudio de un incidentaloma suprarrenal.

La clínica que origina es de una gran variabilidad, desde personas asintomáticas hasta la muerte por crisis hipertensiva grave con fallo multiorgánico como primera manifestación, aunque lo más típico es la tríada compuesta por paroxismos de cefalea, sudación y taquicardia. El diagnóstico se debe sospechar ante clínica compatible y la confirmación se realiza al demostrar una hiperproducción de catecolaminas y sus metabolitos, fundamentalmente al objetivar una eliminación urinaria aumentada.

La tomografía axial computarizada y la resonancia magnética nuclear nos permitirán localizar el tumor y, en caso de duda, la gammagrafía con meta-yodo-bencilguanidina, que tiene una gran especificidad.

El tratamiento es la resección del tumor, siempre que sea posible, previa preparación farmacológica con bloqueo alfaadrenérgico y, si es preciso, betaadrenérgico, iniciado posteriormente durante 2-3 semanas. En los casos de feocromocitomas malignos en los que no se pueda realizar la resección se realizará tratamiento farmacológico con alfa-metil-tirosina o bien dosis terapéuticas de 131I-MIBG.

Palabra clave:
Feocromocitoma
Tumor
Catecolaminas

Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-producing neoplasm originating in chromaffin cells, mostly situated within the adrenal medulla.

This tumor occurs in less than 0.2% of patients with hypertension. Although rare, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis because accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment usually achieve a cure whereas diagnostic errors or inappropriate treatment can have fatal consequences. It is the most serious endocrinological emergency.

Currently, a considerable percentage of pheochromocytomas (10-49% depending on the series) is diagnosed during investigation of adrenal incidentalomas. Clinical presentation is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic forms to death secondary to severe hypertensive crisis with multiorgan failure as the first manifestation. However the typical presentation is the classic triad of episodic headache, sweating and tachycardia. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients with compatible clinical features and is confirmed by a finding of hyperproduction of catecholamines and their metabolites, demonstrated by increased urinary excretion.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging allow localization of the neoplasm and in difficult cases meta-iodobenzyl- guanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy has high specificity.

Treatment consists of surgical removal of the tumor with previous medical preparation using alpha-adrenergic blockade and, if necessary, subsequent beta-adrenergic blockade for 2-3 weeks. Treatment options in malignant pheochromocytomas that cannot be surgically resected are drug therapy with alpha-methyl-tyrosine or therapeutic doses of 131I-MIBG.

Key words:
Pheochromocytoma
Neoplasm
Catecholamines
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
C.M. Beard, S.G. Sep, L.T. Kurland, J.A. Carney, J.T. Lie.
Ocurrence of pheocromocytoma in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 through 1979.
Mayo Clin Proc, 58 (1983), pp. 802-804
[2.]
G.A. Smythe, G. Edwards, P. Graham, L. Lazarus.
Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma by simultaneous measurement of urinary excretion of epinephrine and norepinehrine.
Clin Chem, 38 (1992), pp. 486-492
[3.]
A.R. Mc Neil, B.H. Blok, T.D. Koelmeyer, M.P. Burke, J.M. Milton.
Pheochromocytomas discovered during coronial autopsies in Sydney, Melbourne and Auckland.
aust N Z J Med, 30 (2000), pp. 648-652
[4.]
Y.C. Kudva, W.F. Young Jr, G.B. Thompson, C.S. Grant, J.A. Van Heerden.
Adrenal incidentaloma: an important component of the clinical presentation spectrum of benign sporadic adrenal pheochromocytoma.
Endocrinologist, 9 (1999), pp. 77
[5.]
J.P. Baguet, L. Hammer, T.L. Mazzuco, O. Chabre, J.M. Mallion, N. Sturm, et al.
Circumstances of discovery of phaeochromocytoma: a retrospective study of 41 consecutive patients.
Eur J Endocrinol, 150 (2004), pp. 681-686
[6.]
E.L. Bravo.
Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends.
Kidney Int, 40 (1991), pp. 544-556
[7.]
P.F. Plouin, G. Chatellier, I. Fofol, P. Corvol.
Tumor recurrence and hypertension persistence after successful pheochromocytoma operation.
Hypertension, 29 (1997), pp. 1133-1139
[8.]
R.E. Goldstein, J.A. O’Neill Jr, G.W. Holcomb 3rd, W.M. Morgan 3rd, W.W. Neblett 3rd, J.A. Oates, et al.
Clinical experience over 48 years with pheochromocytoma.
Ann Surg, 229 (1999), pp. 755-764
[9.]
K. Salmenkivi, J. Arola, R. Voutilainen, V. Ilvesmaki, C. Haglund, A.I. Kahri, P. Heikkila, et al.
Inhibin/activin betaB-subunit expression in pheochromocytomas favors benign diagnosis.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86 (2001), pp. 2231-2235
[10.]
A.P. Giménez-Roqueplo, J. Favier, P. Rustin, C. Rieubland, M. Crespin, V. Nau, et al.
Mutations in the SDHB gene are associated with extra-adrenal and/or malignant phaeochromocytomas.
Cancer Res, 63 (2003), pp. 5615-5621
[11.]
H.P. Neumann, D.P. Berger, G. Sigmund, U. Blum, D. Schmidt, R.J. Parmer, et al.
Pheochromocytomas, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and Von Hippel-Lindau disease.
N Engl J Med, 329 (1993), pp. 1531-1538
[12.]
M.M. Ritter, A. Frilling, P.A. Crossey, W. Hoppner, E.R. Maher, L. Mulligan, et al.
Isolated familial pheochromocytoma as a variant of von Hippel-Lindau disease.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81 (1996), pp. 1035-1037
[13.]
H.P. Neumann, B. Bausch, S.R. McWhinney, B.U. Bender, O. Gimm, G. Franke, et al.
Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma.
N Engl J Med, 346 (2002), pp. 1459-1466
[14.]
H. Brauch, W. Hoeppner, H. Jahnig, T. Wohl, D. Engelhardt, F. Spelsberg, et al.
Sporadic pheochromocytomas are rarely associated with germline mutations in the vhl tumor suppressor gene or the ret protooncogene.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82 (1997), pp. 4101-4104
[15.]
Young WF, Kaplan NM. Diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma in adults. UpToDate 12.3.
[16.]
E.L. Bravo, R.C. Tarazi, R.W. Gifford Jr, B.H. Stewart.
Circulating and urinary catecholamines in pheochromocytoma. Diagnostic and pathophysiologic implications.
N Engl J Med, 301 (1979), pp. 682-686
[17.]
E.L. Bravo.
Pheochromocytoma: an approach to antihypertensive therapy.
Ann N Y Acad Sci, 970 (2002), pp. 1-10
[18.]
P.F. Plouin, P. Degoulet, A. Tugaye, M.B. Ducrocq, J. Menard.
Screening for pheochromocytoma: in which hypertensive patients? A semiological study of 2585 patients, including 11 with pheochromocytma.
Nouv Presse Med, 10 (1981), pp. 869-872
[19.]
G. Stenstrom, L. Sjostrom, U. Smith.
Diabetes mellitus in phaeochromocytoma. Fasting blood glucose levels before and after surgery in 60 patients with phaeochromocytoma.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 106 (1984), pp. 511-515
[20.]
T.D. Wiesner, M. Bluher, M. Windgassen, R. Paschke.
Improvement of insulin sensitivity after adrenalectomy in patients with pheochromocytoma.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88 (2003), pp. 3632-3636
[21.]
M.G. Sutton, S.G. Sheps, J.T. Lie.
Prevalence of clinically unsuspected pheochromocytoma. Review of a 50-year autopsy series.
Mayo Clin Proc, 56 (1981), pp. 354-360
[22.]
L. Hartley, D. Perry-Keene.
Pheochromocytoma in Queens-land 1970-1983.
Aust N Z J Surg, 55 (1985), pp. 471-475
[23.]
G. Stenstrom, K. Svardsudd.
Pheochromocytoma in Sweden 1958-1981. An analysis of the National Cancer Registry data.
Acta Med Scand, 220 (1986), pp. 225-232
[24.]
E.L. Bravo, R. Tagle.
Pheochromocytoma: state-of-the-art and future prospects.
Endocr Rev, 24 (2003), pp. 539-553
[25.]
P. De Senanayake, J. Denker, E.L. Bravo, R.M. Graham.
Production, characterization and expression of neuropeptide Y by human pheochromocytoma.
J Clin Invest, 96 (1995), pp. 2503-2509
[26.]
J.M. Lundberg, K. Tatemoto.
Pancreatic polypeptide family (APP, BPP, NPY and PYY) in relation to sympathetic vasoconstriction resistant to alpha-adrenoceptor blockade.
Acta Physiol Scand, 116 (1982), pp. 393-402
[27.]
Y.C. Kudva, A.M. Sawka, W.F. Young Jr.
the laboratory diagnosis of adrenal Pheochromocytoma: the Mayo Clinic Experience.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88 (2003), pp. 4533-4539
[28.]
J.M. Feldman.
Falsely elevated urinary excretion of cathecolamines and metanephrines in patients receiving labetalol therapy.
J Clin Pharmacol, 27 (1987), pp. 288-292
[29.]
F.J. Cook, D.W. Chandler, D.K. Snyder.
Effect of buspirone on urinary cathecolamine assays.
N Engl J Med, 332 (1995), pp. 401
[30.]
J.W. Lenders, K. Pacak, M.M. Walther, W.M. Linehan, M. Mannelli, P. Friberg, et al.
Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: which test is best?.
JAMA, 287 (2002), pp. 1427-1434
[31.]
G. Eisenhofer, M. Walther, H.R. Keiser, J.W. Lenders, P. Friberg, K. Pacak.
Plasma metanephrines: a novel and cost-effective test for pheochromocytoma.
Braz J Med Biol Res, 33 (2000), pp. 1157-1169
[32.]
J.W. Lenders, H.R. Keiser, D.S. Goldstein, J.J. Willemsen, P. Friberg, M.C. Jacobs, et al.
Plasma metanephrines in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.
Ann Intern Med, 123 (1995), pp. 101-109
[33.]
G. Eisenhofer, J.W. Lenders, W.M. Linehan, M.M. Walther, D.S. Goldstein, H.R. Keiser.
Plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine for detecting pheochromocytoma in von Hippel Lindau disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 1872-1879
[34.]
A.M. Sawka, R. Jaeschke, R.J. Singh, W.F. Young Jr.
A comparison of biochemical tests for pheochromocytoma: measurement of fractionated plasma metanephrines compared with the combination of 24-hour urinary metanephrines and catecholamines.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88 (2003), pp. 553-558
[35.]
K.A. Newell, R.A. Prinz, M.H. Brooks, S.N. Glisson, A.L. Barbato, R.J. Freeark.
Plasma catecholamine changes during excision of pheochromocytoma.
Surgery, 104 (1988), pp. 1064-1073
[36.]
A.R. Boutros, E.L. Bravo, G. Zanettin, R.A. Straffon.
Perioperative management of 63 patients with pheochromocytoma.
Cleve Clin J Med, 57 (1990), pp. 613-617
[37.]
J.C. Ulchaker, D.A. Goldfarb, E.L. Bravo, A.C. Novick.
Successful outcomes in pheochromocytoma surgery in the modern era.
J Urol, 161 (1999), pp. 764-767
[38.]
H.U. Lehman, H. Hochrein, E. Witt, H.W. Mies.
Hemodynamic effects of calcium antagonist.
Hypertension, 5 (1983), pp. 1166-1173
[39.]
J. Sprung, J.F. O’Hara Jr, I.S. Gill, B. Abdelmalak, A. Sarnaik, E.L. Bravo.
Anesthetic aspects of laparoscopic and open adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma.
Urology, 55 (2000), pp. 339-343
[40.]
S.D. Safford, R.E. Coleman, J.P. Gockerman, J. Moore, J.M. Feldman, G.S. Leight Jr, et al.
I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine is an effective treatment for malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.
Surgery, 134 (2003), pp. 956-962
[41.]
S.D. Averbuch, C.S. Steakley, R.C. Young, E.P. Gelmann, D.S. Goldstein, R. Stull, et al.
Malignant pheochromocytoma: effective treatment with a combination vincristine and dacarbazine.
Ann Intern Med, 109 (1988), pp. 267-273
Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos