covid
Buscar en
Endocrinología y Nutrición
Toda la web
Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Gonadotropinas (LH y FSH) y corticotropina (ACTH)
Información de la revista
Vol. 54. Núm. 2.
Páginas 109-117 (febrero 2007)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 54. Núm. 2.
Páginas 109-117 (febrero 2007)
Puesta al día: pruebas de laboratorio en Endocrinología y Nutrición
Acceso a texto completo
Gonadotropinas (LH y FSH) y corticotropina (ACTH)
Gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACHT)
Visitas
144849
Neus Potau Vilalta, Ana Carreño de Puig
Autor para correspondencia
npotau@vhebron.net

Correspondencia: Dra. A. Carreño de Puig. Laboratorios Clínicos. Hospital Vall d’Hebron. C/ Pg. Vall d’Hebron, 129. 08035 Barcelona. España.
Laboratorio Hormonal. Hospital Materno-Infantil Vall d’Hebron. Barcelona. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

Las gonadotropinas (LH y FSH) y la corticotropina (ACTH) son hormonas hipofisarias reguladas por los factores hipotalámicos correspondientes. Las gonadotropinas regulan la función gonadal masculina y femenina, así como la síntesis de las hormonas sexuales. Su cuantificación se realiza por inmunoanálisis tanto basal como en respuesta a estímulos de análogos de la Gn-RH. Su estudio es útil en el diagnóstico de la pubertad precoz, en los hipogonadismos y en las diversas afecciones del eje hipotálamo-hipofiso-gonadal.

La corticotropina es otro péptido de origen hipofisario que ejerce su acción sobre la corteza suprarrenal estimulando la esteroidogénesis. Se secreta de forma pulsátil y presenta un ritmo circadiano característico, con un máximo de secreción por la mañana. La corta vida media, su inestabilidad, los tratamientos con corticoides y su vulnerabilidad a las enzimas celulares son factores a tener en cuenta en su valoración. Su cuantificación en plasma se realiza por inmunoanálisis, y su derivado sintético (ACTH 1-24) se utiliza como estímulo farmacológico para el estudio de la función hipotálamo-hipofiso-suprarrenal. Aunque el test de referencia es la hipoglucemia insulínica, por sus dificultades y contraindicaciones el test de estimulación con ACTH 1-24 se considera un método indirecto de detección de las alteraciones hipotálamohipofisarias. También ha sido utilizado para valorar la actividad enzimática suprarrenal y sus alteraciones congénitas, como la hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita (HSC) o adquirida.

La participación del laboratorio hormonal es de gran utilidad en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades que afectan a dichos péptidos.

Palabras clave:
Gonadotropinas
Lutropina
Folitropina
Corticotropina
Análogos de la gonadoliberina

Gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) are pituitary hormones regulated by the corresponding hypothalamic releasing factors.

Gonadotropins are the main regulators of male and female gonadal functions and sexual hormone synthesis. Laboratory assessment of LH and FSH can be basal or stimulated by GnRH analogs, using immunoassay methods. In precocious puberty, hypogonadism or other pathological conditions affecting hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, LH and FSH measurement are useful and sensitive alone or together with sexual hormones (testosterone and estradiol) in order to establish the diagnosis.

Corticotropin (ACTH) is another pituitary hormone which regulates adrenal steroid synthesis. Hormone release is pulsatil throughout the day, but exhibits a diurnal pattern with levels being the highest in the early morning. ACTH secretion increases in response to hypocortisolemia if the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are intact. Numerous factors affect interpretation of the ACTH test, including half-life, stability, glucocorticoid administration and vulnerability to cellular enzymes all of which must be taken into account. Immunoassay methods are reliable and different tests can be used to study hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis secondary to deficiency or hyperfunction.

Hormonal laboratory assessment has a valuable role to establish the diagnosis of the diseases affecting these peptides.

Key words:
Gonadotropins
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Corticotropin (ACTH)
Gn-RH analogs
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
S.D. Gharib, M.E. Wierman, M.A. Shupnik, W.W. Chin.
Molecular biology of the pituitary gonadotropins.
Endocr Rev, 11 (1990), pp. 177-199
[2.]
M.P. Rose, R.E. Gaines Das, A.H. Balen.
Definition and measurement of follicule stimulating hormone.
Endocr Rev, 21 (2000), pp. 5-22
[3.]
P.E. Bechetz, T.M. Plant, Y. Nakai, E.J. Keogh, E. Knobil.
Hypophysial responses to continous and intermittent delivery of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
Science, 202 (1978), pp. 631-633
[4.]
A.M. Haavisto, K. Pettersson, M. Bergendahl, A. Virkamäki, I. Huhtaniemi.
Ocurrence and biological properties of a common genetic variant of luteinizing hormone.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80 (1995), pp. 1257-1263
[5.]
A. Demir, L. Dunkel, U.H. Stenman, R. Voutilainen.
Age-related course of urinary gonadotropins in children.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80 (1995), pp. 1457-1460
[6.]
J.H. Thijssen, W.G. Wood, A.C. Kessler, H.W. Griesser, O. Bauer, C. Bieglmayer, et al.
Multicenter evaluation of new enzyme-linked immunoassays of follitropin and lutropin in serum and plasma.
Clin Chem, 37 (1991), pp. 1257-1263
[7.]
A. Sehested, A. Juul, A.M. Andersson, J.H. Petersen, T. Jensen, J. Müller, et al.
Serum inhibin A and inhibin B in healthy prepubertal, pubertal, and adolescent girls and adult women: relation to age, stage of puberty, menstrual cycle, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol levels.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85 (2000), pp. 1634-1640
[8.]
V.N. Brito, M.C. Batista, M.F. Borges, A.C. Latronico, M.B.F. Kohek, A.C.P. Thirone, et al.
Diagnostic value of fluorometric assays in the evaluation of precocious puberty.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84 (1999), pp. 3539-3544
[9.]
N. Potau, L. Ibáñez, M. Sentis, A. Carrascosa.
Sexual dimorphism in the maturation of pituitary-gonadal axis, assessed by GnRH agonist challenge.
Eur J Endocrinol, 141 (1999), pp. 27-34
[10.]
A. Cavallo, X.H. Zhou.
LHRH test in the assessment of puberty in normal children.
Horm Res, 41 (1994), pp. 10-15
[11.]
M.L. Lawson, N. Cohen.
A simple subcutaneous luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone (LHRH) stimulation test for monitoring LH suppression in chlidren with central precocious puberty receiving LHRH agonists.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84 (1999), pp. 4536-4540
[12.]
S.L. Kaplan, M.M. Grumbach.
Clinical Review 14. Pathophysiology and treatment of sexual precocity.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 71 (1990), pp. 785-789
[13.]
M.M. Grumbach, F.A. Conte.
Disorders of sex differentiation.
Williams test Book of Endocrinology, pp. 853-951
[14.]
S.B. Seminara, F.J. Hayes, W.F. Crowley Jr.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallman's syndrome): pathophisiological and genetic considerations.
Endocr Rev, 19 (1998), pp. 521-539
[15.]
M.T. Dattani, J.P. Martinez-Barbera, P.Q. Thomas, L.M. Brickman, R. Gupta, I.L. Mätersson, et al.
Mutations in the homeobox gene HESX1/Hesx 1 associated with septo-optic dysplasia in human and mouse.
Nature Genet, 19 (1998), pp. 125-133
[16.]
W. Guo, T.P. Burris, Y.H. Zhang, B.L. Huang, J. Mason, K.C. Copeland, et al.
Genomic sequence of DAX 1 gene: an orphan nuclear receptor responsible for X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenital and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81 (1996), pp. 2481-2486
[17.]
L.R. Garibaldi, P. Picco, S. Mafier, R. Chevli, T. Aceto.
Serum luteinizing hormone concentrations as measured by a sensitive immunoradiometric assay, in children with normal, precocious or delayed pubertal development.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 72 (1991), pp. 888-898
[18.]
L. Ibañez, N. Potau, M. Zampolli, R. Virdis, M. Gussinyé, A. Carrascosa, et al.
Use of leuprolide acetate response patterns in the early diagnosis of pubertal disorders. Comparison with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone test.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 78 (1994), pp. 30-35
[19.]
R. Alfayate, M. Mauri, A.M. Pico.
¿Qué medimos al utilizar RIA o IRMA para determinar la LH circulante?.
Endocrinologia, 42 (1995), pp. 275-277
[20.]
S.R. Milsom, M.C. Sowter, M.A. Carter, B.S. Knox, A.J. Gunn.
LH levels in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: have modern assays made them irrelevant?.
BJOG, 110 (2003), pp. 760-764
[21.]
L. Ibañez, N. Potau, M. Zampolli, N. Prat, M. Gussinyé, P. Saenger, et al.
Source localization of androgen excess in adolescent girls.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79 (1994), pp. 1778-1784
[22.]
D. Owerbach, W.J. Riutter, J.L. Roberts, P. Whitfeld, J. Shine, P.H. Seeburg, et al.
The propiocortin (adrenocorticotropin/b-lipotropin) gene is located on chromosome 2 in humans.
Somat Cell Genet, 7 (1981), pp. 359-369
[23.]
J. Spiess, J. Rivier, C. Rivier, W. Vale.
Primary structure of corticotropin-releasing factor from ovine hypothalamus.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 78 (1981), pp. 6517-6521
[24.]
R. Guillemin, B. Rosenberg.
Humoral hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary: study with combined tissue cultures.
Endocrinology, 57 (1955), pp. 599-607
[25.]
M. Saffran, A.V. Schally.
The release of corticotrophin by anterior pituitary tissue in vitro.
Can J Biochem Physiol, 33 (1955), pp. 408-415
[26.]
L. Ibáñez, N. Potau, M.V. Marcos, F. De Zegher.
Coticotropin-releasing hormone as adrenal androgen secretagogue.
Pediatr Res, 46 (1999), pp. 351-353
[27.]
D.M. Stocco, B.J. Clark.
Regulation of the acute production of steroids in steroidogenic cells.
Endocr Rev, 17 (1996), pp. 221-224
[28.]
S. Ten, M. New, N. Maclaren.
Addison's disease 2001.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86 (2001), pp. 2909-2922
[29.]
W. Oelkers, S. Diederich, V. Bahr.
Diagnosis and therapy surveillance in Addison's disease: rapid adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). test and measurement of plasma ACTH, renin activity, and aldosterone.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75 (1992), pp. 259-264
[30.]
J.B. Wood, A.W. Frankland, V.H.T. James, J. Landon.
A rapid test of adrenocortical function.
Lancet, 1 (1965), pp. 243-245
[31.]
W.R. Greig, M.C.K. Browning, J.A. Boyle, J.D. Maxwell.
Effect of the synthetic polypeptide beta 1-24 (Synacthen) on adrenocortical function.
J Endocrinol, 34 (1966), pp. 411-412
[32.]
P.F. Speckart, J.T. Nicoloff, J.E. Bethune.
Screening for adrenocortical inssufficiency with Cosyntropin (synthetic ACTH).
Arch Intern Med, 128 (1971), pp. 761-763
[33.]
H. Kehlet, C. Binder.
Value of an ACTH test in assessing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function in glucocorticoid-treated patients.
Br Med J, 2 (1973), pp. 147-149
[34.]
J. Mayenknecht, S. Diederich, V. Bahr, U. Plockinger, W. Oelkers.
Comparison of low and high dose corticotropin stimulation tests in patients with pituitary disease.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83 (1998), pp. 1558-1562
[35.]
N. Weintrob, E. Sprecher, Z. Josefberg, C. Weininger, Y. Aurbach-Kippler, D. Lazard, et al.
Standard and low-dose short adrenocorticotropin test compared with insulin-induced hypoglycemia for the assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in children with idiopathic multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83 (1998), pp. 88-92
[36.]
E.J. Nye, J.E. Grice, G.I. Hockings, C.R. Strakosch, G.V. Crosbie, M.M. Walters, et al.
Comparison of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation tests and insulin hypoglycemia in normal humans: low dose, standard high dose, and 8-hour ACTH-(1-24) infusion tests.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84 (1999), pp. 3648-3655
[37.]
S.K. Grinspoon, B.M. Biller.
Laboratory assessment of adrenal insufficiency.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79 (1994), pp. 923-931
[38.]
D.N. Orth.
Cushing's syndrome.
N Eng J Med, 332 (1995), pp. 791-803
[39.]
P.J. Trainer, A. Grossman.
The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.
Clin Endocrinol, 34 (1991), pp. 317-330
[40.]
C. Tsigos, G.P. Chousos.
Differential diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome.
Ann Rev Med, 47 (1996), pp. 443-461
[41.]
M. Boscaro, L. Barzon, F. Fallo, N. Sonino.
Cushing's syndrome.
[42.]
G.A. Kaltsas, A.M. Isidori, B.P. Kola, R.H. Skelly, S.L. Chew, P.J. Jenkins, et al.
The value of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the differential diagnosis of hyperandrogenism in women.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88 (2003), pp. 2634-2643
[43.]
J. Newell-Price, D.G. Morris, W.M. Drake, M. Korbonits, J.P. Monson, G.M. Besser, et al.
Optimal response criteria for the human CRH test in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87 (2002), pp. 1640-1645
[44.]
A. Lienhardt, A.B. Grossman, J.E. Dacie, J. Evanson, A. Huebner, F. Afshar, et al.
Relative contributions of inferior petrosal sinus sampling and pituitary imaging in the investigation of children and adolescents with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86 (2001), pp. 5711-5714
Copyright © 2007. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos