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Vol. 53. Núm. S1.
Resistencia a la insulina y síndrome del ovario poliquístico (SOP)
Páginas 34-40 (septiembre 2006)
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Vol. 53. Núm. S1.
Resistencia a la insulina y síndrome del ovario poliquístico (SOP)
Páginas 34-40 (septiembre 2006)
Resistencia a la insulina y síndrome del ovario poliquístico (SOP)
Acceso a texto completo
Hiperandrogenismo ovárico funcional y síndrome del ovario poliquístico en la adolescencia
Functional ovarian hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence
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15281
L. Ibáñez Todaa,
, N. Potau Vilaltab
a Sección de Endocrinología. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu. Universidad de Barcelona. Esplugues de Llobregat. Barcelona. España
b Laboratorio Hormonal. Hospital Materno-Infantil Vall d’Hebron. Barcelona. España
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El síndrome del ovario poliquístico (SOP) es la causa más frecuente de exceso de andrógenos en adolescentes y mujeres jóvenes. Los criterios diagnósticos se han redefinido (Rotterdam, mayo 2003) incluyendo: oligoamenorrea crónica, signos clínicos y biológicos de hiperandrogenismo, presencia ecográfica de ovarios poliquísticos y exclusión de otras enfermedades.

El SOP se acompaña de hiperinsulinismo y resistencia a la insulina, así como de un perfil lipídico aterogénico, concentraciones bajas de adiponectina, elevación de interleucina-6 y aumento del cociente neutrófilos/linfocitos. Todo ello, junto con una distribución centrípeta de la grasa corporal, son factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de diabetes tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular. Por este motivo, se ha considerado como parte del denominado síndrome metabólico.

El desarrollo completo del cuadro clínico del SOP no se produce hasta la adolescencia o la edad adulta; sin embargo, hay indicios claros de que puede tener su origen antes de la pubertad (pubarquia prematura) e incluso en el período prenatal (bajo peso al nacer). Ambas asociaciones pueden conducir a desarrollar un cuadro metabólico sugestivo de SOP antes de la pubertad.

El tratamiento clásico del SOP ha sido la administración de anticonceptivos orales; sin embargo, la utilización de sensibilizantes de la insulina, como la metformina, mejora el perfil endocrinometabólico y los marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular. En adolescentes y mujeres jóvenes, la asociación de metformina y un antiandrógeno a bajas dosis, como la flutamida, es mucho más eficaz que la monoterapia con anticonceptivos orales, ya que normaliza la función ovárica y revierte las alteraciones clínicas y metabólicas.

Estudios preliminares sugieren que en poblaciones de riesgo el tratamiento con metformina evita el desarrollo de las manifestaciones clínicas del SOP. Sin embargo, se precisan más estudios antes de establecer la eficacia y la tolerancia a largo plazo de este tipo de fármacos.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome del ovario poliquístico (SOP)
Síndrome metabólico
Resistencia a la insulina
Metformina

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent cause of androgen excess in adolescents and young women. The diagnostic criteria have recently been redefined (Rotterdam, May 2003) and include clinical and biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, chronic oligo-ovulation, ultrasonographic evidence of polycystic ovaries, and the exclusion of known disorders.

PCOS is accompanied by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance and is also associated with an atherogenic lipid profile, low adiponectin levels, high interleukin-6 concentrations, an increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and central adiposity. These metabolic abnormalities are reminiscent of the metabolic syndrome and are considered to be risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

PCOS does not fully develop until adolescence or early adulthood; however, there is clear evidence that the syndrome may begin to develop before puberty (precocious pubarche) and even in the prenatal period (low birth weight). The clinical signs and symptoms are heralded by a pre-clinical phase in which the metabolic abnormalities that characterize PCOS are already detectable before puberty.

The classical therapeutic approach in PCOS has been the use of oral contraceptives; however, the use of insulin sensitizers such as metformin improves the endocrine-metabolic profile and markers of cardiovascular risk. In adolescents and young women, the lowdose combination of metformin and flutamide (an androgen-receptor blocker) is much more effective than monotherapy with oral contraceptives, since it normalizes ovarian function and reverses the clinical and metabolic alterations of PCOS.

Preliminary studies suggest that in highrisk girls with a combined history of low birthweight and precocious pubarche, metformin therapy prevents the development of clinical PCOS. Future studies are required to establish the safety of long-term, early metformin therapy.

Key words:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Metabolic syndrome
Insulin resistance
Metformin
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