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Vol. 53. Núm. 3.
Páginas 174-180 (marzo 2006)
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Vol. 53. Núm. 3.
Páginas 174-180 (marzo 2006)
Puesta al día: síndrome de Prader-Willi
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Mecanismos de regulación del apetito y síndrome de Prader-Willi
Mechanisms of food intake and prader-willi syndrome
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A. Caixàs
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acaixas@cspt.es

Correspondencia: Dra. A. Caixàs. Unitat de Diabetis, Endocrinologia i Nutrició. Hospital de Sabadell. Institut Universitari Parc Taulí. Parc Taulí, s/n. 08208 Sabadell. Barcelona. España.
Unitat de Diabetis, Endocrinologia i Nutrició. Hospital de Sabadell. Institut Universitari Parc Taulí. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Sabadell. Barcelona. España
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El síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) se caracteriza, entre otros rasgos, por un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. En comparación con individuos obesos y sanos, su saciedad está retrasada o disminida y, ante una comida libre, la velocidad inicial de la ingesta es menor, pero es continua y constante, sin curva de desaceleración, con lo que la duración del consumo de alimentos es mayor. Se han llevado a cabo múltiples estudios para investigar cuál es la alteración en el hipotálamo que conlleva a este trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. En estudios post mórtem no se ha podido comprobar ninguna alteración en las neuronas NPY/AGRP o POMC/CART. Sin embargo, se ha podido observar una reducción de las neuronas que producen oxitocina en el núcleo PVN, que también podrían desempeñar un papel en la regulación del apetito. En cuanto a los valores periféricos de hormonas, la leptina sigue un patrón general igual que en los individuos sanos; no obstante, existe una cierta hipoinsulinemia en relación con el grado de adiposidad. Los valores del péptido orexígeno ghrelina están elevados y no disminuyen adecuadamente tras la ingesta. Otros péptidos que producen saciedad están disminuidos o no responden adecuadamente tras la ingesta (PYY, PP), presentan resultados contradictorios (CCK) o no están alterados a juzgar por los estudios actuales (GLP-1). En conjunto, los estudios existentes hasta la actualidad reflejan la complejidad de los mecanismos que regulan el apetito en humanos. Probablemente cada uno de estos péptidos contribuya a explicar una parte de la fisiopatología del hambre o la falta de saciedad en el SPW, pero faltan más estudios para poder completar la cadena y desarrollar medidas terapéuticas para evitar la obesidad tan característica de este síndrome.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome de Prader-Willi
Apetito
Hambre
Saciedad
Ghrelina
PYY
PP
Leptina

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is characterized by impaired eating behavior, among other features. Compared with obese and healthy individuals, patients with PWS show delayed or absent satiety. When food is available ad libitum, food is eaten slowly but constantly and consequently food consumption can be continuous. Multiple studies have been carried out to identify the alteration in the hypothalamus leading to this impaired eating behavior. In post-mortem studies no alterations have been demonstrated in the NPY/AGRP or POMC/CART neurones. However, a reduction in the number of oxytocin neurones in the paraventricular nucleus has been observed, which could play a role in the regulation of food intake. Among the peripheral hormones, leptin shows a general pattern similar to that in healthy individuals. However, there is a certain hypoinsulinemia in relation to the degree of adiposity. Levels of ghrelin, an anorexigenic peptide, are elevated and do not decrease sufficiently after food intake. Other peptides that produce satiety are decreased, do not respond adequately to food intake (PYY, PP), present controversial results (CCK), or remain unaltered in studies performed to date (GLP-1). Taken together, all the studies show the complexity of human appetite regulation mechanisms. Probably, each peptide contributes to explain part of the physiopathology of hunger or lack of satiety in PWS. More studies are needed to complete the chain and to be able to develop therapeutic measures to avoid obesity in this syndrome.

Key words:
Prader-Willi syndrome
Appetite
Hunger
Satiety
Ghrelin
PYY
PP
Leptin
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Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
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