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Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Metabolismo óseo. Vitamina D Y PTH
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Vol. 53. Núm. 3.
Páginas 199-208 (marzo 2006)
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Vol. 53. Núm. 3.
Páginas 199-208 (marzo 2006)
Acceso a texto completo
Metabolismo óseo. Vitamina D Y PTH
Bone metabolism. Vitamin d and parathyroid hormone
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M.A. Navarro-Moreno
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manavarro@csub.scs.es

Correspondencia: Dr. M.A. Navarro Moreno. Servicio de Bioquímica. Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge. Feixa Llarga, s/n. 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España.
, P. Alía-Ramos
Sección de Bioquímica Hormonal y Génica. Servicio de Bioquímica. Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España
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La vitamina D es una hormona involucrada en un complejo sistema endocrino que regula la homeostasis mineral, protege la integridad del esqueleto y modula el crecimiento y la diferenciación celular en una amplia variedad de tejidos. El hígado y el riñón son los órganos donde se producen el calcidiol o 25-hidroxivitamina D3 (forma circulante de vitamina D más abundante) y el calcitriol o 1-α,25-dihidroxivitamina D3 (la forma biológicamente más activa), respectivamente. La concentración de calcidiol es el índice más fiable para definir las situaciones de déficit, insuficiencia, hipovitaminosis, suficiencia y toxicidad de vitamina D. Su cuantificación se realiza mayoritariamente por métodos de RIA, aunque se están introduciendo con fuerza en el mercado los de ELISA y quimioluminiscencia; por su parte, los métodos para cuantificar calcitriol son de RIA con inmunoextracción. Hay que destacar que para establecer una correcta definición del umbral exacto de la situación de vitamina D, en una comunidad, se necesita tener un método de cuantificación bien estandarizado y con valores de referencia propios.

La paratirina (PTH) es el regulador más importante en la homeostasis del calcio, ya que potencia su reabsorción en el túbulo renal, haciendo que se incremente su concentración sanguínea. En la circulación existen formas moleculares diferentes y de procedencia tisular, vida media, destino y afección en la enfermedad variadas; precisamente el conocimiento de esta heterogeneidad es el que ha permitido poder interpretar resultados procedentes de métodos que cuantifican diferentes regiones de la molécula. Actualmente se usan métodos inmunométricos (sándwich) de segunda generación para cuantificarla, por lo que se puede obviar la presencia de péptidos de cadena larga de la región aminoterminal que se metabolizan en algunos estadios de la insuficiencia renal. La concentración de paratirina tiene un marcado ritmo circadiano, por lo que se aconseja la toma de muestra no antes de las 7 de la mañana y, en sentido académico, una extracción después de las 10 h de la mañana podría discriminar entre población normal e hiperparatiroidismo primario leve.

La PTH se ha introducido como prueba protocolizada en campo operatorio abierto en paratiroidectomía y tiroidectomía. En el primer caso, descensos de un 50% respecto a su valor basal representan éxito quirúrgico; en el segundo caso, se pueden seleccionar pacientes con riesgo de hipocalcemia.

Palabras clave:
Vitamina D
Calcidiol
Calcitriol
Paratirina
PTH

Vitamin D is a hormone involved in a complex endocrine system that regulates mineral homeostasis, protects the integrity of the skeleton, and modulates growth and cellular differentiation in a wide variety of tissues. Calcidiol, or 25-hydroxivitamin D3 (the more abundant circulating form of vitamin D), is synthesized in the liver, and calcitriol, or 1-α,25-dihydroxivitamin D3 (the biologically more active form), is synthesized in the kidney. The concentration of calcidiol is the most reliable index for defining vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, hypovitaminosis, sufficiency and toxicity. It is mainly quantified by radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods, although ELISA and chemoluminescence are being strongly introduced in the market. Calcitriol quantification methods usually consist of RIA with immunoextraction. It is important to highlight that to accurately define vitamin D levels in a community, a standardized method of quantification and specific reference values are required.

Parathyrin (PTH) is the most important regulator in calcium homeostasis, since it promotes calcium reabsorption in the renal tubules, increasing calcium concentrations in blood. There are several different molecular forms in the circulation with distinct tissular origin, half life, purpose, and involvement in disease. Indeed, knowledge of this heterogeneity is what has enabled results from methods that quantify different regions of the molecule to be interpreted. Currently, second generation immunometric (sandwich) methods are used to quantify PTH, so that the presence of long chain N-terminal peptides appearing in some stages of renal insufficiency can be obviated. PTH concentrations have a marked circadian rhythm and consequently sample extraction after 7 am is advisable, and, theoretically, extraction after 10 am could discriminate between the normal population and that with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. PTH determination has been introduced as a standardized test in open parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy. In the first case, reductions of 50% with respect to the basal value represent surgical success; in the second case, patients at risk for hypocalcemia can be selected.

Key words:
Vitamin D
Calcidiol
Calcitriol
Parathyrin
PTH
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Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
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