covid
Buscar en
Endocrinología y Nutrición
Toda la web
Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Microcarcinoma diferenciado de tiroides y carcinoma diferenciado de bajo riesgo:...
Información de la revista
Vol. 53. Núm. 6.
Páginas 399-404 (junio 2006)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 53. Núm. 6.
Páginas 399-404 (junio 2006)
A debate: tratamiento con 131I en el microcarcinoma de tiroides
Acceso a texto completo
Microcarcinoma diferenciado de tiroides y carcinoma diferenciado de bajo riesgo: objeciones al tratamiento ablativo con radioyodo
Differentiated thyroid microcarcinoma and differentiated low-risk carcinoma: objections to radioiodine ablation therapy
Visitas
5881
Franco Sánchez Franco
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Carlos III. Madrid. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

Entre los puntos controvertidos del tratamiento del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) está la indicación de tratamiento ablativo con radioyodo en microcarcinoma y en carcinoma diferenciado de bajo riesgo. La controversia debe fundamentarse en definiciones precisas de microcarcinoma papilar, microcarcinoma folicular y carcinoma diferenciado de bajo riesgo que quedan aquí definidos. Aunque un 2,8% de los microcarcinomas, según criterio de tamaño, pueda manifestarse con metástasis a distancia iniciales, el mayor número se produce en condiciones predictivas de bajo riesgo: monofocal y unilateral, sin extensión extratiroidea, invasión ni metástasis, encapsulado. Cuando el tumor tenga esas propiedades y no haya historia de radioterapia ionizante previa en cuello, se recomienda la hemitiroidectomía. En el resto de los tumores, se recomienda la tiroidectomía intencionalmente total, que determina menor frecuencia de recurrencia y metástasis que la lobectomía, aunque no menor mortalidad. Con tiroidectomía total y factores predictivos de bajo riesgo, no se recomendaría el tratamiento ablativo con yodo-131 y su seguimiento se realizaría con ecografía de cuello y tiroglobulina (Tg) circulante con autoanticuerpos anti-Tg negativos. El tratamiento ablativo se justificaría sólo para establecer control más preciso evolutivo referido a persistencia o recurrencia de enfermedad.

El tratamiento con radioyodo del microcarcinoma y del CDT de bajo riesgo no tiene evidencia científica de que disminuya la mortalidad específica por el tumor, ni la recurrencia locorregional. Puede aumentar el riesgo de segundos tumores primarios, particularmente de leucemias y producir algunos efectos secundarios leves en gonadas, retraso de planificación de fertilidad, leve disfunción transitoria de glándulas salivares y lagrimales y leves trastornos hematológicos transitorios. El tratamiento posquirúrgico con radioyodo de microcarcinoma y CDT de bajo riesgo debe ser selectivo para pacientes con factores predictivos de alto riesgo.

Palabras clave:
Carcinoma de tiroides
Microcarcinoma
Tiroidectomía
Radioyodo

Among the controversial issues in differentiated thyroid carcinoma is the indication for radioiodine ablation therapy in microcarcinoma and low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The controversy should be based on precise definitions of papillary microcarcinoma, follicular microcarcinoma and low-risk differentiated carcinoma, which we define in the present article. When the criterion of size alone is applied, 2.8% of microcarcinomas can manifest with initial distant metastases. However, most are included within the group of low-risk microcarcinomas: monofocal and unilateral, without extrathyroidal extension, invasion, metastases or encapsulation. When tumors have these characteristics and there is no history of ionizing radiotherapy in the neck, hemithyroidectomy is recommended.

In the remaining tumors, total thyroidectomy is recommended, which shows a lower rate of recurrences and metastases than lobectomy, although mortality is not reduced. With total thyroidectomy and predictive factors for low risk, 131I ablation therapy is not recommended, and follow-up should include neck ultrasonography and evaluation of circulating Tg with negative anti-Tg antibodies. Ablation therapy is only useful to achieve closer monitoring of disease persistence or recurrence.

There is no scientific evidence that radioiodine therapy of microcarcinoma and low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma reduces mortality due to the tumor or locoregional recurrence. It may increase the risk of second primary tumors, particularly leukemias, and produce mild secondary effects in the gonads, delayed fertility planning, mild transitory dysfunction of the salivary and tear glands and transitory hematological abnormalities.

Postsurgical radioiodine therapy of microcarcinoma and low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma should be restricted to patients with factors predicting high risk.

Key words:
Thyroid carcinoma
Microcarcinoma
Thyroidectomy
Radioiodine
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
Pacini F, Schlumberger M, Dralle H, Dralle H, Elisei R, Wiersinga W, and the European Thyroid Cancer Taskforce. European Consensus for the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer of the follicular epithelium. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 [en prensa].
[2.]
F. Sánchez Franco.
Directrices para el tratamiento del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides.
Endocrinol Nutr, 52 (2005), pp. 23-31
[3.]
UICC.
TNM classification of malignant tumors, 6th ed., pp. 52-56
[4.]
E. Baudin, J.P. Travagli, J. Ropers, F. Mancusi, G. Bruno-Bossio, B. Caillou.
Microcarcinoma of the thyroid gland: the Gustave-Roussy Institute experience.
Cancer, 83 (1998), pp. 553-559
[5.]
E.L. Mazzaferri, R.T. Kloos.
Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86 (2001), pp. 1447-1463
[6.]
M. Schlumberger, E. Baudin.
Serum thyroglobulin determination in the follow-up of patients differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Eur J Endocrinol, 138 (1998), pp. 249-252
[7.]
B.R. Haugen.
Patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma benefit from radioiodine remnant ablation.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89 (2004), pp. 3665-3667
[8.]
C.S. Bal, A. Kumar, G.S. Pant.
Radioiodine dose for remnant ablation in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial in 509 patients.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89 (2004), pp. 1666-1673
[9.]
L. Wartofsky, S.I. Sherman, J. Gopal, M. Schlumberger, I.D. Hay.
The use of radioactive iodine in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83 (1998), pp. 4195-4203
[10.]
I.D. Hay, G.B. Thompson, C.S. Grant, E.J. Bergstralh, C.E. Dvorak, C.A. Gorman, et al.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma managed at the Mayo Clinic during six decades (1940-1999): temporal trends in initial therapy and long-term outcome in 2444 consecutively treated patients.
World J Surg, 26 (2002), pp. 879-885
[11.]
A.M. Sawka, K. Thephamongkhol, M. Brouwers, L. Thabane, G. Browman, H.C. Gerstein.
Clinical review 170: A systematic review and metaanalysis of the effectiveness of radioactive iodine remnant ablation for well-differentiated thyroid cancer.
J Clin Endoxrinol Metab, 89 (2004), pp. 3668-3676
[12.]
C. Dragoiescu, O.S. Hoekstra, D.J. Kuik, P. Lips, M.A. Plaizier, P.T. Rodrigus, et al.
Feasibility of a randomized trial on adjuvant radio-iodine therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer.
Clin Endocrinol, 58 (2003), pp. 451-455
[13.]
A.J. Canchola, P.L. Horn-Ross, D.M. Purdie.
Risk of Second Primary Malignancies in Women with Papillary Thyroid Cancer.
Am J Epidemiol, 163 (2006), pp. 521-527
[14.]
C.M. Ronckers, P. McCarron, E. Ron.
Thyroid cancer and multiple primary tumors in the SEER cancer registries.
Int J Cancer, 117 (2005), pp. 281-288
[15.]
C. Rubino, F. De Vathaire, M.E. Dottorini, P. Hall, C. Schvartz, J.E. Couette, et al.
Second primary malignancies in thyroid cancer patients.
Br J Cancer, 89 (2003), pp. 1638-1644
[16.]
L. Vini, S. Hyer, A. Al-Saadi, B. Pratt, C. Harmer.
Prognosis for fertility and ovarian function after treatment with radioiodine for thyroid cancer.
Postgrad Med J, 78 (2002), pp. 92-93
[17.]
S. Hyer, L. Vini, M. O’Connell, et al.
Testicular dose and fertility in men following I (131) therapy for thyroid cancer.
Clin Endocrinol, 56 (2002), pp. 755-758
[18.]
M. Wichers, E. Benz, H. Palmedo, B. Pratt, C. Harmer.
Testicular function alter radioiodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma.
Eur J Nucl Med, 27 (2000), pp. 503-507
[19.]
G.E. Krassas, N. Pontikides.
Gonadal effect of radiation from 131 I in male patients with thyroid carcinoma.
Arch Androl, 51 (2005), pp. 171-175
[20.]
S.J. Mandel, L. Mandel.
Radioactive iodine and the salivary glands.
Thyroid, 13 (2003), pp. 265-271
[21.]
T. Kita, K. Yokoyama, T. Higuchi, S. Kinuya, J. Taki, K. Nakajima, et al.
Multifactorial analysis on the short-term side effects occurring within 96 hours after radioiodine-131 therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Ann Nucl Med, 18 (2004), pp. 345-349
[22.]
P.W. Rosario, F.F. Maia, A. Barroso, E.L. Padrao, L. Rezende, S. Purisch.
Sialoadenitis following ablative therapy with high doses of radioiodine for treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer.
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 48 (2004), pp. 310-314
[23.]
R.T. Kloos, V. Duvuuri, S.M. Jhiang, K.V. Cahill, J.A. Foster, J.A. Burns.
Nasolacrimal drainage system obstruction from radioactive iodine therapy for thryroid carcinoma.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87 (2002), pp. 5817-5820
[24.]
B. De Keizer, A. Hoekstra, M.W. Konijnenberg, F. de Vos, B. Lambert, P.P. van Rijk.
Bone marrow dosimetry and safety of high 131 I activities given after recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone to treat metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer.
J Nucl Med, 45 (2004), pp. 1549-1554
[25.]
C.Y. Lo, W.F. Chan, K.Y. Lam, K.Y. Wan.
Follicular thyroid carcinoma: the role of histology and staging systems in predicting survival.
Ann Surg, 242 (2005), pp. 708-715
Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos