covid
Buscar en
Endocrinología y Nutrición
Toda la web
Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Nuevos abordajes terapéuticos de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1
Información de la revista
Vol. 51. Núm. 5.
Páginas 277-286 (mayo 2004)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 51. Núm. 5.
Páginas 277-286 (mayo 2004)
Acceso a texto completo
Nuevos abordajes terapéuticos de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1
New therapeutic approaches in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Visitas
7285
D. Acosta
Autor para correspondencia
domingo.acosta.sspa@juntadeandalucia.es
dacostade@sarenet.es

Correspondencia: Dr. D. Acosta. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Centro de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento. Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío. Avda. Manuel Siurot, s/n. 41013 Sevilla. España.
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

La necesidad de conseguir un adecuado tratamiento sustitutivo en la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 ha ido dirigida a obtener una adecuada imitación de la secreción endógena de insulina y su comportamiento fisiológico ante los picos de hiperglucemia. Esto ha planteado 2 grandes retos: la obtención de nuevas insulinas y el desarrollo de nuevas formas de administración de la insulina. En relación con las nuevas insulinas, los primeros resultados se obtuvieron con la consecución de análogos de insulina de acción rápida (lispro y aspart). Sin embargo, en las pautas intensivas a través de multidosis de insulina también se necesita usar insulinas de acción retardada, por lo que es preciso mejorar las características de las insulinas retardadas con cinc y las insulinas isófanas, debido a la falta de reproducibilidad farmacocinética, la presencia de “picos” de absorción y la alta variabilidad de absorción intrasujeto. Todo ello dio lugar a la necesidad de obtener análogos de insulina de acción prolongada, cuyo comportamiento fuera más uniforme. Así, en la actualidad contamos con las insulinas glargina y detemir. El perfil de acción de la insulina glargina viene determinado por la microcristalización a pH fisiológico en el tejido celular subcutáneo, y el perfil de acción de la insulina detemir viene determinado por la unión de la molécula de ácido mirístico a los receptores de ácidos grasos de la albúmina, tanto instersticial como plasmática.

El desarrollo de las nuevas formas de administración de insulina se ha basado fundamentalmente hasta la fecha en el uso de sistemas de infusión continua de insulina, cuyas ventajas teóricas se basan en 2 principios básicos: sólo se usa insulina rápida, la cual se administra en infusión continua y en bolos, y la infusión es además programable. Además, debe tenerse en cuenta que la ausencia de autonomía de dichos sistemas requiere una importante implicación del paciente en su tratamiento.

Existen otras vías alternativas de administración de insulina (jetinyectores, transdérmica, intranasal, oral entérica, oral bucal, pulmonar), si bien la pulmonar es la más desarrollada.

Por último, los sistemas implantables de asa cerrada con sensores de glucosa pueden ser una opción terapéutica muy adecuada para el tratamiento del paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 1.

Palabras clave:
Análogos de insulina de acción prolongada
Insulina glargina
Insulina detemir
Sistemas de infusión continua de insulina

The need for an ideal substitute therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus has been directed to imitate the endogenous insulin secretion and its physiological response with peaks of hyperglycaemia. This has raised 2 great challenges: discovery new forms of insulins and new forms of insulin administration. In relation to new form of insulins, the development of short acting insulin analogs (lispro and aspart) was a great achievement, but intensive therapy by multidose of insulin also needed the use of long-acting insulins. This created the need to improve the longacting Zn-insulin and NPH-insulin, which lacked pharmacokinetic reproducibility, great variability of absorption, including the presence of absorption peaks. Presently, long acting insulin analogs with a more uniform pharmacological behaviour had been achieved with glargine and detemir insulins. The mode of action of glargine insulin is determined by its microcrystalization in a physiological pH in the subcutaneous cellular tissue, and the mode of action of determir insulin is determined by the union of the myristic acid molecule with both interstitial and plasmatic albumin-fatty acid receptors. On the other hand, to date, the new forms of insulin administration has been based fundamentally on the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, whose theoretical advantages are based on 2 basic principles: the only use of rapid insulin by continuous infusion and bolus administration, and, in addition, the insulin infusion is programmable. Its lack of autonomy requires an important implication on the part of the patient. Other alternative routes of insulin administration are jet-injectors, transdermal, oral enteric, oral buccal, intranasal, and pulmonary delivery. To date, pulmonary administration is the most developed. Finally, implantable systems of closed-loop with glucose sensors can constitute a very suitable therapeutic alternative in the treatment of type 1 diabetic patients.

Key words:
Long-acting insulin analogs
Glargine insulin
Detemir insulin
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Group.
The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
N Engl J Med, 329 (1993), pp. 977-986
[2.]
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group..
Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33).
Lancet, 352 (1998), pp. 837-853
[3.]
Y. Ohkubo, H. Kishikawa, E. Araki, T. Miyata, S. Isasi, S. Motoyosi, et al.
Intensive insulin therapy prevents the rogresion of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 28 (1995), pp. 103-117
[4.]
F. Holleman, J.B.L. Hoekstra.
Insulin lispro.
N Engl J Med, 337 (1997), pp. 176-183
[5.]
T.M. Chapman, S. Noble, K.L. Goa.
Insulin aspart: a review of its use in the management of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
Drugs, 62 (2002), pp. 1945-1981
[6.]
K. McKeage, K.L. Coa.
Insulin glargine. A rewiew of its therapeutic use as a long-acting agent for the management of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
Drugs, 61 (2001), pp. 1599-1624
[7.]
G.A. Brunner, G. Sendlhofer, A. Wutte, M. Ellmerer, B. Sogaard, A. Siebenhofer, et al.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodinamic properties of long-acting insulin analogue NN304 in comparison to NPH insulin in humans.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 108 (2000), pp. 100-105
[8.]
S.M. Teutsch, W.H. Herman, D.M. Dwyer, J.M. Lane.
Mortality among diabetic patients using continuous insulin-infusion pumps.
N Engl J Med, 310 (1984), pp. 361-368
[9.]
American Diabetes Association.
Position statement: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
Diabetes Care, 25 (2002), pp. 116
[10.]
K. Dahl-JKogensen, O. Brinchmann-Hansen, K.F. Hanssen, et al.
Effect of near normoglycaemia for two years on progresión of early diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy: the Oslo Study.
BMJ, 293 (1986), pp. 1195-1199
[11.]
J. Pickup, M. Mattock, S. Kerry.
Glycaemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with intensive insulin injections in patients with type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
BMJ, 324 (2002), pp. 1-6
[12.]
J. Pickup, H. Keen.
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion at 25 years. Evidence base for the expanding use of insulin pump therapy in type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 25 (2002), pp. 593-598
[13.]
J. Weissberg-Benchel, J. Antisdel-Lomaglio, R. Seshadri.
Insulin pump therapy. A meta-analysis.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 1079-1087
[14.]
F.R. Kaufman, M. Halvorson, D. Millar, M. Mackenzie, L.K. Fisher, P. Pitukcheewanont.
Insulin pump therapy in type 1 pediatric patients: now and into the year 2000.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 15 (1999), pp. 338-352
[15.]
E.A. Boland, M. Grey, A. Oesterle, L. Fredrickson, W.V. Tamborlane.
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. A new way to lower risk of severe hypoglycaemia, improve metabolic control, and enhance coping in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 22 (1999), pp. 1779-1784
[16.]
P.R. Blackelt.
Insulin pump treatment for recurrent ketoacidosis in adolescence.
Diabetes Care, 18 (1995), pp. 881-882
[17.]
F.R. Kaufman, M. Halvorson, S. Carpenter, D. Devoe, P. Pitukcheewanont.
Insulin pump therapy in young children with diabetes.
Diabetes Spectr, 14 (2001), pp. 84-89
[18.]
S.G. Gabe, E. Holing, P. Temple, Z.A. Brown.
Benefits, risks, costs and patient satisfaction associated with insulin pump therapy for the pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 182 (2000), pp. 1283-1291
[19.]
D. Simmons, C.F. Thompson, C. Conroy, D.J. Scout.
Use of insulin pumps in pregnancies complicated by type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes in a multiethnic community.
Diabetes care, 24 (2001), pp. 2078-2082
[20.]
B.W. Bode, R.D. Steed, P.C. Davidson.
Reduction in severe hypoglycaemia with long-term continuous subcutaneousn insulin infusion in type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 19 (1996), pp. 324-327
[21.]
D.S. Schade, V. Valentine.
To pump or not to pump.
Diabetes Care, 25 (2002), pp. 2100-2102
[22.]
R. Renner, A. Pfützner, M. Trautmann, O. Harper, K. Sauter, R. Landgraf.
on behalf of the German Humalog-CSII study group. Use of insulin lispro in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment.
Diabetes Care, 22 (1999), pp. 784-788
[23.]
B. Bode, R. Weinstein, D. Bell, J. Mcgill, D. Nadeau, P. Raskin, et al.
Comparison of insulin aspart with buffered regular insulin and insulin lispro in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. A randomized study in type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 25 (2002), pp. 439-444
[24.]
B. Guerci, L. Meyer, A. Sallé, A. Charrie, B. Dousset, O. Ziegler, et al.
Comparison of metabolic deterioration between insulin analog and regular insulin after a 5-hours interruption of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusión in type 1 diabetic patients.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84 (1999), pp. 2673-2678
[25.]
N. Attia, T.W. Jones, J. Holcombe, W. Tamborlane.
Comparison of human regular and lispro insulins after interruption of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and in the treatment of acutely descompensated IDDM.
Diabetes Care, 21 (1998), pp. 817-821
[26.]
Z. Vajo, F.J. Duckworth.
Recombinant DNA technology in the treatment of diabetes: insulin analogs.
Endocr Rev, 22 (2001), pp. 706-717
[27.]
Z. Vajo, F.J. Duckworth.
Genetically engineered insulin analogs: diabetes in the new millennium.
Pharmacol Rev, 52 (2000), pp. 1-9
[28.]
L. Heinemann, R. Linkeschova, K. Rave, B. Hompesch, M. Sedlak, T. Heise.
Time-action profile of the long-acting insulin analog insulin glargine (HOE901) in comparison with those of NPH insulin and placebo.
Diabetes Care, 23 (2000), pp. 644-649
[29.]
T. Heise, S. Bott, K. Rave, A. Dressler, R. Rosskamp, L. Heinemann.
No evidence for accumulation of insulin glargine (LANTUS): a multiple injection study in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Diabet med, 19 (2002), pp. 490-495
[30.]
M. Lepore, S. Pampanelli, C. Fanelli, F. Porcellati, L. Bartocci, A. Di Vinzenzo, et al.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodinamics of subcutaneous injection of long-acting human insulin analog glargine, NPH insulin, and ultralente human insulin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro.
Diabetes, 49 (2000), pp. 2142-2148
[31.]
T.R. Pieber, I. Eugene-Jolchine, E. Derobert.
The European study group of HOE 901 in type 1 diabetes. Efficacy and safety of HOE 901 versus NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 23 (2000), pp. 157-162
[32.]
J. Rosentock, G. Park, J. Zimmerman.
for the US Insulin Glargine (HOE 901) Type 1 Diabetes Investigator Group. Basal insulin glargine (HOE 901) versus NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes on multiple daily insulin regimens.
Diabetes Care, 23 (2000), pp. 1137-1142
[33.]
R.E. Ratner, I.B. Hirsch, J.L. Neifing, S.K. Garg, T.E. Mecca, C.A. Wilson.
for the US Study Group of Insulin Glargine in Type 1 Diabetes. Less hypoglycaemia with insulin glargine in intensive insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 23 (2000), pp. 639-643
[34.]
A. Hamman, S. Matthaei, C. Rosak, L. Silvestre.
for the HOE901/4007 Study Group. A randomized clinical trial comparing breakfast, dinner, or bedtime administration of insulin glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 1738-1744
[35.]
P. Rossetti, S. Pampanelli, C. Fanelli, F. Porcellati, E. Costa, E. Torlone, et al.
Intensive replacement of basal insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes given rapid-acting insulin analog at mealtime.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 1490-1496
[36.]
G. Fulcher, D. Yue, R. Gilbert.
for the Australian Lantus Study investigators. Insulin glargine vs NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes: the effects of intensive insulin therapy on glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia and quality of life.
Diabetologia, 45 (2002), pp. 258
[37.]
E. Schober, E. Schoenle, J. Van DyK, K. Wernicke-Paten.
and the Pediatric Study Group of Insulin Glargine. Comparative trial between insulin glargine and NPH insulin in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 15 (2002), pp. 369-376
[38.]
P. Raskin, L. Klaff, R. Bergenstal, J.P. Hallé, T. Mecca.
A 16-week comparison of the novel insulin analog insulin glargine (HOE 901) and NPH human insulin used with lispro in patients with type 1 Diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 23 (2000), pp. 1666-1671
[39.]
F. Porcellati, P. Rossetti, G.C. Fanelli, L. Scionti, P. Brunetti, G.B. Bolli.
Gargine vs NPH as basal insulin in intensive treatment of T1DM given lispro at meals: one year comparison.
Diabetologia, 45 (2002), pp. 51
[40.]
E. Witthaus, J. Stewart, C. Bradley.
Treatment satisfaction and psychological well-being with insulin glargine compared with NPH in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Diabet Med, 18 (2001), pp. 619-625
[41.]
L. Silvestre, C. Bradley, E. Witthaus.
Improved treatment satisfaction and perceived metabolic control with insulin glargine, regardless of whether injected before breakfast, dinner or bedtime in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes, 52 (2003), pp. 456
[42.]
A. Mohn, S. Strang, K. Wernicke-paten, A.M. Lang, J.A. Edge, D.B. Dunger.
Nocturnal glucose control and free insulin levels in children with type 1 diabetes by use of the long-acting insulin HOE 901 as part of a three-injection regimen.
Diabetes Care, 23 (2000), pp. 558-559
[43.]
N.P. Murphy, S.M. Keane, K.K. Ong, M. Ford-Adams, J.A. Edge, C.L. Acerini, et al.
Randomized coss-over trial of insulin glargine plus lispro or NPH insulin plus regular human insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin regimens.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 799-804
[44.]
E.S. Albright, R. Desmond, D.S.H. Bell.
Efficacy of conversion from bedtime NPH insulin injection to once-or twice-daily injections of insulin glargine in type 1 diabetic patients using basal-bolus therapy.
Diabetes Care, 27 (2004), pp. 632-633
[45.]
A.P. Harmel, R. Mathur.
Similar A1c outcomes in type 1 diabetic patients undergoing intensive diabetes management with preprandial rapid-acting insulin and either CSII or glargine.
Diabetes Care, 27 (2004), pp. 272-273
[46.]
K. Hermansen, S. Madsbad, H. Perrild, A. Kristensen, M. Axelsen.
Comparison of the soluble basal insulin analog insulin detemir with NPH insulin.
Diabetes Care, 24 (2001), pp. 296-301
[47.]
T. Danne, K. Lüpke, K. Walte, W. Von Schuetz, M.A. Gall.
Insulin detemir is caracterized by a consistent pharmacokinetic profile across age-groups in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 3087-3092
[48.]
P. Vague, J.L. Selam, S. Skeie, I. De Leeuw, J.W.F. Elte, H. Haahr, et al.
Insulin detemir is associated with more predictable glycemic control and reduced risk of hypoglycaemia than NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes on a basal-bolus regimen with premeal insulin aspart.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 590-596
[49.]
E. Boland, S. Weinzimer, J.A. Ahern, A. Steffen, W. Tamborlane.
Randomized prospective trial of CSII vs MDI with glargine in children: a preliminary report.
Diabetes, 52 (2003), pp. 45
[50.]
G. Lepore, A.R. Dodesini, I. Nosari, R. Trevisan.
Both continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and a multiple daily insulin injection regimen with glargine as basal insulin are equally better than traditional multiple daily insulin injection treatment.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 1321-1322
[51.]
R. Alemzadeh, J. Ellis, M. Holzum, E. Parton.
Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with flexible Multiple daily insulin (FMDI) regimen using insulin glargine in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes, 52 (2003), pp. A101
[52.]
B. Bode, I. Hirsch, P. Hu, O. Santiago.
Type 1 diabetes patients can temporarily switch from continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with insulin aspart to basal bolus theraphy with insulin aspart and insulin glargine.
Diabetes, 52 (2003), pp. 102
[53.]
A.B. King, D. Armstrong.
A comparison of basal insulin delivery.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 1322
[54.]
B.D. Phillips, L.A. Aurand, M.M. Bedwell, J.R. Levy.
A novel approach to preventing diabetic ketoacidosis in a patient trated with an insulin pump.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 2960-2961
[55.]
W.T. Cefalu.
Concept, strategies, and feasibility of noninvasive insulin delivery.
Diabetes Care, 27 (2004), pp. 239-246
[56.]
L. Heinemann, A. Pfutzner, T. Heise.
Alternative routes of administration as an approach to improve insulin therapy: update on dermal, oral, nasal and pulmonary insulin delivery.
Curr Pharm Des, 7 (2001), pp. 1327-1351
[57.]
M. Kipnes, P. Dandona, D. Tripathy, J.G. Still, G. Kosutic.
Control of postprandial plasma glucose by an oral insulin product (HIM2) in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 421-426
[58.]
D. Kim, S. Mudaliar, S. Chinnapongse, N. Chu, S.M. Boies, T. Davis, et al.
Dose-response relationships of inhaled insulin delivered via the aerodose insulin inhaler and subcutaneously injected insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 26 (2003), pp. 2842-2847
Copyright © 2004. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos