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Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Nutrición basada en la evidencia en el cáncer como enfermedad caquectizante
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Vol. 52. Núm. S1.
Nutrición basada en la evidencia
Páginas 91-96 (mayo 2005)
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Vol. 52. Núm. S1.
Nutrición basada en la evidencia
Páginas 91-96 (mayo 2005)
Nutrición basada en la evidencia
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Nutrición basada en la evidencia en el cáncer como enfermedad caquectizante
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ecancer@wanadoo.es
ecancer.hflr@salud.madrid.org

Correspondencia: Dra. E. Cancér Minchot. Blasco de Garay, 94, 4.° dcha. 28003 Madrid. España.
, G. Cánovas Molinaa, M. Durán Povedab, J. Álvarez Hernándezc, J.J. Gorgojo Martínezd
a Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital de Fuenlabrada. Madrid. España
b Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo. Hospital de Fuenlabrada. Madrid. España
c Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Príncipe de Asturias. Alcalá de Henares. Madrid. España
d Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Fundación Hospital de Alcorcón. Madrid. España
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La caquexia es un síndrome caracterizado por una progresiva e involuntaria pérdida de peso. Se habla del cáncer como enfermedad caquectizante por la prevalencia y la importancia de la caquexia en esta enfermedad. Es sabido que la malnutrición contribuye a menudo a la muerte del paciente con cáncer, pero antes de recomendar una terapia nutricional de forma sistemática debemos conocer los beneficios terapéuticos que realmente proporciona. El objetivo de este trabajo es una actualización del papel del soporte nutricional en el paciente oncológico, especialmente ante la caquexia, basándose en la mayor evidencia científica existente. Para ello, se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva utilizando las bases de datos informáticas MEDLINE y EBM Reviews Multifile PubMed. Pocos son los trabajos que evalúan la nutrición como elemento terapéutico en la caquexia por cáncer. La mayoría no diferencian entre el paciente con o sin malnutrición, e incluso utilizan la malnutrición grave como criterio de exclusión. El soporte nutricional tiene un efecto terapéutico beneficioso en enfermos con cáncer, pero está limitado a un pequeño grupo con malnutrición moderadagrave. Los datos disponibles sugieren que el aumento del aporte calórico-proteico a través de la nutrición artificial convencional no mejora el estado nutricional de los pacientes con enfermedad caquectizante y no altera la progresión de la caquexia. Recientes investigaciones están centradas en el efecto anticaquexia del aceite de pescado, pero las evidencias actuales todavía no son definitivas.

Palabras clave:
MeSH: cachexia
malnutrition
neoplasms
nutricional support
parenteral nutrition
enteral nutrition
immunomodulators
appetite stimulants
DeCS (Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud): caquexia
malnutrición
neoplasmas
apoyo nutricional
nutrición parenteral
nutrición enteral
adyuvantes inmunológicos
estimulantes del apetito
Abstract

Cachexia is characterized by progressive and involuntary weight loss. Cancer is considered to be a cachexia-inducing disease because of the prevalence and importance of cachexia in malignant neoplastic disease. It is well known that malnutrition frequently contributes to the death of cancer patients. However, before routinely recommending nutritional therapy, the real therapeutic benefits it confers should be identified. The present article aims to provide an update on the role of nutritional support in oncological patients, especially in those with cachexia, based on the best scientific evidence available. An exhaustive literature search was performed in Medline and EBM databases (Reviews Multifile PubMed). Few studies have evaluated nutrition as a therapeutic modality in cancer-induced cachexia. Most studies do not differentiate between patients with or without malnutrition, and even use severe malnutrition as an exclusion criterion. Nutritional support has a beneficial effect in cancer patients but is limited to a small group with moderate to severe malnutrition. The available data suggest that the increase in caloric-protein intake through conventional artificial nutrition does not improve the nutritional status of patients with cachexiainducing disease and does not alter the progression of cachexia. Recent investigations center on the anti-cachexia effect of fish oil but current evidence is still not definitive.

Key words:
MeSH
Cachexia
Malnutrition
Neoplasms
Nutritional support
Parenteral nutrition
Enteral nutrition
Immunomodulators
Appetite stimulants
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Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
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