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Vol. 52. Núm. S1.
Nutrición basada en la evidencia
Páginas 56-64 (mayo 2005)
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Vol. 52. Núm. S1.
Nutrición basada en la evidencia
Páginas 56-64 (mayo 2005)
Nutrición basada en la evidencia
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Soporte nutricional en la insuficiencia renal crónica
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D. Olleroa, P. Riobóa,
Autor para correspondencia
priobo@fjd.es

Correspondencia: Dra. P. Riobó. Unidad de Nutrición. Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2. 28040 Madrid. España.
, O. Sánchez Vilara, A. Ortizb
a Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Madrid
b Servicio de Nefrología. Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Madrid. España
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La malnutrición en la insuficiencia renal crónica es frecuente y supone uno de los principales factores pronósticos de morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en establecer la evidencia que existe en el soporte nutricional oral, enteral y parenteral en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en MEDLINE y en la biblioteca Cochrane de metaanálisis y estudios prospectivos y aleatorizados publicados entre 1990 y 2004 que evaluaron medidas nutricionales en pacientes adultos, estables, con insuficiencia renal crónica prediálisis y en tratamiento sustitutivo.

Se seleccionaron 6 metaanálisis, 1 revisión sistemática y 13 estudios prospectivos y aleatorizados (EPA) en prediálisis: 4 metaanálisis, 1 revisión sistemática y 4 EPA en dieta oral; 2 metaanálisis y 4 EPA en suplementos orales, y 1 EPA en nutrición enteral. En pacientes en hemodiálisis y dialysis peritoneal, se seleccionaron 17 EPA: 1 en dieta oral, 8 en suplementos orales, 1 en nutrición enteral, 4 en nutrición peritoneal y 4 en nutrición parenteral intradiálisis.

En prediálisis, las dietas hipoproteínicas pueden recomendarse (nivel de evidencia A), ya que retrasan la progresión renal y disminuyen la mortalidad. De la misma forma, puede recomendarse el empleo de suplementos orales y fórmulas de nutrición enteral específicas. Para los pacientes en tratamiento sustitutivo, no hay evidencias suficientes para establecer recomendaciones en cuanto al contenido proteínico de la dieta, el empleo de suplementos orales o productos de nutrición enteral específicos. Las soluciones de diálisis con aminoácidos y la nutrición parenteral intradiálisis tampoco pueden recomendarse de manera sistemática. Son necesarios más estudios que avalen la eficacia del soporte nutricional en la insuficiencia renal crónica a largo plazo.

Palabras clave:
Insuficiencia renal crónica
Prediálisis
Hemodiálisis
Diálisis peritoneal
Abstract

Malnutrition is frequent in chronic renal failure (CRF) and constitutes one of the main prognostic factors of morbidity and mortality.

This article aims to establish the levels of evidence available in oral, enteral and parenteral nutritional support in patients with CRF.

We performed a search in Medline and the Cochrane library for meta-analyses and prospective randomized studies published between 1990 and 2004 that evaluated nutritional measures in stable, adult patients with predialysis CRF undergoing substitutive therapy. We selected six metaanalyses, one systematic review and 13 prospective randomized trials on predialysis; four meta-analyses, one systematic review and four prospective randomized trials on oral diets; two meta-analyses and four prospective randomized trials on oral supplements and one prospective randomized trial on enteral nutrition. In patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, 17 prospective randomized trials were selected: one on oral diets, eight on oral supplements, one on enteral nutrition, four on peritoneal nutrition and four on intra-dialysis parenteral nutrition (IDPN).

In predialysis, low-protein diets can be recommended (grade A evidence), since they delay renal progression and reduce mortality. Likewise, the use of oral supplements and specific enteral nutrition formulas can be recommended. In patients undergoing substitutive treatment, there is insufficient evidence to establish recommendations on dietary protein content, the use of oral supplements or specific enteral nutrition products. Dialysis solutions with amino acids and IDPN cannot be systematically recommended. Further studies providing evidence of the effectiveness of nutritional support in CRS in the long term are required.

Key words:
chronic renal failure
Predialysis
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
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