Información del artículo
La vacunación, en su concepto global, es la estrategia más coste-efectiva en la prevención primaria de enfermedades trasmisibles. Una de las mayores dificultades en la población adulta es alcanzar coberturas vacunales semejantes a las de los programas infantiles. Para solucionar dicho déficit, las estrategias desde el nivel de atención primaria son básicas, ya que es el primer nivel de contacto de la población adulta con los programas de salud. Otros niveles, como el terciario, pueden optar a optimizar la cobertura vacunal en grupos específicos de riesgo. La inmunoterapia activa en el adulto se planifica sobre factores de edad y sexo, pero se añaden circunstancias especiales derivadas de situaciones clínicas, terapéuticas, ocupacionales y otras que pueden ampliar el espectro de inmunógenos a administrar a un adulto.
Palabras clave:
Vacunación
Adulto
Promoción de la salud
Vaccination, as a global concept, is the most cost-effective strategy in primary prevention of comunicable diseases. One of the bigger difficulties in adult population is to reach the same vaccine coverage as in childhood vaccine programs. In order to solve this deficit, strategies stablished in the primary level are basic, due the fact that it’s the first contact of adult population with health programs. Tertiary level could help to optimize vaccine coverage in specific groups. Active immunization in adults is stablished evaluating factors as age and gender, but specific circunstances associated with medical conditions, treatments or occupation could extend vaccine administration in adults.
Key words:
Vaccination
Adult
Health promotion
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
Guía de vacunación en el adulto. Grupo de trabajo de vacunación en el adulto.
[2.]
Subdirección General de Epidemiología, Promoción y Educación para la Salud. Dirección General de Salud Pública. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Cobertura vacunal 1996.
Boletín Epidemiológico Semanal, 5 (1997), pp. 37-38
[3.]
I. Pachón, C. Amela, F. De Ory, P. León, M. Alonso.
Encuesta Nacional de Seroprevalencia de Enfermedades Inmunoprevenibles. Año 1996.
Boletín Epidemiológico Semanal, 6 (1998), pp. 93-100
[4.]
Calendario de vacunaciones recomendado por el Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Programa Nacional de Vacunaciones. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología (consultado 03-02-2004). Disponible en: http://www.isciii/publico.
[5.]
J. Oromí, J. Vaqué.
Estrategias vacunales en el hospital.
pp. 657-661
[6.]
J. Vaqué Rafart.
Vacunación en el adulto.
pp. 101-110
[7.]
J.L. Arribas Llorente, V.M. Solano Bernad.
Programas de vacunación hospitalaria.
pp. 97-118
[8.]
J.M. Bayas, A. Vilella.
Vacunación de adultos. Vacunas.
Investigación y práctica, 1 (2000), pp. 173-177
[9.]
E. Peguero Rodríguez, J. Gené Badia.
Estrategias para aumentar la cobertura vacunal del adulto en atención primaria.
pp. 83-95
[10.]
Manual de vacunas en Pediatría.
Asociación Española de Pediatría, Comité Asesor de Vacunas, (1995),
[11.]
E.A. Boylard, O.C. Tablan, W.W. Williams, M.L. Pearson, C.N. Shapiro, S.D. Deitchman.
and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for infection control in healthcare personnel, 1998.
Infect Control, 19 (1998), pp. 407-463
[12.]
V.M. Solano, M.J. Hernández, J.L. Del Val, D. Sánchez, M. Torrijos, J.L. Arribas.
Recomendaciones para el control de la infección en personal sanitario.
Medicina Preventiva, 5 (1999), pp. 28-44
[13.]
Calendario de vacunaciones recomendadas para adultos por grupos de edad y condiciones médicas, Estados Unidos, 2003-2004. Resumen de las recomendaciones publicadas por el Comité Asesor de Prácticas de Inmunización (consultado 03-02-2004). Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/nip
[14.]
M.P. Farjas Abadía, R. Zubizarreta Alberdi, A. Louro González A, B. Suárez Rodríguez.
Laboratorios Esteve, (2003),
[15.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and Control of Influenza. Recomendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP.
MMWR, 51 (2002), pp. 8
[16.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of pneumococcal disease.
MMWR, 46 (1997), pp. 1-24
[17.]
A.S. Artz, W.B. Ershler, D.L. Longo.
Pneumococcal vaccination and revaccination of older adults.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 16 (2003), pp. 308-318
[18.]
C. Cornu, D. Yzèbe, P. Leophonte, J. Gaillat, J.P. Boissel, M. Cucherat.
Efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Vaccine, 19 (2001), pp. 4780-4790
[19.]
K. Dear, J. Holden, R. Andrews, D. Tatham.
Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults (Cochrane Review).
[20.]
L. Salleras, M. Bruguera, J. Vidal, et al.
Cambio del patrón epidemiológico de la hepatitis A en España.
Med Clin (Barc, 99 (1992), pp. 87-89
[21.]
J.A. García-Erce, V.M. Solano, J. Ferrer, J.J. Gimeno.
Seroprevalencia de hepatitis A en donantes aragoneses.
Sangre, 41 (1996), pp. 485-486
[22.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. General Recommendations on Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP.
MMWR, 51 (2002), pp. 18-19
[23.]
R.L. Brent.
Immunization of pregnant women: reproductive, medical and societal risks.
Vaccine, 21 (2003), pp. 3413-3421
[24.]
J.A. Englund.
Maternal immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine: rationale and experience.
Vaccine, 21 (2003), pp. 3460-3464
[25.]
K.M. Edwards.
Pertussis: an important target for maternal immunization.
Vaccine, 21 (2003), pp. 3483-3486
[26.]
U.S. Public Health Services (USPHS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in person infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
MMWR Recomm Rep, 48 (1999), pp. 1-46
[27.]
J. Girón, F. Guerrero, M. Rodríguez.
Vacunaciones en el enfermo infectado por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.
Rev Clin Esp, 11 (2000), pp. 619-621
[28.]
Navazo JC, Gamarra N, Hermida JM, Martínez R, Regidor T, Rodríguez A,et al. Profilaxis de enfermedades asociadas: Vacunas e infecciones oportunistas. En: Prevención y Asistencia de la Infección por VIH en Atención Primaria. Ed. Secretaría del Plan Nacional sobre el SIDA. MSyC. Madrid, 2001; p. 96-105.
[29.]
M.J. Faraldo, M. Jato, B. Suárez, Z.E. Delgado, F. Ledesma.
VI promoción diploma de Expertos en Vacunas. Vacunación en adultos portadores del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH).
Vacunas, 3 (2002), pp. 150-153
[30.]
C. Pollet, S.M. Paul, R. Morgan.
Immunizations in HIV-infected patients.
N Engl J Med, 100 (2003), pp. 32-43
[31.]
Libman H, Tamar Barlam T. Patient Reference Library: VP02 — A Young Man with HIV. The Carl J. Shapiro Institute for Education and Research at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Disponible en: http://research.bidmc.harvard.edu/VPTutorials/HIV/
[32.]
M.C. Rousseau, J. Moreau, J. Delmont.
Vaccination and HIV: a review of the literature.
Vaccine, 18 (1999), pp. 825-831
[33.]
M. Plana, F. García, T. Gallart, J.M. Miró, J.M. Gatell.
Lack of T-cell proliferative response to HIV-1 antigens after 1 year of highly active antiretroviral treatment in early HIV-1 disease. Immunology Study Group of Spanish EARTH-1 Study.
Lancet, 352 (1998), pp. 1194-1195
[34.]
H. Valdez, E. Connick, K.Y. Smith, M.M. Lederman, R.J. Bosch, R.S. Kim, et al.
AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 375 Team. Limited immune restoration after 3 years’ suppression of HIV-1 replication in patients with moderately advanced disease.
AIDS, 16 (2002), pp. 1859-1866
[35.]
J.N. Blankson, J.E. Gallant, R.F. Siliciano.
Proliferative responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigens in HIV-1-infected patients with immune reconstitution.
J Infect Dis, 183 (2001), pp. 657-661
[36.]
Ch.G. Lange, M.M. Lederman, K. Medvik, R. Asaad, M. Wild, R. Kalayjian, et al.
Nadir CD4 count may predict immunity: nadir CD4+T-cell count and numbers of CD28+CD4+T-cells predict functional responses to immunizations in chronic HIV-1 infection.
AIDS, 17 (2003), pp. 2015-2023
[37.]
A. Vigano, D. Bricalli, D. Trabattoni, A. Salvaggio, S. Ruzzante, M. Barbi, et al.
Immunization with both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent vaccines augments HIV viral load secondarily to stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 14 (1998), pp. 727-734
[38.]
D. Rey, D. Krantz, M. Partisani, M.P. Schmitt, P. Meyer, E. Libbrecht, et al.
Increasing the number of hepatitis B vaccine injections augments anti-HBs response rate in HIV-infected patients. Effects on HIV-1 viral load.
Vaccine, 18 (2000), pp. 1161-1165
[39.]
H.F. Günthard, J.K. Wong, C.A. Spina, C. Ignacio, S. Kwok, C. Christopherson, et al.
Effect of influenza vaccination on viral replication and immune response in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus receiving potent antiretroviral therapy.
J Infect Dis, 181 (2000), pp. 522-531
[40.]
L.A. Pinto, V. Blazevic, S.A. Anderson, D.J. Venzon, C. Mac Trubey, T. Rowe, et al.
Influenza virus-stimulated generation of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity after influenza vaccination in HIV-infected individuals and healthy control subjects.
J Infect Dis, 183 (2001), pp. 1000-1008
[41.]
E. Negredo, P. Domingo, M.A. Sambeat, N. Rabella, G. Vázquez.
Effect of pneumococcal vaccine on plasma HIV-1 RNA of stable patients undergoing effective highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 20 (2001), pp. 287-288
[42.]
M.B. Goetz, D.R. Feikin, J.L. Lennox, W.A. O’Brien, C.M. Elie, J.C. Butler, et al.
Viral load response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, polysaccharide vaccine or placebo among HIV-infected patients.
AIDS, 16 (2002), pp. 1421-1423
[43.]
A.R. Zanetti, A. Amendola, S. Besana, A. Boschini, E. Tanzi.
Safety and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination in individuals infected with HIV.
Vaccine, 20 (2002), pp. B29-B32
[44.]
D.J. Skiest, T. Machala.
Comparison of the effects of acute influenza infection and influenza vaccination on HIV viral load and CD4 cell counts.
J Clin Virol, 26 (2003), pp. 307-315
[45.]
CDC. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control mumps: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP.
MMWR, 47 (1998), pp. 1-67
[46.]
CDC. Prevention of varicella. Update recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
MMWR Recomm Rep, 48 (1999), pp. 1-5
[47.]
CDC. Smallpox vaccination clinic guide.
[48.]
J.G. Bartlett.
Samallpox vaccination and patients with human immunodefiency virus infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 468-471
[49.]
V.K. Amorosa, S.N. Isaacs.
Separate worlds set to collide: smallpox, vaccinia virus vaccination, and human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 426-432
[50.]
D.R. Feikin, C.M. Elie, M.B. Goetz, J.L. Lennox, G.M. Carlone, S. Romero-Steiner, et al.
Specificity of the antibody response to the pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults.
Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 11 (2004), pp. 137-141
[51.]
M.C. Rodríguez-Barradas, I. Alexandraki, T. Nazir, M. Foltzer, D.M. Musher, S. Brown, et al.
Response of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy to vaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 438-447
[52.]
S.A. Tasker, M.R. Wallance, J.B. Rubins, W.B. Paxton, J. O’Brien, E.N. Janoff.
Reimmunization with 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: clinical, immunologic, and virologic responses.
Clin Infect Dis, 34 (2002), pp. 813-821
[53.]
M.E. Valencia, J.M. González.
¿Cuáles son las vacunas que deben recibir los pacientes infectados del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana?.
An Med Interna, 15 (1998), pp. 439-442
[54.]
D.H. Dockrell, G.A. Poland, J.M. Steckelberg, P.C. Wollan, S.R. Strickland, C. Pomeroy.
Immunogenicity of three Haemophilus influenzae type b protein conjugate vaccines in HIV seropositive adults and analysis of predictors of vaccine response.
Vaccine, 17 (1999), pp. 2779-2785
[55.]
F. Castelli, A. Patroni.
The human immunodeficiency virus-infected traveler.
Clin Infect Dis, 31 (2000), pp. 1403-1408
[56.]
D.M. Ambrosino, D.C. Molrine.
Critical appraisal of immunization strategies for prevention of infection in the compromised host.
Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 7 (1993), pp. 1027-1050
[57.]
J.M. Rowe, N. Ciobanu, J. Ascensao, E.A. Stadtmauer, R.S. Weiner, D.P. Schenkein, et al.
Recommended guidelines for the management of autologous and allogeneic bone marow transplantation.
Ann Intern Med, 120 (1994), pp. 143-158
[58.]
J. Somani, R.A. Larson.
Reimmunization after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Am J Med, 98 (1995), pp. 389-398
[59.]
P. Ljungman, C. Cordonnier, R. De Bock, H. Einsele, D. Engelhard, J. Grundy, et al.
Immunisations after bone marrow transplantation: results of a European survey and recommendations from the infectious diseases working party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 15 (1995), pp. 455-460
[60.]
R. De la Cámara, C. Bischofberger, M. Campins, E. Carreras.
Inmunización postrasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos: revisión y recomendaciones.
Med Clin (Barc, 110 (1998), pp. 146-155
[61.]
S. Singhal, J. Mehta.
Reimmunization after blood or marrow stem cell transplantation.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 23 (1999), pp. 637-646
[62.]
M.K. Gandhi, W. Egner, L. Sizer, I. Inman, M. Zambon, J.I.O. Craig, et al.
Antibody responses to vaccinations given within the first two years after transplant are similar between autologous peropheral blood stem cell and bone marrow transplantation recipients.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 28 (2001), pp. 775-781
[63.]
Centers for Disease Control and prevention. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Recommendations of CDC, the Infectious Disease Society of America, and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 49 (2000), pp. 1-125
[64.]
D.C. Molrine, P.L. Hibberd.
Vaccines for transplant recipients.
Infect Dis Clin North Am, 15 (2001), pp. 273-305
[65.]
T. Parkkali, M. Stenvik, T. Ruutu, T. Hovi, L. Volin, P. Ruutu.
Randomized comparison of early and late vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine after allogeneic BMT.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 20 (1997), pp. 663-668
[66.]
C.Y. Chan, D.C. Molrine, J.H. Antin, C. Wheeler, E.C. Guinan, H.J. Weinstein, et al.
Antibody responses to tetanus toxoid and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 20 (1997), pp. 33-38
[67.]
E. Vance, S. George, E.C. Guinan, C. Wheler, J.H. Antin, D.M. Ambrosino, et al.
Comparison in the multiple immunization schedules for Haemophilus influenzae type b-conjugate and tetanus toxoid vaccines following bone marrow transplantation.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 22 (1998), pp. 735-741
[68.]
C. Adell, J.M. Bayas, A. Vilella, M. Perales, J. Vidal, M.J. Bertran, et al.
Vacunación de pacientes receptores de trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos.
Med Clin (Barc, 119 (2002), pp. 405-409
[69.]
L. Méndez, M. Campins, F. Ramos, E. Ferrer.
Vacunación frente a la hepatitis B y trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos.
Med Clin (Barc, 121 (2003), pp. 37-38
[70.]
J.C. Sanz, R. De la Cámara, C. Bischofberger, J. Casal.
Non conjugate pneumococcal vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in haemopoietic transplantation.
Vacunas, 4 (2003), pp. 30-33
[71.]
L. Volti, L. Mauro, F. Di Gregorio, M.A. Romeo, L. Lupo, G. Pizzarelli, et al.
Immune status and immune response to diphtheria-tetanus and polio vaccines in allogeneic bone marrow-trasplanted thalassemic patients.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 14 (1994), pp. 225-227
[72.]
D.C. Molrine, E.C. Guinan, J.H. Antin, S.K. Parson, H.J. Weinstein, C. Wheeler, et al.
Donor immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)-conjugate vaccine in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Blood, 87 (1996), pp. 3012-3018
[73.]
E.C. Guinan, D.C. Molrine, J.H. Antin, M.C. Lee, H.J. Weinstein, S.E. Sallan, et al.
Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine responses in bone marrow transplantation patients.
Transplantation, 57 (1994), pp. 677-684
[74.]
D.C. Molrine, J.H. Antin, E.C. Guinan, R.J. Soiffer, K. MacDonald, R. Malley, et al.
Donor immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and early protective antibody responses following allogeneic hematopoietic cell trasplantation.
Blood, 101 (2003), pp. 831-836
[75.]
T. Parkkali, H. Kayhty, H. Lethonen, T. Ruutu, L. Volin, J. Eskola, et al.
Tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine is immunogenic in adult allogeneic BMT recipients.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 27 (2001), pp. 79-84
[76.]
E.J.A. Itsen, M.J.D. Van Tol, M.B. Van’t Veer, J.M.A. Wels, I.M.S.L. Khouw, C.R. Touw, et al.
Clonal dysregulation of the antibody response to tetanus-toxoid after bone marrow trasplantation.
Blood, 84 (1994), pp. 4374-4382
[77.]
S.A. Brugger, C. Oesterreicher, H. Hofmann, P. Kalhs, H.T. Greinix, C. Muller.
Hepatitis B virus clearance by trasplantation of bone marrow trasplantation from hepatitis B immunised donor.
Lancet, 349 (1997), pp. 996-997
[78.]
M. Vavassori, R. Maccario, A. Moretta, P. Comoli, A. Wack, F. Locatelli, et al.
Restricted TCR repertoire and long-term persistence of donor-derived antigen + experienced CD4 + T cells in allogeneic bone marrow trasplantation recipients.
J Immunol, 157 (1996), pp. 5739-5747
[79.]
A. Hata, H. Asanuma, M. Rinki, M. Sharp, R.M. Wong, K. Blume, et al.
Use of an inactivated varicella vaccine in recipients of hematopoietic-cell transplantation.
N Engl J Med, 347 (2002), pp. 26-34
[80.]
R. Patel, C.V. Paya.
Infections in solid-organ transplant recipients.
Clin Microbiol Review, 10 (1997), pp. 86-124
[81.]
J. Ayats-Ardite, J.M. Cisneros-Herreros, J.L. Pérez-Saenz, J. De la Torre-Cisneros.
Evaluación de las enfermedades infecciosas en el candidato a un trasplante de órgano sólido.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 20 (2002), pp. 448-461
[82.]
R.K. Avery.
Immunizations in adult immunocompromised patients: which to use and which to avoid.
Cleveland Clin J M, 68 (2001), pp. 337-348
[83.]
J.A. Kobashigawa, L. Warner-Stevenson, B.L. Johnson, J.D. Moriguchi, N. Kawata, D.C. Drinkwater, et al.
Influenza vaccine does not cause rejection after cardiac transplantation.
Transplant Proc, 25 (1993), pp. 2738-2739
[84.]
E.A. Blumberg, J. Fitzpatrick, P.C. Stutman, F.G. Hayden, S.C. Brozena.
Safety of influenza vaccine in heart transplant recipients.
J Heart Lung Transplant, 17 (1998), pp. 1075-1080
[85.]
P. Kimbal, S. Verbeke, M. Flattery, C. Rhodes, D. Tolman.
Influenza vaccination does not promote cellular and humoral activation among transplant recipients.
Transplantation, 69 (2000), pp. 2449-2451
[86.]
A. Duchini, J.A. Goss, S. Karpen, P.J. Pockros.
Vaccinations for adult solid-organ transplant recipients: current recommendations and protocols.
Clin Microbiol Review, 16 (2003), pp. 357-364
[87.]
M. Burroughs, A. Moscona.
Immunization of pediatric solid-organ transplant candidates and recipients.
Clin Infect Dis, 30 (2000), pp. 857-869
[88.]
L.K. Dropulic, R.H. Rubin, J.G. Bartlett.
Smallpox vaccination and the patient with an organ transplant.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 786-788
[89.]
K.A. Sepkowitz.
How contagious is vaccinia.
N Engl J Med, 348 (2003), pp. 439-446
[90.]
T.J. Dengler, N. Strnad, I. Buhring, R. Zimmermann, O. Girgsdies, W.E. Kubler, et al.
Differential immune response to influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in immunosuppressed patients after heart trasplantation.
Trasplantation, 66 (1998), pp. 1340-1347
[91.]
A. Duchini, R.M. Hendry, L.M. Nyberg, M.E. Viernes, P.J. Pockros.
Immune response to influenza vaccine in adult liver transplant recipients.
Liver Transpl, 7 (2001), pp. 311-313
[92.]
M.S. Sever, A. Yildiz, H. Eraksoy, S. Badur, D. Yuksel-Onel, B. Gorcin, et al.
Immune response to Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination in renal transplant recipients with well-functionating allografts.
Nephron, 81 (1999), pp. 55-59
[93.]
E.B. Keeffe.
Is hepatitis A more severe in patients with chronic hepatiris B and other chronic liver diseases?.
Am J Gastroenterol, 90 (1995), pp. 201-205
[94.]
S. Vento, T. Garofano, C. Renzini, F. Cainelli, F. Casali, G. Ghironzi, et al.
Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
N Engl J Med, 338 (1998), pp. 286-290
[95.]
K. Stark, M. Günther, R. Neuhaus, P. Reinke, K. Schr¿der, S. Linning, et al.
Immunogenicity and safety of hepatitis A vaccine in liver and renal transplant recipients.
J Infect Dis, 180 (1999), pp. 2014-2017
[96.]
A. Sánchez-Fueyo, A. Rimola, L. Grande, J. Costa, A. Mas, M. Navasa, et al.
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin discontinuation followed by hepatitis B virus vaccination: a new strategy in the prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation.
Hepatology, 31 (2000), pp. 496-501
[97.]
P.I. Hibberd, R.H. Rubin.
Approach to immunization in the immunosuppressed host.
Infect Dis North Am, 4 (1990), pp. 123-142
[98.]
R.K. Zimmerman, E.R. Ahwesh.
Adult vaccination, part 2: vaccines for persons at high risk. Teaching immunization for Medical Education (TIME) Project.
J Fam Pract, 49 (2000), pp. 51-63
[99.]
R.K. Zimmerman, D.B. Middleton, N.J. Smith.
Vaccines for persons at high risk due to medical conditions, occupation, environment, or lifestyle 2003.
J Fam Pract, 52 (2003), pp. 22-23
[100.]
R.N. Davidson, R.A. Wall.
Prevention and management of infections in patients without a spleen.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 7 (2001), pp. 657-660
[101.]
R. Cohen.
Antipneumococcal vaccines in sickle-cell anemia and asplenia.
Presse Med, 32 (2003), pp. 12-14
[102.]
R. Pérez Maestu, R.M. Daza Pérez, L. Álvarez Ayuso.
Estudio comparativo del papel protector de la vacuna frente a Haemophilus influenzae tipo b y de la esplenectomía parcial en un modelo experimental.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 15 (1997), pp. 5-9
[103.]
P. Balmer, M. Falconer, P. McDonald, N. Andrews, E. Fuller, C. Riley, et al.
Immune response to meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in asplenic indiviuals.
Infect Immun, 72 (2004), pp. 332-337
[104.]
M. Sans, S. Escorza, D. Villagrasa, E. Comin, A. Ezpeleta, C. Batalla.
Portadores de hepatitis C: ¿Tenemos que vacunarlos a todos de la hepatitis A?.
Aten Primaria, 30 (2002), pp. 80-84
[105.]
A. Pareja.
Portadores de la hepatitis C. ¿hay que vacunarlos a todos frente a la hepatitis A?.
Aten Primaria, 30 (2002), pp. 84-85
[106.]
M. Makris, C.P. Conlon, H.G. Watson.
Immunization of patients with bleeding disorders.
Haemophilia, 9 (2003), pp. 541-546
[107.]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Infections among Chronic Hemodialysis Patients.
MMWR, 50 (2001), pp. 1-63
[108.]
M.C. Rangel, V.G. Coronado, G.L. Euler, R.A. Strikas.
Vaccine recommendations for patients on chronic dialysis. The Advisory Committee on Immunizations practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Sem Dial, 13 (2000), pp. 101-107
[109.]
M. Jadoul, P. Goubau.
Is anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunization successful in ederly hemodialysis (HD) patients?.
Clin Nephrol, 58 (2002), pp. 301-304
[110.]
V. Kovacic, M. Sain, V. Vukman.
Efficient haemodialysis improves the response to hepatirtis B virus vaccination.
Intervirology, 45 (2002), pp. 172-176
[111.]
K. Hassan, L. Shternberg, M. Alhaj, R. Giron, R. Reshef, M. Barak, et al.
The effect of erythropoietin therapy and hemoglobin levels on the immune response to Engerix-B vaccination in chronic kidney disease.
Ren Fail, 25 (2003), pp. 471-478
[112.]
K.S. Eardley, H.E. Jones, H. Osman, S.A. Smith.
Efficacy of the accelerated hepatitis B vaccination schedule used in haemodialysis patients pst-exposure to virus: a single-centre experience.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 17 (2002), pp. 1982-1987
[113.]
S. Saab, S.R. Weston, D. Ly, M. Brezina, H.F. Yee, S.H. Han, et al.
Comparison of the cost and effectiveness of two strategies for maintaining hepatitis B immunity in hemodialysis patients.
Vaccine, 20 (2002), pp. 3230-3235
[114.]
G.M. Keating, S. Noble.
Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B): a review of its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against hetatitis B.
Drugs, 63 (2003), pp. 1021-1051
[115.]
S. Kruger, M. Seyfarth, K. Sack, B. Kreft.
Defective immune response to tetanus toxoid in hemodialysis patients and its association with diphteria vaccination.
Vaccine, 17 (1999), pp. 1145-1150
[116.]
E. Sonmez, A.S. Sonmez, Y. Bayindir, D. Coskun, S. Ariturk.
Antihepatitis B response to hepatitis B vaccine admistered simultaneosly with tetanus toxoid in nonresponder individuals.
Vaccine, 21 (2002), pp. 243-246
[117.]
Advisory Committee Statement & National Advisory Committee on Immunization. Update to statement on varicella vaccine.
Can Comm D R (CCDR), 28 (2002), pp. 1-8
[118.]
E.H. Fleischmann, J. Kruppenbacher, H.L. Bock, M. Weber.
Active immunization against hepatitis A in dialysis patients.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 17 (2002), pp. 1825-1828
[119.]
Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Immunization of health-care workers.
MMWR, 46 (1997), pp. 1-51
[120.]
Are booster immunizations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? European Consensus group on Hepatitis B Immunity.
Lancet, 355 (2000), pp. 561-565
[121.]
A. Floreani, V. Baldo, M. Cristofoletti, G. Renzulli, A. Valeri, C. Zanetti, et al.
Long-term persistence of anti-HBs after vaccination against HBV: an 18 year experience in health care workers.
Vaccine, 22 (2004), pp. 608-611
[122.]
J.R. Pallás Álvarez, M.S. Gómez Holgado, J. Llorca Díaz, M. Delgado Rodríguez.
Vacunación de la hepatitis B. Indicaciones del test serológico postvacunal y la dosis de refuerzo.
Rev Esp Salud Publica, 74 (2000), pp. 475-482
[123.]
De Juanes JR, Arrazola MP. Vacunación en sanitarios. Cp. XI en: Vacunaciones en el Adulto. Guía y Recomendaciones
[124.]
Centers for Disease Control and prevention. Prevention and Control of Infections with hepatitis viruses in correctional settings.
MMWR, 52 (2003), pp. 1-44
[125.]
Adult Immunizations. Massachussetts Recommendations and Requeriments for 2003. Disponible en: www.state.ma.us/dph/cdc/epii/imm/adult/adultguidelinesHA2003.pdf
[126.]
Occupational health and safety program for perssonnel with animal contact. WashingtonUniversity. 1997. Disponible en: dcmin/o.wustl.edu/occhealth/occuhealth_program.pdf
[127.]
Departamento de Salud y Consumo. Diputación General de Aragón. Guía de Inmigración y salud. (consultado en 12-02-04). Disponible en: http://www.aragob.es
[128.]
Generalitat Valenciana. Conselleria de Sanitat. Guía de vacunaciones para inmigrantes.
[129.]
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. La salud también viaja, consejos y normas sanitarias para viajeros internacionales.
Copyright © 2004. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
