metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Infección precoz en el paciente con trasplante hepático: incidencia, gravedad,...
Información de la revista
Vol. 20. Núm. 9.
Páginas 422-430 (noviembre 2002)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 20. Núm. 9.
Páginas 422-430 (noviembre 2002)
Acceso a texto completo
Infección precoz en el paciente con trasplante hepático: incidencia, gravedad, factores de riesgo y sensibilidad antibiótica de los aislados bacterianos
Early infection in liver transplant recipients: incidence, severity, risk factors and antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolate
Visitas
5286
Isabel Losadaa,1
Autor para correspondencia
isabelllosada@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Dra. I. Losada Castillo. Servicio de Microbiología. Complexo Hospitalario Juan Canalejo. Ctra. de As Xubias, 64. 15006 A Coruña. España.
, Valentín Cuervas-Monsb, Isabel Millánc, Diego Dámasod
a Servicio de Microbiología. Complexo Hospitalario Juan Canalejo de A Coruña
b Unidades de Trasplante Hepático
c Bioestadística
d Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro. Madrid. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Objetivos

Estudio descriptivo y análisis de factores de riesgo de infección precoz. Estudio de resistencias de los aislados bacterianos.

Pacientes y métodos

Se estudiaron 149 trasplantados hepáticos. Se definió infección precoz en 0-90 días postrasplante. Se analizaron variables preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y postoperatorias. Se estudiaron los microorganismos aislados. Se utilizó descontaminación intestinal selectiva (DIS) con quinolonas y profilaxis perioperatoria y antifúngica en todos los pacientes.

Resultados

La incidencia de infección fue del 73,1%: bacterianas (49,7%), virales (35,5%), fúngicas (10,1%) y mixtas (4,5%). Las más frecuentes en el primer mes fueron bacterianas y en el segundo y tercero, virales (p = 0,001). Factores de riesgo en el análisis multivariante: días de nutrición parenteral, cirugía más de 5 h, rechazo y estado seronegativo para citomegalovirus. En 1.278 cultivos se aislaron microorganismos: 77,9% cocos grampositivos y 19% bacilos gramnegativos aerobios. La sensibilidad a vancomicina (VAN) de Staphylococcus fue del 99,6-100% y a teicoplanina (TEI) del 97,9-100%. El 1,2% de Enterococcus faecalis y el 4,5% de Enterococcus faecium fueron resistentes a VAN. El 68,7% de los S. aureus fueron SAMR. La tasa de resistencias de bacilos gramnegativos a quinolonas fue del 38,8%.

Conclusiones

La mayor incidencia de infección fue observada en los primeros 30 días postrasplante, siendo la bacteriana la más frecuente. La duración de la cirugía de más de 5 h fue el factor de riesgo más importante de infección bacteriana. Los grampositivos fueron las bacterias más frecuentes. El tratamiento empírico de la infección bacteriana precoz debe incluir VAN o TEI. La DIS condicionó escasa incidencia de infecciones por bacilos gramnegativos, de los cuales el 38,8% presentaban resistencia a quinolonas.

Palabras clave:
Trasplante hepático
Infección
Factores de riesgo
Sensibilidad antibiótica
Objectives

To conduct a descriptive study with an analysis of risk factors for early infection in liver transplant patients, and to determine the resistance of the bacteria involved.

Patients and methods

The study included 149 liver transplant recipients. All cases of infection occurring 0-90 days after transplantation were considered early infection. Pre-, intraand postoperative variables were analyzed, and isolated microorganisms were studied. Selective bowel decontamination with quinolones, and perioperative and antifungal prophylaxis were carried out in all patients.

Results

The incidence of infection was 73.1%: bacterial (49.7%), viral (35.5%), fungal (10.1%) and mixed (4.5%). In the first postoperative month the most frequent infections were bacterial and in the second and third months, viral (p ??0.001). Multivariate analysis of risk factors identified the following: days of parenteral nutrition, duration of surgery ??5 hours, rejection and CMV seronegative status. Among 1278 cultures, the following microorganisms were isolated: 77.9% gram-positive cocci (GP) and 19% aerobic gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Sensitivity of Staphylococcus to vancomycin was 99.6-100% and to teicoplanin 97.9-100%. VAN resistance was observed in 1.2% of E. faecalis and 4.5% of E. faecium. Among S. aureus strains, 68.7% were MRSA. The resistance rate of GNB to quinolones was 38.8%.

Conclusions

Incidence of infection was higher the first 30 days after transplantation, with bacterial infection predominating. Duration of surgery ??5 hours was the most important risk factor for acquiring bacterial infection. GP were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Empirical treatment of early bacterial infection should include vancomycin or teicoplanin. Selective bowel decontamination resulted in a low incidence of GNB infections, among which there was 38.8% resistance to quinolones.

Key words:
Liver transplant
Infection
Risk factors
Antibiotic sensitivity
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
V. Cuervas-Mons, J. Martinez, A. Dekker, T.E. Starzl, D.H. Van Thiel.
Adult liver transplantation: An analysis of the early causes of death in 40 consecutive cases.
Hepatology, 6 (1986), pp. 495-501
[2.]
N. Singh.
Infectious diseases in the liver transplant recipient.
Sem Gastrointest Dis, 9 (1998), pp. 136-146
[3.]
C.C. Kibbler.
Infections in liver transplantation: Risk factors and strategies for prevention.
J Hosp Infect, 30 (1995), pp. 209-217
[4.]
D.J. Winston, C. Emmanouilides, R.W. Busuttil.
Infections in liver transplant recipients.
Clin Infect Dis, 21 (1995), pp. 1077-1091
[5.]
M. Torbenson, J. Wang, L. Nichols, A. Jain, J. Fung, M.A. Nalesnik.
Causes of death in autopsied liver transplantation patients.
Mod Pathol, 11 (1998), pp. 37-46
[6.]
P.M. Arnow.
Prevention of bacterial infection in the transplant recipient.
Infect Dis Clin North Am, 9 (1995), pp. 849-863
[7.]
M.J. Gorensek, W.D. Carey, J.A. Washington, D.P. Vogt, T.A. Broughan, M.K. Westveer.
Selective bowel decontamination with quinolones and nystatin reduces gram-negative and fungal infections in orthotopic liver transplant recipients.
Cleve Clin J Med, 60 (1993), pp. 139-144
[8.]
J.J. Wade, N. Rolando, K. Hayllar, J. Philpott-Howard, M.W. Casewell, R. Willians.
Bacterial and fungal infections after liver transplantation: An analysis of 284 patients.
Hepatology, 21 (1995), pp. 1328-1336
[9.]
J. Ortiz, M.C. Vila, G. Soriano, J. Minana, J. Gana, B. Mirelis, et al.
Infections caused by Escherichia coli resistant to norfloxacin in hospitalized cirrhotic patients.
Hepatology, 29 (1999), pp. 1064-1069
[10.]
J. Carratala, A.M. Fernandez-Sevilla, F. Tubau, M. Callis, F. Gudiol.
Emergence of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli bacteremia in neutropenic patients with cancer who have received prophylactic norfloxacin.
Clin Infect Dis, 20 (1995), pp. 557-560
[11.]
J.C. Garcia-Valdecasas, M. Prados, A. Rimola, L. Grande, J. Segura, J. Beltran, et al.
Risk factors for severe bacterial infection after liver transplantation.
Transplant Proc, 27 (1995), pp. 2334-2335
[12.]
C.V. Paya, R.H. Wiesner, P.E. Hermans, J.J. Larson-Keller, D.M. Ilstrup, R.A. Krom, et al.
Risk factors for cytomegalovirus and severe bacterial infections following liver transplantation: A prospective multivariate time-dependent analysis.
J Hepatol, 18 (1993), pp. 185-195
[13.]
F.Y. Chang, N. Singh, T. Gayowski, S.D. Drenning, M.M. Wagener, I.R. Marino.
Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization and association with infections in liver transplant recipients: Prospective assessment of association with infections.
Transplantation, 65 (1998), pp. 1169-1172
[14.]
R. Patel, D. Portela, A.D. Badley.
Risk factors of invasive Candida and non-Candida fungal infections after liver transplantation.
Transplantation, 62 (1996), pp. 926-934
[15.]
J. Briegel, H. Forst, B. Spill, A. Haas, B. Grabein, M. Halley, et al.
Risk factors for systemic fungal infections in liver transplant recipients.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 14 (1995), pp. 375-382
[16.]
L.A. Collins, M.H. Samore, M.S. Roberts.
Risk factors for invasive fungal infections complicating orthotopic liver transplantation.
J Infect Dis, 170 (1994), pp. 644-652
[17.]
J. Otero, J. Gavalda, E. Murio, V. Vargas, I. Calico, L. Llopart, et al.
Cytomegalovirus disease as a risk factor for graft loss and death after orthotopic liver transplantation.
Clin Infect Dis, 26 (1998), pp. 865-870
[18.]
E.M. Sokal, H. Antunes, C. Beguin, M. Bodeus, P. Wallemacq, J. De Ville de Goyet, et al.
Early signs and risk factors for the increased incidence of Epstein-Barr virus-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative diseases in pediatric liver transplant recipients treated with tacrolimus.
Transplantation, 64 (1997), pp. 1438-1442
[19.]
S. Kusne, J.S. Dummer, N. Singh, S. Iwatsuki, L. Makowka, C. Esquivel, et al.
Infections after liver transplantation. An analysis of 101 consecutive cases.
Medicine, 67 (1988), pp. 132-143
[20.]
C.V. Paya, P.E. Hermans, J.A. Washington, T.F. Smith, J.P. Anhalt, R.H. Wiesner, et al.
Incidence, distribution, and outcome of episodes of infection in 100 orthotopic liver transplantations.
Mayo Clin Proc, 64 (1989), pp. 555-564
[21.]
C.V. Paya, A.D. Wold, T.F. Smith.
Detection of cytomegalovirus infections in specimens other than urine by the shell vial assay and conventional tube cell cultures.
J Clin Microbiol, 25 (1987), pp. 755-757
[22.]
J.M. Nuño.
Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, (1995),
[23.]
R.A.F. Krom, R.H. Wiesner, S.R. Rettke, J. Ludwig, P.A. Southom, P.E. Hermans, et al.
The first 100 liver transplantations at the Mayo Clinic.
Mayo Clinic Proc, 64 (1989), pp. 84-94
[24.]
R.W. Busuttil, J.O. Colonna, J.R. Hiatt, J.J. Brems, G. El Khoury, L.I. Goldstein, et al.
The first 100 liver transplants at UCLA.
Ann Surg, 206 (1987), pp. 387-399
[25.]
J. Calleja, G. Clemente, J. Pérez, R. Bañares, J.R. Polo, J.L. García, et al.
Programa de trasplante hepático del Hospital General Gregorio Marañón: análisis de los 100 primeros pacientes.
Rev Clin Esp, 195 (1995), pp. 207-213
[26.]
P. Muñoz, E. Bouza.
Infecciones por hongos en el paciente sometido a trasplante de órgano sólido.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 15 (1997), pp. 34-50
[27.]
L.A. Collins, M.H. Samore, M.S. Roberts.
Risk factors for invasive fungal infections complicating orthotopic liver transplantation.
J Infect Dis, 170 (1994), pp. 644-652
[28.]
P. Castaldo, R.J. Stratta, R.P. Wood, R.S. Markin, K.D. Patil, M.S. Shaefer, et al.
Fungal disease in liver transplant recipients: A multivariate analysis of risk factors.
Transplant Proc, 23 (1991), pp. 1517-1519
[29.]
C.V. Paya.
Fungal infections in solid-organ transplantation.
Clin Infect Dis, 16 (1993), pp. 677-688
[30.]
S. Hadley, A.W. Karchmer.
Fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipientes.
Infect Dis Clin North Am, 9 (1995), pp. 1045-1074
[31.]
Y.S. Chen, C.L. Chen, Y.C. Kuo, C.K. Sun.
Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation.
Transplant Proc, 26 (1994), pp. 2229-2230
[32.]
E. Gane, F. Saliba, J.C. Garcia-Valdecasas, J. O’Grady, M.D. Pescovitz, S. Lyman, et al.
Randomized trial of efficacy and safety of oral ganciclovir in the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver-transplant recipients.
Lancet, 350 (1997), pp. 1729-1733
[33.]
Otero J, Gavalda J, Margarit C, Vargas V, Pahissa A. Bacterial infection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT): An analysis of 153 liver transplant recipients. 37 ICAAC. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Sep 28-Oct 1. 1997. Abstract K 48
[34.]
R. Steffen, O. Reinhartz, G. Blumhardt, W.O. Bechstein, R. Raakow, J.M. Langrehr, et al.
Bacterial and fungal colonization and infectious using oral selective bowel decontamination in orthotopic liver transplantations.
Transplant Int, 7 (1994), pp. 101-108
[35.]
C. Lumbreras, V. Cuervas-Mons, P. Jara, A. Del Palacio, V.S. Turrión, C. Barrios, et al.
Randomized trial of fluconazole versus nystatin for the prophylaxis of Candida infection following liver transplantation.
J Infect Dis, 174 (1996), pp. 583-588
[36.]
C. Lumbreras, J.M. Aguado, M. Lizasoin.
Infecciones fúngicas profundas en el receptor de un trasplante de órgano sólido.
pp. 415-437
[37.]
J.R. Masclans, A. Perez, L. Tenorio, M. Planas.
The use of itraconazole in liver transplantation.
Med Clin (Barc), 99 (1992), pp. 477
[38.]
N. Singh, T. Gayowski.
Cytomegalovirus and death in liver transplantation.
Ann Intern Med, 127 (1997), pp. 412
[39.]
I. Recuenco, M. Ruano, R. Gutierrez, C. Carrion, A. Torrecilla, P. Sosa, et al.
Liver transplantation in pediatrics. Nutritional mesures.
Nutr Hosp, 9 (1994), pp. 78-85
[40.]
S.M. Berry, J. Lacy.
Nutrition management of the hepatic transplant patient.
Nutr Clin Pract, 8 (1993), pp. 36-38
[41.]
F. Saliba, R. Ephraim, D. Mathieu, D. Samuel, H. Richet, D. Castaing, et al.
Risk factors for bacterial infection after liver transplantation.
Transplant Proc, 26 (1994), pp. 266
[42.]
D.L. George, P.M. Arnow, A.S. Fox.
Bacterial infection as a complication of liver transplantation: Epidemiology and risks factors.
Rev Infect Dis, 13 (1991), pp. 387-396
[43.]
F. Gavilán, L. Martínez, J. Torre-Cisneros.
Infección bacteriana en el trasplante de órgano sólido.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 15 (1997), pp. 12-21
[44.]
C. Lumbreras, E. Moreno.
Infecciones intraabdominales y de la herida quirúrgica en el receptor de un trasplante de hígado.
Rev Clin Esp, 193 (1995), pp. 14-18
[45.]
M.E. Bubak, M.K. Porayko, R.A.F. Krom, R.H. Wiesner.
Complications of liver biopsy in liver transplant patients: Increased sepsis associated with choledochojejunostomy.
Hepatology, 14 (1991), pp. 1063-1065
[46.]
J.J. Wade, N. Rolando, K. Hayllar, J. Philpott-Howard, M.W. Casewell, R. Willians.
Prospective study of bacterial and fungal infections following liver transplantation (OLT): An analysis of 284 patients.
Hepatology, 20 (1994), pp. 135a
[47.]
N.P. Mora, T.A. Gonwa, R.M. Goldstein, B.S. Husberg, G.B. Klintmalm.
Risk of postoperative infection after liver transplantation: A univariate and stepwise logistic regression analysis of risk factors in 150 consecutive patients.
Clin Transplant, 46 (1992), pp. 443-449
[48.]
C. Lumbreras, J.R. Otero, J.M. Aguado, M. Lizasoin, R. Gomez, I. García.
Prospective study of cytomegalovirus infection in liver transplant recipients.
Med Clin (Barc), 99 (1992), pp. 401-405
[49.]
C. Lumbreras, M. Lizasoain, E. Moreno, J.M. Aguado, R. Gomez, I. Garcia.
Major bacterial infections following liver transplantation: A prospective study.
Hepato-gastroenterol, 39 (1992), pp. 362-365
[50.]
M.J. Gorensek, W.D. Carey, J.A. Washington, D.P. Vogt, T.A. Broughan, M.K. Westveer.
Selective bowel decontamination with quinolones and nystatin reduces gram-negative and fungal infections in orthotopic liver transplant recipients.
Cleve Clin J Med, 60 (1993), pp. 139-144
[51.]
R. Steffen, O. Reinhartz, G. Blumhardt, W.O. Bechstein, R. Raakow, J.M. Langrehr, et al.
Bacterial and fungal colonization and infectious using oral selective bowel decontamination in orthotopic liver transplantations.
Transplant Int, 7 (1994), pp. 101-108
[52.]
J.M. Aguado, J.A. Herrero, J. Gavalda, J. Torre-Cisneros, M. Blanes, G. Rufi, et al.
Clinical presentation and outcome of tuberculosis in kidney, liver and heart transplant recipients in Spain.
Transplantation, 63 (1997), pp. 1278-1286
[53.]
P. Castaldo, R.J. Stratta, R.P. Wood.
Clinical spectrum of fungal infections after orthotopic liver transplantation.
Arch Surg, 126 (1991), pp. 149-156
[54.]
D.W. Warnock, J. Burke, N.J. Cope, E.M. Johnson, N.A. Von Fraunhofer, E.W. Willians.
Fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata.
Lancet, 2 (1988), pp. 1310
[55.]
C.A. Hitchcock, G.W. Pye, P.F. Troke, E.M. Johson, D.W. Warnock.
Fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 37 (1993), pp. 1962-1965
[56.]
J. Torre-Cisneros, M. Mata, P. Lopez-Cillero, P. Sanchez-Guijo, G. Mino, C. Pera.
Effectiveness of daily low-dose cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in liver transplantation–an open clinical trial.
Transplantation, 62 (1996), pp. 1519-1521
[57.]
Ichaï P, Saliba F, Antoun F, Delvart V, Vasseur B. 40th ICAAC Abstracts. Toronto, Ontario, Canadá. September 17-20, 2000. Abstract 737.
[58.]
G.A. Papanicolaou, B.R. Meyers, J. Meyers, M.H. Mendelson, W. Lou, S. Emre, et al.
Nosocomial infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in liver transplant recipients: Risk factors for acquisition and mortality.
Clin Infect Dis, 23 (1996), pp. 760-766
[59.]
E.A. Dominguez, J.C. Davis, A.N. Langnas, B. Winfield, S.J. Cavalieri, M.E. Rupp.
An outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in liver transplant recipients.
Liver Transpl Surg, 3 (1997), pp. 586-590
[60.]
C. Betriu, J.F. Valverde, E. Culebras, M. Gómez, A. Sánchez, M.L. Palau, et al.
Enterococos resistentes a vancomicina: actividad in vitro de quinupristina/dalfopristina (RP 59500.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 17 (1999), pp. 335-339
[61.]
Borek AP, Peterson LR, Noskin GA. Activity of Linezolid (LIN) against medically important Gram-positive bacteria from 1997 to 1999. 40th ICAAC Abstracts. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. September 17-20, 2000. Abstract 2299
[62.]
A. Voss, K. Machka, W. Lenz, D. Milatovic.
Incidence, frequence and resistence characteristics of methicillin-oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in Germanny.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 117 (1992), pp. 1907-1912
[63.]
M. Rodríguez-Creixems, E. Bouza.
Evolución de la resistencia a antimicrobianos de Staphylococcus aislados en hospitales españoles.
pp. 121-142
[64.]
Grossi PA, Dalla-Gasperina D, Perversi L. Compassionate Linezolid treatment of severe methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) tracheo-bronchitis following lung transplantation. 40th ICAAC Abstracts. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. September 17-20, 2000. Abstract 2232
Copyright © 2002. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos