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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Virología molecular del virus de la hepatitis B
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Vol. 26. Núm. S7.
La hepatitis B en 2008
Páginas 2-10 (mayo 2008)
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Vol. 26. Núm. S7.
La hepatitis B en 2008
Páginas 2-10 (mayo 2008)
Acceso a texto completo
Virología molecular del virus de la hepatitis B
Molecular virology of the hepatitis B virus
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30111
Francisco Rodríguez-Frias, Rosendo Jardi
Autor para correspondencia
rjardi@vhebron.net

Correspondencia: Servicio de Bioquímica. Hospital Vall d’Hebron. Passeig Vall d’Hebron, s/n. 08035 Barcelona. España.
Servicio de Bioquímica. Unidad de Hepatología. Hospital Vall d’Hebron. Barcelona. España
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El virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) pertenece a la familia de los hepadnavirus. El genoma del virus, formado por una pequeña molécula de ADN de 3.200 pares de bases, consta de 4 regiones codificantes de proteínas (ORF) fuertemente solapadas: ORF preS/S, correspondiente a las proteínas de la envuelta que constituyen el antígeno de superficie del VHB (HBsAg); ORF preC/C, que codifica el componente de la cápside viral (antígeno core o HBcAg) y una proteína no estructural que tras su modificación postraduccional es secretada y constituye el denominado antígeno «e» (HBeAg); ORF P, que codifica la polimerasa viral (poliproteína con actividad ADN polimerasa, transcriptasa reversa y ARN-asa) y la ORF X, que codifica una proteína que actúa como regulador multifuncional, tanto para el ciclo viral como para el celular. El VHB presenta una tasa de mutación de 1,4-3,2 × 105 sustituciones/nucleótido/año. Como consecuencia de esta variabilidad, el virus circula como una mezcla compleja de variantes genéticas, constituyendo una quasiespecie, que evoluciona a lo largo de la infección dependiendo de la presión evolutiva de factores como la respuesta inmunológica y los tratamientos antivirales. Sobre la base de esta variabilidad, el VHB se ha clasificado en 8 genotipos (A-H) definidos por una diferencia > 8% en las secuencias del genoma viral completo. Esta variabilidad es, además, la causante de la resistencia del VHB a los tratamientos antivirales con análogos de nucleótidos y nucleósidos. El diagnóstico de la infección por VHB incluye la determinación de marcadores virológicos: antígenos víricos (HBsAg, HBeAg), anticuerpos específicos (anti-HBc, anti-HBe, anti-HBs) y el estudio del ADN-VHB para su detección, cuantificación y determinación de genotipos y variantes víricas.

Palabras clave:
Virus de la hepatitis B
ADN-VHB
Genotipos VHB
Resistencia antivirales
Variabilidad VHB
Replicación viral

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) belongs to the hepadnavirus family. The genome of the virus, formed by a small DNA molecule with 3,200 base pairs, has 4 strongly overlapping protein coding regions: ORF preS/S, corresponding to the envelope proteins that constitute the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg); ORF preC/C, which encodes the viral capsid component (core antigen or HBcAg) and a non-structural protein that, after postranslation modification, is secreted and constitutes the «e» antigen (HBeAg); ORF P, which encodes the viral polymerase (polyprotein with DNA polymerase activity, reverse transcriptase and RNAase), and ORF X, which encodes a protein that acts as a multifunctional regulator for both the viral and cell cycles. HBV has a mutation rate of 1.4-3.2 × 105 substitutions/nucleotide/year. As a result of this variability, the virus circulates as a complex mixture of genetic variants, constituting a semi-species, that evolves throughout the infection depending on the evolutionary pressure of factors such as the immune response and antiviral treatments. Based on this variability, HBV has been classified into 8 genotypes (A-H) defined by a difference of more than 8% in the sequences of the complete viral genome. This variability is also responsible for HBV resistance to antiviral treatments with nucleotide and nucleoside analogs. Diagnosis of HBV infection includes determination of virological markers: viral antigens (HBsAg, HBeAg), specific antibodies (anti-HBc, anti-HBe, anti-HBs) and study of HBV-DNA for its detection and quantification and determination of genotypes and viral variants.

Key words:
Hepatitis B virus
HBV-DNA
HBV genotypes
Antiviral resistance
HBV variability
Viral replication
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