Enterococcus: resistencias fenotípicas y genotípicas y epidemiología en España
Enterococcus: phenotype and genotype resistence and epidemiology in Spain
Emilia Cercenado
Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
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"documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011;29 Supl 5:51-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1607 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 11 "HTML" => 1055 "PDF" => 541 ] ] "es" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Posibilidades actuales para predecir la respuesta a la terapia en pacientes con hepatitis C crónica por el genotipo 1 del virus de la hepatitis C" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0 "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "51" "paginaFinal" => "58" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Current options for predicting therapeutic response in chronically infected patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Verónica Saludes Montoro, Vicente Ausina Ruiz, Elisa Martró Català" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Verónica" "apellidos" => "Saludes Montoro" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vicente" "apellidos" => "Ausina Ruiz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elisa" "apellidos" => "Martró Català" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213005X11700441?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/0213005X/00000029000000S5/v1_201305090316/S0213005X11700441/v1_201305090316/es/main.assets" ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus:</span> resistencias fenotípicas y genotípicas y epidemiología en España" "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0 "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "59" "paginaFinal" => "65" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Emilia Cercenado" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Emilia" "apellidos" => "Cercenado" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ecercenado@terra.es" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus:</span> phenotype and genotype resistence and epidemiology in Spain" ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec138783" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Enterococcus" 1 => "Resistencia a ampicilina" 2 => "Resistencia de alto nivel a los" 3 => "aminoglucósidos" 4 => "Resistencia a vancomicina" 5 => "Resistencia a linezolid" 6 => "Mecanismos de resistencia" ] ] ] "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec138784" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Enterococcus" 1 => "Ampicillin resistance" 2 => "High-level aminoglycoside resistance" 3 => "Vancomycin resistance" 4 => "Linezolid resistance" 5 => "Mechanisms of resistance" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los enterococos son importantes patógenos nosocomiales debido a la dificultad de tratamiento condicionada por su multirresistencia intrínseca y a la adquisición de nuevos genes de resistencia. La resistencia adquirida a beta-lactámicos se debe a la hiperproducción o a alteraciones en la PBP5. La producción de betalactamasa es anecdótica. La resistencia de alto nivel a aminoglucósidos (RAN) se debe a la producción de enzimas inactivantes de estos antibióticos y anula el efecto sinérgico con agentes activos en la pared celular. La enzima más frecuente es la AAC(6’)-APH(2”), que inactiva a todos los aminoglucósidos más frecuentemente utilizados en la práctica clínica. La resistencia adquirida a glucopéptidos se debe a la adquisición de operones de resistencia denominados <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA, vanB, vanD, vanE, vanG, VanL, vanM</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanN.</span> La resistencia a linezolid se debe a mutaciones ribosómicas o a la adquisición del gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cfr</span>. Algunas cepas presentan sensibilidad disminuida a la daptomicina. En España, la resistencia de los enterococos a los beta-lactámicos y la RAN a aminoglucósidos es elevada, y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus faecalis</span> es casi uniformemente sensible a la ampicilina. La resistencia de los enterococos a los glucopéptidos es baja, con la excepción de algunos brotes, y los nuevos antimicrobianos (linezolid, daptomicina, tigeciclina) son casi uniformemente activos frente a estos microorganismos. La gran diseminación de los complejos clonales de alto riesgo como el CC2 y CC9 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(E. faecalis)</span> y el CC17 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(E. faecium)</span> hace necesario realizar estudios para vigilar la diseminación de genes de resistencia a antimicrobianos y para detectar estos CC de alto riesgo y predecir tendencias futuras en la adquisición de genes de resistencia.</p>" ] "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Enterococci are major nosocomial pathogens due to their intrinsic resistance to many antimicrobials as well as to their ability to acquire new mechanisms of resistance. Acquired resistance to beta-lactams is due to PBP5 overproduction or alterations in this protein. Beta-lactamase production is anecdotal. High-level resistance (HLR) to aminoglycosides is due to the production of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes that delete synergistic killing in association with cell wall-active agents. The most frequent enzyme is AAC(6’)- APH(2”), which inactivates all the aminoglycosides most frequently used in clinical practice. Acquired resistance to glycopeptides is due to the acquisition of gene clusters called <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanA, vanB, vanD, vanE, vanG, vanL, vanM</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vanN</span>. Linezolid resistance is due to ribosomal mutations or to the acquisition of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cfr</span> gene. Some isolates present diminished susceptibility to daptomycin. In Spain, both enterococcal resistance to beta-lactams and HLR to aminoglycosides are high. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. faecalis</span> is almost uniformly susceptible to ampicillin. Enterococcal resistance to glycopeptides is low, with the exception of occasional outbreaks. The new antimicrobials (linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline) are almost uniformly active against these microorganisms. Because of the wide dissemination of the high-risk clonal complexes CC2 and CC9 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. faecalis</span>), and CC17 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. faecium</span>), surveillance studies are required to detect antimicrobial resistance genes as well as to identify high-risk clonal complexes in order to predict future trends in the acquisition of resistance genes.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliografía" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:50 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1." 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 60 | 3 | 63 |
| 2024 Octubre | 516 | 58 | 574 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 483 | 38 | 521 |
| 2024 Agosto | 415 | 53 | 468 |
| 2024 Julio | 281 | 50 | 331 |
| 2024 Junio | 321 | 55 | 376 |
| 2024 Mayo | 350 | 65 | 415 |
| 2024 Abril | 313 | 60 | 373 |
| 2024 Marzo | 291 | 30 | 321 |
| 2024 Febrero | 293 | 45 | 338 |
| 2024 Enero | 276 | 53 | 329 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 197 | 42 | 239 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 218 | 38 | 256 |
| 2023 Octubre | 360 | 60 | 420 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 187 | 35 | 222 |
| 2023 Agosto | 231 | 29 | 260 |
| 2023 Julio | 265 | 39 | 304 |
| 2023 Junio | 244 | 42 | 286 |
| 2023 Mayo | 313 | 51 | 364 |
| 2023 Abril | 280 | 71 | 351 |
| 2023 Marzo | 275 | 67 | 342 |
| 2023 Febrero | 183 | 28 | 211 |
| 2023 Enero | 150 | 31 | 181 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 139 | 42 | 181 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 193 | 83 | 276 |
| 2022 Octubre | 143 | 126 | 269 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 173 | 81 | 254 |
| 2022 Agosto | 145 | 90 | 235 |
| 2022 Julio | 136 | 61 | 197 |
| 2022 Junio | 113 | 36 | 149 |
| 2022 Mayo | 102 | 45 | 147 |
| 2022 Abril | 119 | 33 | 152 |
| 2022 Marzo | 113 | 43 | 156 |
| 2022 Febrero | 120 | 44 | 164 |
| 2022 Enero | 84 | 38 | 122 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 106 | 43 | 149 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 134 | 98 | 232 |
| 2021 Octubre | 262 | 59 | 321 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 88 | 57 | 145 |
| 2021 Agosto | 79 | 45 | 124 |
| 2021 Julio | 76 | 48 | 124 |
| 2021 Junio | 65 | 40 | 105 |
| 2021 Mayo | 72 | 38 | 110 |
| 2021 Abril | 215 | 159 | 374 |
| 2021 Marzo | 110 | 72 | 182 |
| 2021 Febrero | 61 | 79 | 140 |
| 2021 Enero | 68 | 58 | 126 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 78 | 60 | 138 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 73 | 53 | 126 |
| 2020 Octubre | 43 | 86 | 129 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 74 | 67 | 141 |
| 2020 Agosto | 56 | 60 | 116 |
| 2020 Julio | 50 | 35 | 85 |
| 2020 Junio | 54 | 114 | 168 |
| 2020 Mayo | 43 | 207 | 250 |
| 2020 Abril | 26 | 133 | 159 |
| 2020 Marzo | 48 | 130 | 178 |
| 2020 Febrero | 35 | 113 | 148 |
| 2020 Enero | 43 | 47 | 90 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 74 | 41 | 115 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 20 | 63 | 83 |
| 2019 Octubre | 42 | 115 | 157 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 29 | 139 | 168 |
| 2019 Agosto | 28 | 97 | 125 |
| 2019 Julio | 39 | 74 | 113 |
| 2019 Junio | 102 | 97 | 199 |
| 2019 Mayo | 221 | 140 | 361 |
| 2019 Abril | 84 | 117 | 201 |
| 2019 Marzo | 50 | 55 | 105 |
| 2019 Febrero | 31 | 42 | 73 |
| 2019 Enero | 22 | 38 | 60 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 30 | 49 | 79 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 56 | 63 | 119 |
| 2018 Octubre | 42 | 25 | 67 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 23 | 59 | 82 |
| 2018 Agosto | 16 | 181 | 197 |
| 2018 Julio | 15 | 156 | 171 |
| 2018 Junio | 19 | 125 | 144 |
| 2018 Mayo | 25 | 158 | 183 |
| 2018 Abril | 25 | 113 | 138 |
| 2018 Marzo | 9 | 88 | 97 |
| 2018 Febrero | 12 | 83 | 95 |
| 2018 Enero | 8 | 84 | 92 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 5 | 27 | 32 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 27 | 62 | 89 |
| 2017 Octubre | 9 | 77 | 86 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 26 | 35 | 61 |
| 2017 Agosto | 11 | 18 | 29 |
| 2017 Julio | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2017 Junio | 21 | 18 | 39 |
| 2017 Mayo | 25 | 20 | 45 |
| 2017 Abril | 29 | 37 | 66 |
| 2017 Marzo | 32 | 46 | 78 |
| 2017 Febrero | 25 | 14 | 39 |
| 2017 Enero | 25 | 8 | 33 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 27 | 11 | 38 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 43 | 22 | 65 |
| 2016 Octubre | 70 | 18 | 88 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 52 | 18 | 70 |
| 2016 Agosto | 55 | 20 | 75 |
| 2016 Julio | 31 | 2 | 33 |
| 2016 Junio | 20 | 21 | 41 |
| 2016 Mayo | 18 | 24 | 42 |
| 2016 Abril | 17 | 15 | 32 |
| 2016 Marzo | 15 | 22 | 37 |
| 2016 Febrero | 13 | 24 | 37 |
| 2016 Enero | 9 | 20 | 29 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 12 | 21 | 33 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 13 | 16 | 29 |
| 2015 Octubre | 26 | 23 | 49 |
| 2015 Septiembre | 27 | 17 | 44 |
| 2015 Agosto | 11 | 11 | 22 |
| 2015 Julio | 18 | 10 | 28 |
| 2015 Junio | 20 | 9 | 29 |
| 2015 Mayo | 14 | 13 | 27 |
| 2015 Abril | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2015 Marzo | 13 | 15 | 28 |
| 2015 Febrero | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2015 Enero | 27 | 2 | 29 |
| 2014 Diciembre | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2014 Noviembre | 29 | 4 | 33 |
| 2014 Octubre | 46 | 1 | 47 |
| 2014 Septiembre | 31 | 4 | 35 |
| 2014 Agosto | 23 | 3 | 26 |
| 2014 Julio | 25 | 2 | 27 |
| 2014 Junio | 27 | 2 | 29 |
| 2014 Mayo | 28 | 5 | 33 |
| 2014 Abril | 25 | 2 | 27 |
| 2014 Marzo | 24 | 5 | 29 |
| 2014 Febrero | 27 | 5 | 32 |
| 2014 Enero | 16 | 2 | 18 |
| 2013 Diciembre | 26 | 2 | 28 |
| 2013 Noviembre | 28 | 6 | 34 |
| 2013 Octubre | 32 | 3 | 35 |
| 2013 Septiembre | 25 | 7 | 32 |
| 2013 Agosto | 22 | 11 | 33 |
| 2013 Julio | 23 | 12 | 35 |
| 2011 Diciembre | 426 | 0 | 426 |
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