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Utilidad de los enjuagues con povidona yodada y peróxido de hidrógeno en pacientes con COVID-19
Utility of mouth rinses with povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide in patients with COVID-19
Daniel Pablo-Marcosa, Beatriz Abascalb, Lara Lloretc, Manuel Gutiérrez Cuadrab, Nieves Velascod, Carmen Valerob,
Autor para correspondencia
mirvdc@humv.es

Autor para correspondencia.
a Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, España
b Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, España
c Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, España
d Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, España
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y m&#225;s recientemente frente a SARS-CoV-2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; El per&#243;xido de hidr&#243;geno &#40;H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; tambi&#233;n es eficaz frente a SARS-CoV-2 en superficies inanimadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> y en cultivos celulares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la eficacia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>&#44; de ambos antis&#233;pticos orales no ha sido aclarada en esta pandemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#46; Por ello&#44; queremos determinar la utilidad de los enjuagues y gargarismos con PVI y H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> en la reducci&#243;n de la carga viral orofar&#237;ngea de SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con COVID-19&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional de seguimiento prospectivo &#40;EPA-AS&#41;&#44; clasificado por la Agencia Espa&#241;ola del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios&#44; en 88 pacientes &#40;ingresados o ambulatorios&#41; con COVID-19 confirmado por RT-PCR en muestras nasofar&#237;ngeas &#40;Ct<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35 gen N o R&#59; VIASURE SARS-CoV-2 Real Time PCR Detection Kit&#44; Certest&#44; Zaragoza&#44; Espa&#241;a&#41;&#46; Los pacientes fueron diagnosticados en nuestro hospital entre mayo-noviembre del 2020&#46; Se excluyeron menores de 18 a&#241;os&#44; pacientes con disminuci&#243;n del nivel de conciencia&#44; presencia de aftas o heridas bucales&#44; enfermedades del tiroides&#44; hipersensibilidad a la PVI o al per&#243;xido de hidr&#243;geno&#44; embarazo o lactancia y en tratamiento con litio&#46; La inclusi&#243;n en el estudio se produjo con menos de 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h tras la primera determinaci&#243;n de PCR positiva&#46; De los 88 pacientes &#40;media de edad 43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17 a&#241;os&#44; rango de 19-86 a&#241;os&#44; 55&#37; varones&#41;&#44; 31 realizaron enjuagues y gargarismos de PVI &#40;1&#37;&#41; en soluci&#243;n oral cada 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#59; 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>segundos&#41; durante 2 d&#237;as consecutivos&#59; 17 recibieron enjuagues y gargarismos con H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;1&#44;5&#37;&#41; con la misma pauta y 40 fueron grupo control sin ning&#250;n enjuague&#46; Tras la intervenci&#243;n se realiz&#243; PCR a los 3 &#40;2-4&#41;&#44; 11 &#40;9-13&#41; y 17 &#40;14-19&#41; d&#237;as en todos los pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se midi&#243; la carga viral de SARS-CoV-2 mediante PCR cuantitativa en todas las determinaciones &#40;qRT-PCR&#59; EDX SARS-CoV-2 Standard&#59; Exact Diagnostics&#44; Bio-Rad&#59; genes E&#44; N&#44; ORF1a&#44; RdRP y S&#41;&#46; La carga viral se expres&#243; como Log10 de la media de las cargas virales de ambos genes &#40;N y R&#41; y valores de Ct&#46; El procesamiento de las muestras y la interpretaci&#243;n de resultados fue un estudio ciego&#46; Se realizaron estudios serol&#243;gicos &#40;IgG&#41; mediante&#160;inmunoan&#225;lisis de quimioluminiscencia &#40;Virclia&#44; Monotest&#44; Vircell&#44; S&#46;L&#46;&#44; Granada&#44; Espa&#241;a&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se solicit&#243; el consentimiento informado y el estudio fue aprobado por el Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de la investigaci&#243;n con medicamentos de Cantabria&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados se expresaron con la media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; para las variables cuantitativas y n &#40;&#37;&#41; para las cualitativas&#46; Se us&#243; el test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para determinar la distribuci&#243;n de la variable&#46; Para la comparaci&#243;n de variables cuantitativas se utiliz&#243; &#171;t&#187; de Student o Mann-Whitney&#44; y para las variables cualitativas Chi cuadrado o Fisher&#46; Se emple&#243; el programa estad&#237;stico SPSS 23&#46;0 software &#40;Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EE&#46; UU&#46;&#41;&#46; Se consider&#243; significaci&#243;n con una p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos tercios de los pacientes fueron atendidos de forma ambulatoria &#40;76&#37;&#41;&#46; Los 3 grupos partieron de la misma carga viral en la primera PCR positiva &#40;6&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0 copias&#47;ml PVI&#44; 7&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;1 copias&#47;ml H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y 6&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;2 copias&#47;ml controles&#41;&#46; No hubo diferencias en la carga viral tras los enjuagues en la 2&#46;&#170; determinaci&#243;n &#40;PVI 4&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;7 copias&#47;ml&#44; H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;9 copias&#47;ml y 4&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;0 copias&#47;ml controles&#41;&#46; Tampoco en las sucesivas determinaciones 3&#46;&#170; y 4&#46;&#170; PCR &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Los valores de Ct &#40;gen N y R&#41; fueron similares en los 3 grupos en todos los tiempos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El porcentaje de pacientes que negativizaron la PCR en la 2&#46;&#170; determinaci&#243;n fue del 27&#37; en PVI&#44; 23&#37; en H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y 26&#37; en controles&#46; Estos porcentajes fueron similares en la 3&#46;&#170; PCR &#40;62&#37;&#44; 54&#37; y 58&#37;&#41; y 4&#46;&#170; PCR &#40;81&#37;&#44; 75&#37; y 81&#37; respectivamente&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No hubo diferencias en la respuesta inmune&#46; El 87&#37; de los pacientes con enjuagues de PVI desarrollaron inmunoglobulina G&#44; frente al 82&#37; en H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y 95&#37; en los controles &#40;media de tiempo de 74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#44; 78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33 y 81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48 d&#237;as respectivamente&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los enjuagues y gargarismos de PVI y H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> no modificaron la carga viral orofar&#237;ngea de los pacientes con COVID-19&#46; Estos antis&#233;pticos orales no aceleraron la negativizaci&#243;n de la PCR para SARS-CoV-2&#46; La PVI es un yod&#243;foro que debe su acci&#243;n antiviral al iodo libre&#44; alterando membranas celulares y la s&#237;ntesis de prote&#237;nas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; su reconocida actividad <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> frente a SARS-CoV-2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> no parece evidenciarse <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>&#44; aunque solo encontramos un ensayo cl&#237;nico al respecto&#44; realizado en 12 pacientes con COVID-19 que tras recibir enjuagues y gargarismos con PVI &#40;1&#37;&#41; no modifican su carga viral orofar&#237;ngea de SARS-CoV-2 respecto al grupo no tratado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; el H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> tambi&#233;n ha demostrado eficacia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> inactivando SARS-CoV-2&#44; aunque con menos eficacia que PVI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Su poder antiviral parece deberse a la oxidaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Hasta el momento el empleo de este antis&#233;ptico en pacientes COVID-19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ha sido muy debatido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Nuestro trabajo es el primer estudio observacional&#44; con grupo control&#44; que eval&#250;a la utilidad de los enjuagues de H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> en pacientes COVID-19&#44; y no vemos una clara reducci&#243;n de la carga viral&#44; ni a corto&#44; ni a medio plazo&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Solo encontramos otro estudio&#44; sin grupo control&#44; en 12 pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 que recibieron enjuagues de H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;1&#37;&#41; sin modificar su carga viral orofar&#237;ngea a los 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio tiene limitaciones al no ser aleatorizado&#46; Sin embargo&#44; incluimos un amplio n&#250;mero de pacientes con un grupo control y evaluamos la utilidad de 2 antis&#233;pticos orales de uso com&#250;n&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concluimos que los enjuagues y gargarismos de PVI y H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> no parecen tener una clara utilidad en la reducci&#243;n de la carga viral orofar&#237;ngea de SARS-CoV-2&#46; Consideramos que la recomendaci&#243;n del uso de estos y otros antis&#233;pticos orales debe de basarse en la evidencia cient&#237;fica&#44; por lo que son necesarios m&#225;s estudios que valoren su eficacia en esta pandemia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha sido financiado con una Beca de Investigaci&#243;n otorgada por el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient&#237;ficas &#40;CSIC&#46; 202050E106&#41;&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La povidona yodada y el per&#243;xido de hidr&#243;geno podr&#237;an ser eficaces contra el SARS-CoV-2&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional de seguimiento prospectivo &#40;EPA-AS&#41; en 88 pacientes &#40;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17 a&#241;os&#44; 55&#37; varones&#41; con SARS-CoV-2 en muestras nasofar&#237;ngeas &#40;RT-PCR&#41;&#46; Treinta y uno recibieron enjuagues&#47;gargarismos con povidona yodada cada 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h 2 d&#237;as consecutivos&#44; 17 con la misma pauta de per&#243;xido de hidr&#243;geno y 40 controles sin enjuagues&#46; Se repiti&#243; PCR a los 3&#44; 11 y 17 d&#237;as&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tras la intervenci&#243;n no hubo diferencias en la carga viral&#58; povidona yodada &#40;4&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;7 copias&#47;ml&#41;&#44; per&#243;xido de hidr&#243;geno &#40;4&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;9 copias&#47;ml&#41;&#44; controles &#40;4&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;0 copias&#47;ml&#41;&#46; El porcentaje de pacientes con una 2&#46;&#170; PCR negativa fue 27&#37; povidona yodada&#44; 23&#37; per&#243;xido de hidr&#243;geno y 32&#37; controles&#59; en la 3&#46;&#170; PCR 62&#37;&#44; 54&#37; y 58&#37; respectivamente y en la 4&#46;&#170; PCR&#44; 81&#37;&#44; 75&#37; y 81&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros resultados no apoyan la utilidad de los enjuagues de estos 2 antis&#233;pticos en pacientes con COVID-19&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide could be effective in against SARS-CoV-2&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A &#8220;non-interventional trial&#8221; in 88 patients &#40;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17 yrs&#44; 55&#37; men&#41; with SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs &#40;RT-PCR&#41;&#46; 31 received mouth rinses&#47;gargling with povidone-iodine &#40;every 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; two consecutive days&#41;&#44; 17 with mouth rinses&#47;gargling of hydrogen peroxide&#44; and 40 controls&#46; PCR were repeated at 3&#44; 11 and 17 days&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After intervention the viral load &#40;Log<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>copies&#47;ml&#41; remained similar in povidone-iodine &#40;4&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>copies&#47;ml&#41;&#44; hydrogen peroxide &#40;4&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>copies&#47;ml&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;40&#41; and controls &#40;4&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>copies&#47;ml&#41;&#46; The percentage of patients with a negative result in the second PCR was 27&#37; in povidone-iodine group&#44; 23&#37; in hydrogen peroxide and 32&#37; in controls&#59; in the third PCR&#44; 62&#37;&#44; 54&#37; and 58&#37; respectively&#59; and in the fourth PCR&#44; 81&#37;&#44; 75&#37; and 81&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our results do not support the clinical usefulness of mouth rinses&#47;gargling with povidone-iodine or hydrogen peroxide in patients with COVID-19&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;&#170; PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCR basal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;&#170; PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39&#44;5 &#40;5&#44;4&#41;&#59; p&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;&#170; PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;&#170; PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;&#170; PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;&#170; PCR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 0213005X
Idioma original: Español
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos