metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Epidemiología de las infecciones en el paciente neutropénico
Información de la revista
Vol. 23. Núm. S5.
Infecciones en pacientes neutropénicos
Páginas 7-13 (diciembre 2005)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 23. Núm. S5.
Infecciones en pacientes neutropénicos
Páginas 7-13 (diciembre 2005)
Infecciones en pacientes neutropénicos
Acceso a texto completo
Epidemiología de las infecciones en el paciente neutropénico
Epidemiology of infections in neutropenic patients
Visitas
9216
Joaquín Díaz-Mediavillaa,
, Manuel Lizasoainb
a Servicio de Hematología. Hospital Clínico de San Carlos. Madrid. España
b Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo

Los datos epidemiológicos son útiles para conocer los cambios de formas de expresión clínica y de agentes microbianos causales de las infecciones. Ello permite diseñar tratamientos empíricos o anticipados y orientar pruebas diagnósticas, así como clasificarlos por grupos de riesgo para decidir la necesidad o no de hospitalización.

La incidencia de neutropenia está aumentando como consecuencia de la mayor agresividad de los tratamientos antineoplásicos empleados y por la ampliación del rango de edad de los pacientes que los reciben. Se ha calculado que en Estados Unidos se producen unas 60.000 hospitalizaciones anuales a causa de la neutropenia, y que la tercera parte de ellas corresponde a pacientes hematológicos.

Los focos de infección más frecuentes son: neumonía (38%), bacteriemia (35%) y afecciones urinarias (11%). De las bacterias causantes de infección, dos tercios son grampositivas y el resto, bacilos gramnegativos. En los últimos años parece que vuelve a observarse un incremento de gramnegativos.

Los aislamientos fúngicos representan el 2-10% de los casos, según el tipo de pacientes neutropénicos que se considere, y se producen preferentemente en los que presentan una neutropenia prolongada u otros déficit inmunológicos asociados, como en los pacientes con trasplantes alogénicos de médula ósea o en quienes han recibido análogos de las purinas.

Los virus herpéticos son muy frecuentes. Los virus respiratorios parece que se perfilan como patógenos emergentes para este grupo de pacientes.

Palabras clave:
Neutropenia
Infección
Profilaxis
Leucemia
Linfoma
Mieloma

Epidemiological data are useful to determine changes in forms of clinical expression and in the microbial agents causing infections. This allows empirical or preemptive treatments to be designed and can guide diagnostic tests. Empirical data also allow patients to be classified by risk group in order to decide on the need for hospitalization. The incidence of neutropenia is increasing as a result of the more aggressive antineoplastic treatments used and the broader age range of patients who receive them. It has been calculated that in the USA neutropenia causes approximately 60,000 hospitalizations per year and that a third of these occur in hematological patients.

The most frequent foci of infection are: pneumonia (38%), bacteremia (35%) and urinary (11%).

Of the bacteria causing infection, two thirds are Grampositive and the remaining bacilli are Gram-negative. In the last few years, an increase of Gram-negative bacteria seems to have reemerged.

The incidence of fungal isolates represents 2-10%, depending on the type of neutropenic patient analyzed. Fungal isolates are found preferentially in patients with prolonged neutropenia and/or other associated immunodeficiencies, as occurs in allogenic bone marrow transplantation or in patients who have received purine analogs.

Viruses are very frequent. Respiratory viruses seem to be emerging pathogens in this group of patients.

Key words:
Neutropenia
Infection
Prophylaxis
Leukemie
Lymphoma
Myeloma
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
R. Ramphal.
Changes in the etiology of bacteremia in febrile neutropenic patients and the susceptibilities of the currently isolated pathogens.
Clin Infect Dis, 39 (2004), pp. 25
[2.]
G. Bucaneve, A. Micozzi, F. Menichetti, et al.
Levofloxacin to prevent bacterial infection in patients with cancer and neutropenia.
N Engl J Med, 353 (2005), pp. 977-987
[3.]
M. Cullen, N. Steven, L. Billingham, et al.
Antibacterial profilaxis after chemotherapy for solid tumors and lymphomas.
N Engl J Med, 353 (2005), pp. 988-998
[4.]
P.A. Pizzo.
Fever in immunocompromised patients.
N Engl J Med, 341 (1999), pp. 893-899
[5.]
W.T. Hughes, D. Armstron, G.P. Bodey, E.J. Bow, E.A. Brown, T. Calandra, et al.
2002 Guidelines for the use for antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer.
Clin Infect Dis, 34 (2002), pp. 730-751
[6.]
G.P. Bodey, M. Buckley, Y.S. Sathe, E.J. Freireich.
Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia.
Ann Intern Med, 64 (1966), pp. 328-340
[7.]
E. Anaissie, D.P. Kontoyiannis, S. O’Brien, H. Kantarjian, L. Robertson, S. Lerner, et al.
Infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine.
Ann Intern Med, 129 (1998), pp. 559-566
[8.]
G. Juliusson.
Complications in the treatment of CLL with purine analogues.
Hematol Cell Ther, 39 (1997), pp. 41S-44S
[9.]
N.V. Sipsas, G.P. Bodey, D.P. Kontoyiannis.
Perspectives for the Management of Febrile Neutropenic Patients with Cancer in the 21st Century.
Cancer, 103 (2005), pp. 1103-1113
[10.]
Py. Bochud, T. Calandra, P. Francioli.
Bacteremia due to viridans streptococci in neutropenic patientes. A review.
Am J Med, 97 (1994), pp. 256-264
[11.]
C.H. Tancrede, A.O. Andremont.
Bacterial translocation and gram-negative bacteraemia in patients with haematological malignancies.
J Infect Dis, 152 (1985), pp. 99-103
[12.]
C. Viscoli, O. Varnier, M. Machetti.
Infections in patients con febrile neutropenia: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk stratification.
Clin Infect Dis, 40 (2005), pp. 240S-245S
[13.]
O. Neth, I. Hann, M.W. Turner, N.J. Klein.
Deficiency of mannosebinding lectin and burden of infection in children with malignancy: prospective study.
[14.]
V. Caggiano, R.W. Weiss, T.S. Rickert, W.T. Linde-Zwirble.
Incidence, cost, and mortality of neutropenia hospitalisation associated with chemotherapy.
Cancer, 103 (2005), pp. 1916-1924
[15.]
H. Wisplinghoff, H. Seifert, R.P. Wenzel, M.B. Edmond.
Current trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients with haematological malignancies and solid neoplasms in hospitals in the United States.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 1103-1110
[16.]
K. Roslton, I. Raad, E. Whimbey, G.P. Bodey.
The changing spectrum of bacterial infections in febril neutropenics patients.
Febril neutropenia,
[17.]
P.C. Woo, S.S. Wong, P.N. Lum, W.T. Hui, K.Y. Yuen.
Cell-wall-deficient bacteria and culture-negative febrile episodes in bone-marrow-transplant patients.
[18.]
B.E. Ley, C.J. Linton, D.M. Bennet, H. Jalal, A.B. Foot, M.R. Millar.
Detection of bacteraemia in patients with fever and neutropenia using 16S rRNA gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction.
Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis, 17 (1998), pp. 247-253
[19.]
K. Rolston.
The Infectious diseases Society of America 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in patients with cancer and neutropenia: salient features and coments.
Clin Infect Dis, 39 (2004), pp. 44S-48S
[20.]
D. Yadegarynia, J. Tarrand, I. Raad, K. Rolston.
Current spectrum of bacterial infections in patients with cancer.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 1144
[21.]
C. Cordonnier, A. Buzyn, G. Leverger, R. Herbrecht, M. Hunault, R. Leclerq, et al.
Epidemiology and risk factors for gram-positive cocal infections in neutropenia: toward a more targeted antibiotic strategy.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 149-158
[22.]
R. Haupt, M. Romanengo, T. Fears, C. Viscoli, E. Castagnola.
Incidence of septicaemias and invasive mycosis in children undergoing treatment for solid tumors: a 12-year experience at a single italian institution.
Eur J Cancer, 37 (2001), pp. 2413-2419
[23.]
Gaytán-Martínez, E. Mateos-García, E. Sánchez-Cortés, J. González-Llaven, L.J. Casanova-Cardiel, J.L. Fuentes-Allen.
Microbiological findings in febrile neutropenia.
Arch Med Res, 31 (2000), pp. 388-392
[24.]
J. Carratalá, F. Alcaide, A. Fernández Sevilla, et al.
Bacteremia due to viridans streptococci that are highly resistant to penicillin: increase among neutropenic patients with cancer.
Clin Infect Dis, 20 (1995), pp. 1169-1173
[25.]
G. Peter, P.G. Pappas, J.H. Rex, et al.
Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis.
Clin Infect Dis, 38 (2004), pp. 161-189
[26.]
P.A. Pizzo, K.J. Robichaud, F.A. Gill, F.G. Witebsky.
Empiric antibiotics and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia.
Am J Med, 72 (1982), pp. 101-111
[27.]
EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group.
Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients.
Am J Med, 86 (1989), pp. 668-672
[28.]
G.P. Bodey, B. Bueltmann, W. Duguid, et al.
Fungal infections in cancer patients: an international autopsy survey.
Eur Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 11 (1992), pp. 99-109
[29.]
H.G. Prentice, C.C. Kibbler, A.G. Prencice.
Towards a targeted, risk based, antifungal strategy in neutropenic patients.
Br J Haematol, 110 (2000), pp. 273-284
[30.]
C. Rotstein, E.G. Bow, M. Laverdiere, et al.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole prophylaxis for neutropenic patients: benefit based on purpose and intensity of cytotoxic therapy.
Clin Infect Dis, 28 (1999), pp. 331-340
[31.]
J.R. Wingard, W.G. Merz, M.G. Rinaldi, et al.
Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole.
N Engl J Med, 325 (1991), pp. 1274-1277
[32.]
Y. Kanda, R. Yamamoto, A. Chizuka, et al.
Prophylactic action of oral fluconazole against fungal infection in neutropenic patients. A meta-analysis of 16 randomized, controlled trials.
Cancer, 89 (2000), pp. 1611-1625
[33.]
E.J. De Bow, H. Lavardiere, N. Lussier, C. Rotstein, M.S. Cheang, S. Ioannou.
Antifungal prophylaxis for severely neutropenic chemotherapy recipients. A metaanalysis of randomized-controlled clinical trials.
Cancer, 94 (2002), pp. 3230-3246
[34.]
B. Almirante, D. Rodríguez, B.J. Park, et al.
Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: results from population-based surveillance, Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003.
J Clin Microbiol, 43 (2005), pp. 1829-1835
[35.]
H.A. Torres, G.A. Rivero, R.E. Lewis, R. Hachem, I.I. Raad, D.P. Kontoyiannis.
Aspergillosis caused by non-fumigatus Aspergillus species: risk factors and in vitro susceptibility compared with Aspergillus fumigatus.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 46 (2003), pp. 25-28
[36.]
T. Greg, G.T. Siwek, K.J. Dodgson, et al.
Invasive zygomycosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole prophylaxis.
Clin Infect Dis, 39 (2004), pp. 584-587
[37.]
A. Carol, C.A. Kauffman.
Zygomycosis: reemergence of an old pathogen.
Clin Infect Dis, 39 (2004), pp. 588-590
[38.]
T.P. Baglin, J.J. Gray, R.E. Marcus, T.G. Wreghitt.
Antibiotic resistant fever associated with herpes simplex virus infection in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancy.
J Clin Pathol, 42 (1989), pp. 1255-1258
[39.]
E. Whimbey, J.A. Englund, R.B. Couch.
Community respiratory virus infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer.
Am J Med, 102 (1997), pp. 10-18
[40.]
Folgueira L, Otero JR, Lizasoain M, Caltenco R, Delgado R. Parainfluenza 3 virus nosocomial outbeak in hematological patients. Chicago: 41st ICAAC Congress; diciembre de 2001.
Copyright © 2005. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos